Some News….
Memorandum
Due to the withdrawal of a $2 million donation from the city, the shrinking state
budget, and the drop in district enrollment, funding for public education in our
school district has been drastically reduced. As a result, money that would
ordinarily be granted to our school will not be forthcoming. Given our need to
maintain school facilities and faculty positions, purchase instructional supplies,
and fund school programs, the Lake Oswego School Board and Dr. Beck, the
superintendent, have been considering alternative funding solutions.
In an effort to meet funding needs, a new school wide fundraising policy has been
enacted, effective immediately. This week, students will be able to purchase
academic points for $10.00 per point. These points, known as Purchase Points,
can be used to improve grades on past assignments in order to raise your final
grade .
Take a look at the graphic organizer
on page 347 of your
History Alive
book
–
What do you see?
–
What is the name of the religion
at the beginning of the road?
–
What faith branches off the road
first?
–
What might the cracks in the
road represent?
–
What happens at the fork in the
road?
–
How are the buildings on the
upper right and left similar?
Different?
–
What may have caused some
Do you see any connections between the
reading in Chapter 31 and the new policy?
How did you feel when the memo was read?
What did you like about the policy? Dislike?
Do you think this policy is justifiable? Why or
why not?
How many of you thought about purchasing
The church attempted to
increase its financial
holdings by selling
indulgences to Catholics.
Catholics who sinned
believed
they could avoid doing
good deeds to make up
for their sins by buying
indulgences.
Catholics who honored
church teachings or
couldn’t afford to buy
indulgences were troubled
by the selling of
indulgences, believing the
practice was invalid,
During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church united the Christians of
western Europe in a single faith, but the church was a political and
economic institution as well as a religious one.
By the 1300s, many Catholics felt that the church had become far too
worldly and corrupt. Even so, at the height of the Renaissance, western
Europe was still Catholic.
The historic movement known as the
Reformation
led to the start of many
new types of Christian churches that broke away from the Catholic Church.
The Reformation began in the early 1500s and lasted until the 1600s. But
even before the Reformation, the Catholic Church’s religious and moral
authority was starting to weaken.
Humanists during the Renaissance were often very secular (non-religious)
in their thinking. They believed in free thought and questioned many
accepted beliefs.
Problems within the church added to this spirit of questioning. Many
By the 1300’s, people began to feel the
church had become corrupt.
The upper levels of the church (popes,
cardinals, and bishops) started to live like
royalty. They built palaces and wore jeweled
robes.
Where did the money come from? Tithes.
People gave at least 10% of their wealth to
the church. This was used to maintain
An indulgence was a release from
punishment of sin (a “get out of hell free”
card.)
The church began to grant indulgences for
money and gifts to the church.
Most Catholics saw this as a practice of
The church also sold leadership positions and
offices.
Instead of merit, positions went to the
highest bidder.
Often people acquired multiple offices in
different places without actually going there
to perform the duties.
These problems led a
number of Catholics to cry
out for reform.
They questioned the
authority of the church
leaders and some of the
church’s teachings.
Some broke away form the
church entirely. They
became known as
Protestants because of
their protests against the
Catholic Church.
The establishment of
Martin Luther
, a German priest who was raised a devout Catholic, was
outraged by the selling of indulgences
Luther believed that salvation came from faith alone, not good works. He
said the Bible, not the pope, was the ultimate source of religious
authority. He said all Christians were priests and should read the Bible for
themselves. And he claimed that most of the church’s sacraments had no
basis in the Bible.
In 1517, he then wrote and posted the Ninety-Five Theses (arguments) on
a church door in Wittenberg to express his ideas about this practice, as
well as sent the list to church leaders.
In 1521, he was excommunicated and brought before the Diet of Words
(Diet = the assembly of state leaders. Worms = a city in Germany)
He refused to take back his teachings and was declared a heretic by the Holy Roman
Emperor who forbade the printing or selling of his writings. He went into hiding for a
while, but the movement continued to spread.
Many Germans saw Luther as a hero, and his popularity grew as he
You will rotate around the room and read about the new
Protestant churches:
32.2: Lutheranism
32.3: Calvinism
32.4: Anglicanism
32.5: The Catholic Response: The Counter-Reformation
Please do not write on the large information pages.
There are four copies of each information page, so you may
need to share with a buddy at a station.
Origins of the religion
Lutheranism was founded by Martin Luther in Germany in 1521.
