T H E T I M E L I M I T F O R M A K I N G C L A I M S : T H E
L I M I T A T I O N S A C T – P A R T I
The current Alberta Limitations Act1 came into force on March 1, 1999. Limitation periods are designed to set a period of time within which a party may commence a claim. The Limitations Act sets time limits on when a claim may be made to provide certainty for all parties. After the limitation period has expired, a party need no longer be concerned about old claims haunting them.
The most dramatic feature of the current Act is the “Drop Dead Rule,” a first for Canada. A drop dead rule provides for a certain final date within which all actions must be commenced. Prior to March 1, 1999, and to a certain extent today as well, one of the concepts that affected the certainty granted by limitations legislation was the concept of “discoverability.” This means that the time period within which a party may sue does not start to run until the problem (in general terms) is discovered.
The current Limitations Act affects claims in Alberta with two general rules: Two years after Discovery Rule:
Claims must be brought within 2 years from the date the claimant knew, or ought to have known, that:
(i) the injury, (personal injury, property damage, economic loss, non-performance of an obligation, or breach of duty) occurred;
(ii) the injury was attributable to the conduct of the defendant; and
(iii) the injury, assuming liability on the part of the defendant, warrants commencing an action
and, in any case Ultimate Rule or Drop Dead Rule:
Claims must be brought within 10 years from when the claim arose - normally when the conduct causing the injury occurred.
1 R.S.A. 2000, c. L-12 (Act).
A L B E R T A C O N S T R U C T I O N
C O M M U N I Q U É
October 2006
A publication of Miller Thomson LLP’s Construction Law Practice Group
Note:
This Communiqué is provided as an information service and is a summary of current legal issues of concern to the Construction Industry. Communiqués are not meant as legal opinions and readers are cautioned not to act on information provided in this Communiqué without seeking specific legal advice with respect to their unique circumstances. Your comments and suggestions are most welcome. Please
direct them to: [email protected]
2
Barring a few exceptions, all claims are governed by both the “Two Years after Discovery Rule” and the “Ultimate Rule” or “Drop Dead Rule,” whichever expires first. If a claim is commenced after the expiry of these periods, then the defendant is entitled to immunity from liability for the claim.
There are two principal exceptions to the above rules. The first exception is where there is other legislation setting a specific limitation period which will govern the generic provisions of the Limitations Act. For example, the Municipal Government Act2 stipulates that actions against municipalities must be brought within a shorter time period. The second exception is where the parties agree in writing to extend a limitation period. (For example: a written “lifetime warranty” on equipment or materials.) However, limitation periods set out in the Act cannot be shortened (section 7).
Comparison of the Old and New Limitation Periods
Prior to the 1999 coming into force of the current Limitations Act, limitations legislation in Alberta differentiated between tort and negligence claims. The former limitations legislation provided for a six-year limitation period which commenced at different times depending on the nature of the claim. As discussed above, the current Limitations Act does not differentiate between tort and negligence claims, as it applies the “Two Years after Discovery Rule” and the “Ultimate Rule” or “Drop Dead Rule” to all claims.
The Winnipeg Condominium Case
In Winnipeg Condominium Corporation No. 36 v. Bird Construction Co.,3 an action was brought by the owners of a condominium after some stone cladding fell off the side of a building.
In 1972, a developer contracted with Bird Construction to build a large apartment building. Bird Construction entered into a subcontract for the masonry work, including the stone cladding, with Kornovski & Keller Masonry Ltd. The building was substantially complete by December 1974. In 1978, the building was converted to condominiums.
In 1982, the Condominium Board was concerned about the stone cladding and contacted the architect and other consultants. On their advice, the Condominium Board arranged for repairs to be done at a cost of $8,100.00. On May 8, 1989, a storey-high section of the cladding fell from the ninth storey of the condominium. The Condominium Corporation eventually had all of the cladding replaced at a cost of over $1.5 million. The Condominium Corporation commenced an action in negligence against Bird Construction, the architect and Kornovski & Keller.
