Structured Academic
Controversy, pp.
15-16
1. Evolutionary Socialism
prevented Marxist socialism from gaining the upper hand during the Depression.
2. Britain and France largely failed in handling their
Small group discussion, 5 min.
• Pilsudski in Poland, Franco of Spain, “Greater
Romania”
• Common tendencies?
• Explain links to “Big Picture contexts”
– Great Depression– Nationalism
The Rise
The Rise
of
of
Fascist Italy
Fascist Italy
• Severe economic problems - many strikes & social
unrest 1918-22
• Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)-originally a socialist who hated capitalism, the monarchy & religion.
• Italy had too many political parties & an obsessive fear of
communism.
• Fascio di Combattimento
(League of Combat), 1919-support from middle class, industrialists and large
landowners.
• Squadristi-bands of armed fascists that attacked
socialists & their offices.
• Naples March to Rome Speech-Oct. 24, 1922 • King Victor
Emmanuel III (1900-1946) reluctantly
invited Mussolini to form a government & become the Prime
Minister on Oct. 29, 1922.
The Fascist salute and many other
The Fascist salute and many other
Symbols were adapted from
Symbols were adapted from
Ancient Rome
Fascist Italy
Fascist Italy
• Il Duce promised “Order, Action, Change, Justice and Stability”
• Parliament lost power, press was censored, labor unions were destroyed.
• All political parties
• Created the Corporate State-
each corporation sent worker & manager representatives-govt. determined wages & prices. • Lateran Accords 1929 deal
between Church & State • Dopolavaro (after work)
recreation organization-athletics, radio, clubs, etc. • Women encouraged to have
DBQ Bucketing, p. 17
• Read the DBQ and “bucket”
• Notice any documents that you have
difficulty in using and/or in analyzing POV
– How does the document reflect the author’scontext?
Weimar Republic 1919-1933
Weimar Republic 1919-1933
• Jan. 1919 Spartakist Revolt led by Communist leaders Karl
Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg-crushed by the Social Democratic Provisional Govt. using
Freikorps paramilitary
• Constitution: 7-yr president and Reichstag congress, chancellor runs gov’t but could be removed • Article 48 allowed suspension of
civil liberties during emergency • 1920 Kapp Putsch-Dr.
Inflation Figures, How many marks
to equal 1 US dollar…
• 1914
4 marks
• Aug 1922 400
• Feb 1923 18,000
• Aug 1923 1,000,000
Social Unrest
• Inflation meant that living
and vacationing in
Germany was cheap…
The Rise of the Nazis
The Rise of the Nazis
• Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)
– Moved to Vienna (1908-13) to attend art school-became
rabidly anti-Semitic (Christian Socialist Karl Lueger mayor of Vienna).
– WW I, joined a Bavarian Infantry Unit-messenger, wounded twice, promoted to Corporal, won the Iron Cross.
– Spied for the Army after WWI joined & reorganized the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921 – Created the Brown shirts or Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm
Troops, as a paramilitary wing of the NSDAP.
• Hitler & Hess in Landsberg Hitler & Hess in Landsberg
Prison where he dictated
Prison where he dictated Mein Mein Kampf
Kampf
Mein Kampf key concepts:
•Racial competition
•Aryans
•Enslavement
•Breeding
•Jewish decadence •Lebensraum
•Mobilization of the masses
•Keep it simple
•Huge crowds with
music and pageantry
•Order, so we’ll win
The Great Depression and Germany
• By 1932, 40% of German workers were out of
work-industrial production dropped by 50%.
• By 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning (1885-1970) was
Campaign Poster-”The Marshal & the
Campaign Poster-”The Marshal & the
Corporal” paired Hindenburg &
Corporal” paired Hindenburg &
Hitler.
Hitler.
“
“Struggle with us for peace & equal Struggle with us for peace & equal rights”
The Nazi Seizure of Power
The Nazi Seizure of Power
• Nazi party second largest in the Reichstag after 1932
election- support from right-wing elites
• Successes in 1933 election (43.9%) coalition formed, with Chancellor Hitler, January 30, 1933.
• Reichstag Fire-February 27, 1933
•
Enabling Act
,
March 23, 1933,
gave Hitler
emergency power
•
Gleichschaltung,
The Third Reich
The Third Reich
• German Labor Front-a
state controlled union that required a workbook.
• Churches, schools &
universities brought under Nazi control
Hitler dedicates the
Hitler dedicates the
Volkswagen
Volkswagen
factory in June of
factory in June of
1938 with a
1938 with a
promise of a
promise of a
“people’s car” for
“people’s car” for
every German
every German
citizen. It was
citizen. It was
rumored that the
rumored that the
Fuhrer himself
Fuhrer himself
had helped to
had helped to
design the vehicle.
The Volkswagen or
Peoples’ Car was designed to be owned by every
The Third Reich
The Third Reich
• All political parties were abolished.
• “Night of the Long Knives”
Ernst Rohm & other SA
leaders were purged July 1, 1934.
• President Paul von
Hindenburg died, August 2, 1934-Hitler assumed both positions.
• The Army took an oath of allegiance to
• Joseph Goebbels became the Minister Joseph Goebbels became the Minister of Propaganda
of Propaganda
• Hermann Goring, Minister of the Hermann Goring, Minister of the Interior, became the head of the Interior, became the head of the
Luftwaffe which was rebuilt after 1935 Luftwaffe which was rebuilt after 1935
• Rudolf Hess became Hitler’s party Rudolf Hess became Hitler’s party Deputy.
Hitler practices a speech
Hitler practices a speech
to create the most
to create the most
dramatic gestures.
dramatic gestures.
Oct. 29
Oct. 29thth, 1938 to mark , 1938 to mark
Goebbels birthday, 500
Goebbels birthday, 500
free radios were given
free radios were given
away in Berlin.
•
Heinrich Himmler
became the head of
the
Shutzstaffel SS
(Blackshirts),
originally Hitler’s
body guard-it became
the elite troops.
•
Geheime
Staatspolizei
Gestapo
was originally
controlled by Goring,
but later it became
Hitler’s Nazi party relied on mass rallies, flags,
Hitler’s Nazi party relied on mass rallies, flags,
banners, radio broadcasts, newsreel films, songs
banners, radio broadcasts, newsreel films, songs
martial music & strong
martial music & strong
symbolism to win over
symbolism to win over
the public.
An adoring crowd
An adoring crowd
of young women
of young women
and men salute
and men salute
Hitler at the
Hitler at the
Nuremberg
Nuremberg
Party Rally in
Party Rally in
1938.
A Night Parade
A Night Parade
outside of the
outside of the
Reich
Reich
Chancellery in
Chancellery in
Berlin
Berlin
celebrates the
celebrates the
Fuhrer’s 50
Fuhrer’s 50
ththBy March 1939 participation in the By March 1939 participation in the Hitlerjugend or Bund deutscher Hitlerjugend or Bund deutscher
Mädel (League of German Maidens) Mädel (League of German Maidens) was compulsory. Outings were
was compulsory. Outings were
semimilitary: marching, pitching tents, semimilitary: marching, pitching tents, war games and singing propaganda war games and singing propaganda songs.
32
Stalin, 25-28
• Takeover from Trotsky • Five-Year Plans and
Collectivization
• Ukrainian genocide • The Great Purge