Beliefs about sin and salvation
Lutherans believed that salvation was a gift from God. It was received by people if they sincerely believed in Jesus, were sorry for their sins, and accepted the Bible as truth. Luther called this “justification by faith.”
Beliefs about the ultimate source of authority
Lutherans believed that the Bible was the only true source of religious guidance. They rejected the authority of church councils and the pope.
Rituals and worship
Lutherans kept some Catholic practices and added new Lutheran ones. The church looked much like a Catholic Church (with altar, crucifix, and candles). Lutheran services had some similarities to Catholic mass, such as Communion/Eucharist, Bible readings, sermons, and hymns. There were also differences, such as prayers in German instead of Latin and two sacraments (baptism and Eucharist) instead of seven.
Community life
Origins of the religion
Calvinism was founded by John Calvin in Switzerland in 1541.
Beliefs about sin and salvation
Calvinists believed in predestination, the idea that God already knows who will be saved in the afterlife and who will be condemned. People’s destinies were shown by their behavior: those who behaved well were saved; those who sinned were not – good behavior demonstrated who was apart of the “elect”.
Beliefs about the ultimate source of authority
Calvinists believed the Bible was the only source of religious guidance. They believed that communities should be governed according to God’s laws. Therefore, when people sinned, they were also committing a crime.
Rituals and worship
Calvinists attended services up to five times a week. Sermons were long and explained how to live according to the Bible. Churches were very simple, with wood panels and benches. There were no paintings, statues, or stained glass windows. Men and women sat separately, and children had to answer questions from the minister. Calvinists used only the two sacraments mentioned in the Bible: baptism and Communion. Calvinists could sing only words from the Bible.
Community life
Origins of the religion
King Henry VIII founded Anglicanism in 1534 in England.
Beliefs about sin and salvation
Like Catholics, Anglicans believed baptism washed away original sin. Like Lutherans, they believed in justification by faith: to go to heaven, people needed to believe in God, regret their sins, and receive God’s mercy. People had more privacy in how they practiced religion.
Beliefs about the ultimate source of authority
Anglicans based their beliefs on the Bible. The monarch, assisted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, was the main interpreter of the Bible. Other clergy helped spread the monarch’s ideas. Anglicans could interpret beliefs in their own ways as long as they were loyal to the king or queen.
Rituals and worship
The High Church service was formal and like the Catholic mass. The Low Church service was more like the Lutheran service. Services were held in former Catholic church buildings. Most of the decorations were removed, the inside was painted white, and the Ten Commandments were painted on the wall. Hymns, and
eventually services, were in English instead of Latin, so everyone could take part. Anglicans used only the two sacraments mentioned in the Bible: baptism and
Communion. The Book of Common Prayer was published for services and prayers at home.
Community life
1. What was the Council of Trent? What did the council do?
This meeting of Catholic church leaders began in 1545 in Italy to combat corruption
and fight Protestantism and continued its work for 18 years. The council
rejected predestination and justification by faith alone, but reaffirmed the
Catholic belief in seven sacraments and in the church’s authority to interpret
the Latin Bible. It required better training of clergy, called for priests and
bishops to spend more time preaching, and corrected many church abuses.
2. What was the Society of Jesus?
This was a new order, also known as the Jesuits. It was formed to preach and
perform public services. The Jesuits were dedicated teachers and missionaries.
3. How did the Jesuits help strengthen the Catholic Church?
They founded schools and colleges, brought Europeans back to the church, and
spread Catholicism in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. They were the largest
order in the church and actively supported the pope.
4. What else did the Catholic Church do to stop the spread of Protestantism?
The church looked to Catholic rulers to support it and to win back lands lost to
Major regions/countries these religions was practiced during the Reformation
Key effects of the Reformation on Europe and the world:
The Reformation led to a series of wars and persecutions during the 16th
and 17
thcenturies. These created lasting religious divisions in Europe.
During the Age of Exploration, these divisions spread to new lands.
Growing nationalism strengthened national unity, and the monarchy grew
stronger and increasingly independent of the pope. This created “The Age
of Kings and Queens.”
It also helped plant the seeds of democratic ideas and practices.
If you had been alive in Europe in the
1500s, which church would you have
wanted to belong to and why? Explain your
choice in a 1/3 – 1/2 of a page of writing!
Lutheranism
Calvinism
Anglicanism
