1/21/2013. Objectives

Brandon W. Boughen Brandon W. Boughen

Objectives

• Recommended trees for the Panhandle

• Proper tree planting

• Care of trees‐ seasonal maintenance • Proper pruning techniques

Why

plant

trees?

• Trees add value to your home

• Shades the home in hot summer months

• Add color and texture to a landscape

Cedar

Elm

• Medium size tree here

• Thrives in our alkaline

soils

• Grows slower for better

insect and disease resistance

resistance

• Thick leaves protect

against Elm Leaf Beetle

Chinese

Pistache

• Moderate growth • 30’‐40’ tall

• No major pests

Desert

Willow

• Great tree for

Xeriscape

Lacebark

Elm

• Medium size tree

Ad t d t il

• Adapted to our soils

• Older trees have

exfoliating bark that reveals brown, grey, orange or green bark beneath

beneath

• Single trunk, slow

Siberian

Elm

•Some refer to this as a Chinese Elm •Highly adaptable to our soils and g y p

environment

•Shows resistance to Dutch Elm

Disease and Phloem necrosis

•Highly susceptible to Elm Leaf Beetle •Fast growing, 50‐70 feet tall

Hackberry,

Common

• Medium to large tree,

f

60‐100 ft. tall

• Distinctive warty

bumps

• Wood can decay

idl if rapidly if not maintained

Washington

Hawthorne

• Small tree 12‐20 ft. tall • Highly adaptable to

our conditions

• In wet years, can be

highly susceptible to A h

Anthracnose

Honeylocust

• Large tree, trunk diameter

30” 30

• 80’ or more in height • Thornless variety

commonly used in the panhandle

• Best varieties‐Best varieties

Shademaster and Sunburst

• Allows filtered sunlight to

Pecan

• State tree of Texas

• Only viable panhandle

• Only viable panhandle

tree with a true taproot

• Moderate growth rate

• Prefers deep soil

• Best landscape varieties‐

Choctaw, Cheyenne, Choctaw, Cheyenne, Kiowa

• Best fruit production‐

Pawnee & Shoshoni

Bur

Oak

• Moderate to 60’ tall • Needs ample space for

proper tree and canopy growth

• Does not do well with

k a wet trunk

Shumard Oak

• Slow growth to 40’ tall • Not a good tree for

lawns with sprinklers

Texas

Red

Oak

• Slow growth to 40’ tall • Adapted to our soils • Young trees will

dieback if not maintained

h h h i

Sycamore

• Can grow 60’‐100’ tall • High water needs • Susceptible to

anthracnose

• White exfoliating bark

Redbud,

Eastern

• Moderate growth • 25’ tall

• Requires well drained

soils and drier climates

Mexican

Pinyon Pine

• Slow growing • 30’ tall

• Tolerates hot, dry

locations with poor soils and dry wind

Japanese

Black

Pine

• 20’‐30’ feet tall

• Adapts to our alkaline

soils

• Resilient to insects and

Ornamental

Pear

• 30’‐40’ feet tall

• Bright white spring

flowers

• Copper red fall foliage • Aristocrat best suited

for our area

Mesquite

Crabapple

cedar apple rust

• Resistant varieties‐

Beverly, radiant, royalty

Golden

Rain

Tree

•Medium to fast growing •30’‐40’ tall30 40 tall

•Susceptible to disease and

insects

Russian

Olive

• Moderate to fast

growth

• Noxious plant in some

states

• Weak tree

• Highly susceptible to

UNDESIRABLE

TREES

Purple

Leaf

Plum

• Medium growth • 25’ tall

• Needs well drained

soil

• Short lived

• Susceptible to insects

Cottonwood

• Can grow to 100’ tall • Fast growing • High water requirements • Susceptible to insects and disease

PLANTING

A

TREE

Find

a

tree

Find

the

tree

a

home

Selecting

a

healthy

tree

• Bareroottree:Abundant root growth, fiberous and numerous

small roots, good color; moistg

• Balledandburlapped tree(B&B): – Firm soil ball, with trunk securely tied

– Look for a broken “ball” and circling roots at the base of the trunk – Always carry B&B plants by the soil ball, not the trunk, stems or

branches.

• Container‐growntree(containerizedandpotted): – Avoid trees that are “root‐bound” in the can

– Cut any circling roots when planting

– Always remove can, basket or pot when planting

Mature

trees

• Strong, well‐developed leader (or leaders in a multi‐

leader tree).

• Bright, healthy bark.

• Trunk & limbs free of insect or mechanical injury. • Branches well‐distributed around trunk,

considerably smaller than trunk.

• Ideal spacing between branches, at least 8–12" for

most species.

• Good trunk taper.Good trunk taper.

• Wide‐angle crotches for strength.

• Low branches—they are temporary, but help

develop taper, promote trunk growth, and prevent sun damage.

