Reformation

WHAT IT WAS

 _{Feudal System}

 Manors (farms)

 Church is all knowing

 _{Black Death}

 Focus on the Afterlife

 _{Focus on Group}

HOW IT CHANGED  Nobles, middle class,

peasants

 _{New businesses: Trade/}

money/lending/ banking/insurance

 Questioned church/

secular view

 Celebrate life/Enjoy the

Present/ Humanism

 Questioning of the church: The Reformation  Questioning and searching for scientific

 Humanism: Led people to question Church

authority as increasing faith was put in human reason.

 Strong Monarchs: A weakened church

meant strong national monarchs could increase their power.

 Problems within the church: Corruption

among church leaders. Increased fees for marriage, baptism and indulgences (paid

 John Wycliffe

 14th century

 Said the Bible, not the Church, was the source

of Christian truth

 Began translating the Bible into English from

Latin so common people could read it

 Was persecuted by the government

 William Tyndale

 16th century



Martin Luther (Germany)



John Calvin (France)

 _{Born in 1483 in Germany}

 _{Educated as a lawyer but}

following an outbreak of the

plague and being nearly struck by lightning, he became a

 On a pilgrimage to visit Rome, Luther became

troubled over some of the practices of the Catholic Church

 _{As he was visiting sacred places, the Church}

 Pope Leo X at this time was very corrupt

 _{He had quickly spent the Church’s money on}

lavish parties

 _{He needed to raise more money to keep up his}

 Catholics believe that when a person dies,

they will have to spend time in purgatory before they can go on to heaven

 _{In purgatory, people have to be cleansed by}

 Pope Leo X raised money by selling people high

positions in the Catholic Church and by selling Indulgences

 Indulgences were a way that a person could reduce

time that they spent in purgatory by “buying” the

good works of dead saints from the Treasury of Merit

 You could buy indulgences for your own sins, for

your future sins, and for the sins of your dead relatives

 _{You were supposed to also truly repent}

 _{Many people bought indulgences to be sure they got}

 Luther thinks that no one, not even the

Pope, has the right to forgive sins except for God

 Promoted radical idea that faith in God



A

the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)

 _{He criticized:}



The Power of the Pope



The Extreme Wealth of the Church

_{Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for}

Luther to spread his beliefs- 1st printed on

press was the Bible

Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in

Germany

_{Gained support from people and criticism from}

Church

_{Supporters called Protestants (because they}

 Luther did not want to break with the

Church, he just wanted the Church to “clean house”

 _{1520 Pope Leo X order Luther to give up his}

beliefs

 _{Luther burned the order and was}

excommunicated

 _{Luther went into hiding where he translated}



Anti-Catholic



Influenced by Martin Luther



Disagreed with Luther’s

“Salvation through faith alone”



Believed in Predestination



Created his own Protestant

 Ideas spread to

Northern Germany and Scandinavia

 Ideas spread to

_{King of England 1509-1547}  _{So Henry married Catherine of}

Aragon, his brother’s widow - no papal dispensation was given, and the

marriage was even done by proxy;

_{Later he tried to annul this}

marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn.

 _{Henry claimed that God punished}

him by denying him a legitimate male

heir (they did have a daughter, Mary)

_{In Leviticus, God does threaten}

childlessness if a man marries his brother’s widow…so Henry came to

I need a son. I have been married for 20 years and my wife, Catherine of Aragon

is too old to have any more children. Who will inherit my throne when I die?

I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn.

If only I could marry her instead. Will the

Pope give me a divorce?

The Church is very rich. I need money for

my luxurious court. If only I could get my

hands on it.

The new Protestant ideas are spreading in Germany. Princes

there are reforming their

churches and throwing out the Catholic Church.

Some people in England like the new Protestant ideas. They believe

that the Bible should be in English not Latin.

The Church takes money out my country in taxes

to help build St Peter’s in Rome.

When he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn, Henry created the Church of England or the Anglican Church (Episcopal in US) and banned the Catholic Church from his nation. He also seized all of the



Anne became Henry VIII’s

second wife. But since his

first, Catherine of Aragon,

was still living, many

Catholics, felt that her child

Elizabeth

was illegitimate.



When she failed to

produce a male heir, there

were rumors that she was

infertile…and by that time

Henry had met

Jane

Seymour

.



Anne tried to woo Henry

back, but he had her

charged with adultery and

incest and had her

 Elizabeth and Mary were raised

together

 Queen Jane Seymour showed favor to

Mary but treated Elizabeth well

 And the Queen did finally have that

male heir, Edward VI; this ended the sisters’ succession argument

 Edward was a sickly child though  When Jane Seymour died (a fever),

 Henry VIII went on to marry

Anne of Cleves – it only lasted 6 months, and Henry got out of it by saying he was impotent on the wedding night…

 Henry then married Catherine

Howard, a 17 year old, who was soon beheaded for “adultery” and witchcraft

 So Henry married for the final

time, to Catherine Parr – she got along well with all the children

 Edward became the king at age

10 but died in his teens

 Mary became the queen but was

burned to death when she tried to make England Catholic again

 Elizabeth became queen when



Formation of Protestant Churches



Loss of religious and political unity in

Western Europe



Religious conflicts sparked wars

among the European states for over

100 years



Anti-Semitism. Religious persecution

increased, especially against Jews.

 The scientific discoveries of the 16th - 17th

centuries brought upon a fundamental

change in the ways Europeans viewed the natural world.

 The period of exploration led to discovery of new plants and

animals and encouraged great interest in the natural

sciences, and there was also a new interest in navigation and astronomy.

 Thanks to the Printing Press, scientific knowledge spread

more rapidly at that time than at any other time in previous history.

 The constant warfare between the various nation-states may

have pushed scientific development because they wanted to have new technologies.

 The Protestant Reformation also pushed the revolution since

it created a larger reading public, and Luther and Calvin's opposition to Rome provided an example of challenging established authority.



Copernicus

: Proposed that the sun is

the center of the universe with the

earth revolving around it



Harvey

: Described the circulation of

the blood



Galileo

: Developed telescope; 1

person to see spots on sun and moon;

confirmed that the sun is the center of

the universe