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(1)

Structured Academic

Controversy, pp.

15-16

1. Evolutionary Socialism

prevented Marxist socialism from gaining the upper hand during the Depression.

2. Britain and France largely failed in handling their

(2)

Small group discussion, 5 min.

• Pilsudski in Poland, Franco of Spain, “Greater

Romania”

• Common tendencies?

• Explain links to “Big Picture contexts”

– Great Depression

– Nationalism

(3)

The Rise

The Rise

of

of

(4)

Fascist Italy

Fascist Italy

• Severe economic problems - many strikes & social

unrest 1918-22

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)-originally a socialist who hated capitalism, the monarchy & religion.

(5)

• Italy had too many political parties & an obsessive fear of

communism.

Fascio di Combattimento

(League of Combat), 1919-support from middle class, industrialists and large

landowners.

Squadristi-bands of armed fascists that attacked

socialists & their offices.

(6)

• Naples March to Rome Speech-Oct. 24, 1922 • King Victor

Emmanuel III (1900-1946) reluctantly

invited Mussolini to form a government & become the Prime

Minister on Oct. 29, 1922.

The Fascist salute and many other

The Fascist salute and many other

Symbols were adapted from

Symbols were adapted from

Ancient Rome

(7)

Fascist Italy

Fascist Italy

Il Duce promised “Order, Action, Change, Justice and Stability”

• Parliament lost power, press was censored, labor unions were destroyed.

• All political parties

(8)

• Created the Corporate State-

each corporation sent worker & manager representatives-govt. determined wages & prices. • Lateran Accords 1929 deal

between Church & State • Dopolavaro (after work)

recreation organization-athletics, radio, clubs, etc. • Women encouraged to have

(9)

DBQ Bucketing, p. 17

• Read the DBQ and “bucket”

• Notice any documents that you have

difficulty in using and/or in analyzing POV

– How does the document reflect the author’s

context?

(10)

Weimar Republic 1919-1933

Weimar Republic 1919-1933

• Jan. 1919 Spartakist Revolt led by Communist leaders Karl

Liebknecht & Rosa Luxemburg-crushed by the Social Democratic Provisional Govt. using

Freikorps paramilitary

• Constitution: 7-yr president and Reichstag congress, chancellor runs gov’t but could be removed • Article 48 allowed suspension of

civil liberties during emergency • 1920 Kapp Putsch-Dr.

(11)
(12)

Inflation Figures, How many marks

to equal 1 US dollar…

• 1914

4 marks

• Aug 1922 400

• Feb 1923 18,000

• Aug 1923 1,000,000

(13)
(14)

Social Unrest

• Inflation meant that living

and vacationing in

Germany was cheap…

(15)

The Rise of the Nazis

The Rise of the Nazis

Adolf Hitler (1889-1945)

– Moved to Vienna (1908-13) to attend art school-became

rabidly anti-Semitic (Christian Socialist Karl Lueger mayor of Vienna).

– WW I, joined a Bavarian Infantry Unit-messenger, wounded twice, promoted to Corporal, won the Iron Cross.

– Spied for the Army after WWI joined & reorganized the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), 1921 – Created the Brown shirts or Sturmabteilung (SA), Storm

Troops, as a paramilitary wing of the NSDAP.

(16)

Hitler & Hess in Landsberg Hitler & Hess in Landsberg

Prison where he dictated

Prison where he dictated Mein Mein Kampf

Kampf

Mein Kampf key concepts:

•Racial competition

Aryans

•Enslavement

•Breeding

Jewish decadenceLebensraum

•Mobilization of the masses

•Keep it simple

Huge crowds with

music and pageantry

Order, so we’ll win

(17)

The Great Depression and Germany

• By 1932, 40% of German workers were out of

work-industrial production dropped by 50%.

• By 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning (1885-1970) was

(18)

Campaign Poster-”The Marshal & the

Campaign Poster-”The Marshal & the

Corporal” paired Hindenburg &

Corporal” paired Hindenburg &

Hitler.