Planting

the

tree

• Plant when tree is

dormant, late fall or dormant, late fall or early spring

• Select a site in full sun

• Dig hole twice as wide as

the root ball

• No deeper than the p

height of the root ball

• Do not use soil

amendments in backfill

• Build a 4” tall berm

f around the edge of the hole

• Fill berm with mulch • Mulch reduces weeds

d i

and evaporation

• Do not build mulch

volcanoes

• Staking is not

recommended unless absolutely needed

• Two stakes on either

side

Fi l

• Water the tree in

Fi k 1 i 1 f d

• First week, 1 pint to 1 quart of water every day

• Second week, every other day, 1‐2 quarts of water

• Third week, every third day, 2‐3 quarts of water

• Week four and beyond, water once a week if needed

• Don’t take my word for it check the moisture for

• Don t take my word for it, check the moisture for

yourself

PROPER

PRUNING

TECHNIQUES

Never

Top A

T

!

Why

do

we

prune?

• Produce strong, healthy, attractive plants • Safety

• Fruit production

Pruning

for

health

• Remove diseased or insect‐infested wood • Thinning crown to increase airflow

• Remove crossed or rubbing branches

• Develop strong structure

Pruning

for

aesthetics

• Enhance the natural form

• Promote or increase flower production

Tools

of

the

trade

Never

Top A

T

!

Pruning

cuts

• Thinning • Heading • Shearing

Thinning

• Removing a branch at its point of origin on

the parent branch

• Reduces size without stimulating new

growth

• The best pruning method for most trees • The best pruning method for most trees

Heading

• Cut to a stub, lateral bud or a small diameter lateral

branch branch

• Removes terminal bud

• Results in vigorous growth below the cut

• Doesn’t look good

• Loses natural shape

C d h ll f k h

• Creates dense outer shell of weak shoots

• Use as last resort or consider taking tree out

• Use technique on fruit trees to encourage branching

Shearing

• Remove short lengths of top growth

• Removes terminal buds

• Creates dense canopy

• Better reserved for hedges

3

cut

method,

natural

target

pruning

Correct

method

Proper

woundwood formation

Improper

woundwood formation

Don’t

leave

stubs

• The best way to slowly

When

to

prune

• When the tree is dormant, before new

growth

• Pruning during growth periods rob the tree

of nutrients and food reserves

What

limbs

do

I

remove?

• Retain scaffolding branch integrity

• Develop a leader and leave it alone

• Remove limbs on the underside of the lateral,

this keeps the limb from being weighted down

• Crossing or rubbing branchesCrossing or rubbing branches

• Limbs and twigs growing to the inside of the

• Scaffolding branches

should have good vertical and radial spacing

• Good radial

• Left, weak branch‐

should be removed

• Right, strong, healthy

branch‐ keep it

• Eliminate competing

GENERAL

MAINTENANCE

• Trees and turf don’t like each other

– keep turf 2‐3 feet away from the trunkkeep turf 2 3 feet away from the trunk

• Mulch the tree

– Around the trunk, but not touching

• Proper irrigation

– Water deeply and infrequently at the drip line

• Fertilizingg

– Pay for a soil or foliar analysis; both preferably

Tips

on

fertilizing

• Determine square

footage beneath tree footage beneath tree

• Include entire branch

spread

• If roots are restricted by paving or curbs, subtract the square footage

• Apply half lengthwise

and the other half crosswise

• If you have a 50 pound bag of 10‐20‐10

fertilizer, how many pounds of actual nutrients are in it?

– (N)=10%X50 lbs.= 5 lbs. of actual Nitrogen – (P)= 20%X50 lbs.= 10 lbs. actual Phosphorus( ) p – (K)= 10%X50 lbs.= 5 lbs. actual Potassium

• So, if our tree needs 2 lbs. of Nitrogen per

1,000 square feet on 2,000 square feet…

• 2 (nitrogen rate)÷ 10%= 20 lbs. • 20 X 2 (2,000 sq. ft.)= 40 lbs.

Important

statement

• If you are not a licensed pesticide applicator

t l ll bl t h l

you are not legally able to purchase or apply restricted use pesticides

• I will not recommend brand name chemicals,

only chemical components

• Applying insecticides will kill harmful and

• Applying insecticides will kill harmful and

beneficial insects, IPM is the best first line of defense

New

Product

• One gallon of spray solution will

treat approximately 36 to 40 inches pp y of tree diameter when measured at 4.5 feet above the soil line (DBH).

• Spray solution on tree trunk

between soil surface and 4 to 5 feet above the soil surface. Do not make more than one application per year.

• Ornamental plants including butOrnamental plants including but

not limited to: Shrubs, Ornamental Trees, Non‐Bearing Fruit Trees, Non‐Bearing Nut Trees

• Pests:

• Adelgids including Hemlock Wooly • Aphids

• Aphids

• Flatheaded Borers including Alder, Bronze Birch, Emerald Ash, • Flatheaded Appletree, Two‐Lined Chestnut

• Lacebugs • Leafbeetles • Leafhoppers • Leafminers • Mealybugs

• Pine Tip Moth (Larvae)p ( ) • Psyllids

• Roundheaded Borers (excluding Asian Longhorned) • Scales including Calico

• Thrips (suppression) • Whiteflies including Ficus

DEFOLIATORS

• Hosts: Ash, Oak, Elm, Apple

• Emerge with new leaves

• Skeletonize and defoliate leaves

• Control: spray leaves with Carbaryl,

h t th i h d fi t

acephate or permethrin when damage first appears but before complete defoliation

• Hosts: Ash, Poplar, fruit trees

• Emerge with new leaves

• Skeletonize and defoliate

• Control: tents must be removed by hand.

Wh t t fi t b l h t

When tents first appear; carbaryl, acephate, permethrin

• Hosts: Elm, Willow, Maple, Cottonwood

• Feed on leaves in summer and overwinter in

soil

• Control: Carbaryl when leaf damage is

noticed noticed

• Hosts: American and Siberian (Chinese)

Elms

• Emerge when buds begin to expand

• Control: Spray leaves with carbaryl or

permethrin to kill larva and adults Apply a permethrin to kill larva and adults. Apply a systemic imidacloprid as a preventative

• Hosts: juniper, pine, oak, and even

ornamental pear

• Larva feed in spring and summer

• Control: if there are few, remove by hand,

spray with carbaryl in june spray with carbaryl in june

• Hosts: cottonwood, locust, ash

• Beetles emerge in late summer or early fall • Control: spray or drench with systemic

insecticide as a means of prevention and control

control

• Hosts: ponderosa, Austrian, Scotch and Jack • Emerge in spring to mine needles, buds and

new shoots

• Control: Acephate or dimethhoate (CYGON)

in spring and again in late June in spring and again in late June

SAP

SUCKERS

European

elm

scale

Kermes

Scale

Spider

mites

• Aphids, European Elm Scale, Brown Soft

Scale and Spider Mites

• Insects pierce plant tissue with mouthparts

and feed on sap

• Control: horticultural oils or dormant oil if • Control: horticultural oils or dormant oil if

population is low, imidacloprid as a systemic chemical control

NOTABLE

DISEASES

• Bacterial disease affecting elm, mulberry and

cottonwood cottonwood

• Prevents callus formation

• Can be spread by the Elm Leaf Beetle

• No true chemical control

• Severely affected trees and limbs should beSeverely affected trees and limbs should be

removed in spring

Chlorosis

• Can affect all trees

Hi hl lk li il

• Highly alkaline soils

• Iron deficiency

• Spray foliage with iron sulfate‐ quick response,

but temporary

• Treat soil with iron sulfate and sulfur‐ providesTreat soil with iron sulfate and sulfur provides

most permanent control

Fire

Blight

• Bacterial disease affecting pear, apple, crabapple

• “Callery” pear shows good resistance Cleveland

• Callery pear shows good resistance, Cleveland

select, probably the best

• Affects trees from the outside in, quickly leaving

wilted black leaves

• Insects transport bacteria

• No quick fix

• No quick fix

• Dormant pruning, removal of diseases branches,

Gymnosporangium Rust

of

Juniper

• Cedar‐Apple Rust

• Affects Juniper, apple, crabapple, hawthorne • Must have an apple and juniper species to

complete life cycle

P ff t d t

• Prune affected parts

Rhizosphaera Needle

Cast

of

Spruce

• Fungal disease affecting blue spruce • Premature needle cast

• Plant healthy stock by inspecting before you

buy

S ith b d i t 8 8 100

• Spray with bordeaux mixture 8‐8‐100 or

Verticillium Wilt

• Leaves will turn yellow at margins, then brown and dry

• Check for discolored sapwood

• Check for discolored sapwood

• Soil‐borne fungus Verticillium albo‐atrum

• Infection occurs through roots, only plant resistant verities

• Never plant susceptible variety in same place

• Fungicides will not cure infected trees. Soil fumigants, ifFungicides will not cure infected trees. Soil fumigants, if available, may be used for small amounts of garden or greenhouse soil before replanting, but are generally not feasible in landscapes.

That’s

all

folks

Sources

• Diseases of trees in the great plains, 1986 • Forest Trees of Texas, 1963

• Common Insect Pests of Trees in the Great

Plains, (nd)

All Ab t P i O th B k 1989

• All About Pruning, Ortho Books, 1989

• Shade Tree Selection for the Panhandle,

Kaufman & Potter County Horticulture Committee, (nd)

• Aggie Horticulture, Planting a tree fact sheet,

(nd), www.aggie‐horticulutre.tamu.edu

• Texas Forest Service, Trees of Texas,

www.texastreeid.tamu.edu

• Arbor Day Foundation, www.arborday.org • USDA plants database,USDA plants database, www.plants.usda.govwww.plants.usda.gov • Hort IPM, www.hortipm.tamu.edu

• University of Missouri Cooperative Extension,

www.extension.missouri.edu

• Oklahoma State University Cooperative Extension,

www.pods.dasnr.okstate.edu

• North Carolina State University, y,www.ces.ncsu.edu • University of Missouri Extension,