Hitler.

“Struggle with us for peace & equal Struggle with us for peace & equal rights”

(19)

The Nazi Seizure of Power

The Nazi Seizure of Power

• Nazi party second largest in the Reichstag after 1932

election- support from right-wing elites

• Successes in 1933 election (43.9%) coalition formed, with Chancellor Hitler, January 30, 1933.

• Reichstag Fire-February 27, 1933

(20)

Enabling Act

,

March 23, 1933,

gave Hitler

emergency power

Gleichschaltung,

(21)

The Third Reich

The Third Reich

• German Labor Front-a

state controlled union that required a workbook.

• Churches, schools &

universities brought under Nazi control

(22)

Hitler dedicates the

Hitler dedicates the

Volkswagen

Volkswagen

factory in June of

factory in June of

1938 with a

1938 with a

promise of a

promise of a

“people’s car” for

“people’s car” for

every German

every German

citizen. It was

citizen. It was

rumored that the

rumored that the

Fuhrer himself

Fuhrer himself

had helped to

had helped to

design the vehicle.

(23)

The Volkswagen or

Peoples’ Car was designed to be owned by every

(24)

The Third Reich

The Third Reich

• All political parties were abolished.

“Night of the Long Knives”

Ernst Rohm & other SA

leaders were purged July 1, 1934.

• President Paul von

Hindenburg died, August 2, 1934-Hitler assumed both positions.

• The Army took an oath of allegiance to

(25)

Joseph Goebbels became the Minister Joseph Goebbels became the Minister of Propaganda

of Propaganda

Hermann Goring, Minister of the Hermann Goring, Minister of the Interior, became the head of the Interior, became the head of the

Luftwaffe which was rebuilt after 1935 Luftwaffe which was rebuilt after 1935

Rudolf Hess became Hitler’s party Rudolf Hess became Hitler’s party Deputy.

(26)

Hitler practices a speech

Hitler practices a speech

to create the most

to create the most

dramatic gestures.

dramatic gestures.

Oct. 29

Oct. 29thth, 1938 to mark , 1938 to mark

Goebbels birthday, 500

Goebbels birthday, 500

free radios were given

free radios were given

away in Berlin.

(27)

Heinrich Himmler

became the head of

the

Shutzstaffel SS

(Blackshirts),

originally Hitler’s

body guard-it became

the elite troops.

Geheime

Staatspolizei

Gestapo

was originally

controlled by Goring,

but later it became

(28)

Hitler’s Nazi party relied on mass rallies, flags,

Hitler’s Nazi party relied on mass rallies, flags,

banners, radio broadcasts, newsreel films, songs

banners, radio broadcasts, newsreel films, songs

martial music & strong

martial music & strong

symbolism to win over

symbolism to win over

the public.

(29)

An adoring crowd

An adoring crowd

of young women

of young women

and men salute

and men salute

Hitler at the

Hitler at the

Nuremberg

Nuremberg

Party Rally in

Party Rally in

1938.

(30)

A Night Parade

A Night Parade

outside of the

outside of the

Reich

Reich

Chancellery in

Chancellery in

Berlin

Berlin

celebrates the

celebrates the

Fuhrer’s 50

Fuhrer’s 50

thth

(31)

By March 1939 participation in the By March 1939 participation in the Hitlerjugend or Bund deutscher Hitlerjugend or Bund deutscher

Mädel (League of German Maidens) Mädel (League of German Maidens) was compulsory. Outings were

was compulsory. Outings were

semimilitary: marching, pitching tents, semimilitary: marching, pitching tents, war games and singing propaganda war games and singing propaganda songs.

(32)

32

Stalin, 25-28

• Takeover from Trotsky • Five-Year Plans and

Collectivization

• Ukrainian genocide • The Great Purge

(33)

Planning: Pick one and…bucket

(Answer, bulleted evidence)

A. Compare the goals and methods of Otto

von Bismarck (after 1871) and Adolf

Hitler (before 1938)

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