Considering the limitation period aspect of the case only, if these facts had occurred in Alberta before the current Limitations Act came into force, the Condominium Corporation would have been able to commence an action within 6 years from discovering the defect. This date would appear to be 6 years from the day the stone cladding fell off the building (May 8, 1989) because no structural defects were found in 1982. Accordingly, the Condominium Corporation would have had until May 8, 1995 to commence its action. If these facts occurred under the current Alberta Limitations Act, the Condominium Corporation would have the earlier of:
(a) Two years after Discovery Rule: Discovery: May 8, 1989; Limitation: May 8, 1991; and
(b) Ultimate Rule or Drop Dead Rule: Claim arose when work performed: December,
1974; Drop Dead Date: December 1984.
Under the current Act, Bird Construction's exposure would be reduced because an action would have to have been commenced before December 1984, almost 11 years earlier than under the old Act. On the facts of this case, because no defects were discovered before 1984, Bird Construction would probably not
2
R.S.A. 2000, c. M-26. 3
have been sued before the limitation period expired and thus would have been protected from exposure for this claim.
Summary:
As illustrated by the Winnipeg Condominium case, the current Limitations Act is very effective in limiting exposure to long term liability. For those doing business in Alberta, internal business practices should be monitored to ensure that the appropriate systems are in place to commence or respond to claims in a timely fashion before the limitation period expires.
A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S :
The article was written by E. Jane Sidnell, Partner, who practices construction law and by Erin Viala, Articling Student, both whom are located in our Calgary office.
E. Jane Sidnell Calgary 403.298.2435 [email protected] Erin Viala Calgary 403.298.2428 [email protected] A L B E R T A R E G I O N A L C O N T A C T S
Our Construction Law Practice Group is dedicated to providing comprehensive and integrated legal services to construction industry clients. For more information about our group, visit our website at www.millerthomson.com or contact one of our regional contacts listed below.
Edmonton
Debra Curcio Lister 780.429.9763 [email protected] David N. Thomlinson 780.429.9778 [email protected] Kent H. Davidson 780.429.9790 [email protected] Calgary Geoffrey N.W. Edgar 780.429.9760 [email protected] Michael D. Aasen 403.298.2438 [email protected] Scott J. Hammel 780.429.9726 [email protected] Michael J. Bailey 403.298.2411 [email protected] Darin J. Hannaford 780.429.9714 [email protected] Philip A. Carson, Ph.D 403.298.2403 [email protected] Sandra L. Hawes 780.429.9787 [email protected] Paige Coulter 403.298.2450 [email protected] William J. Kenny, Q.C. 780.429.9784 [email protected] Fred R. Fenwick, Q.C. 403.298.2421 [email protected] Bryan J. Kickham 780.429.9713 [email protected] Kathleen J. Kendrick 403.298.2455 [email protected]
Monique M. Petrin Nicholson 780.429.9704 [email protected] E. Jane Sidnell 403.298.2435 [email protected] Daniel C.P. Stachnik, Q.C. 780.429.9761 [email protected] Nicole T. Taylor-Smith 403.298.2453 [email protected] N A T I O N A L C O N T A C T S Toronto 416.595.8500 Kitchener-Waterloo 519.579.3660 Vancouver 604.687.2242 Guelph 519.822.4680 Whitehorse 867.456.3300 Markham 905.415.6700 London 519.931.3500 Montréal 514.875.5210
4
Note:
On January 1, 2004 privacy legislation came into force across Canada governing the collection, use and disclosure of personal information by organizations. Miller Thomson respects the privacy of persons who receive our newsletters and other information that we provide as a service to them. We wish to take this opportunity to confirm that we hold personal information about you in the form of the contact information we possess. We wish to confirm that you consent to our maintaining this information and continuing to use it for the purposes of providing our newsletters and similar mailings to you. All recipients of our newsletters also receive notices of firm seminars and other events that may be of interest to you or your organization as well as information respecting marketing of our firm and relevant legal developments from time to time. In addition, we may send you holiday cards and other greetings on occasion. We only use your information for these purposes and do not disclose it to any third parties outside of our firm’s employees and independent contractors. If you consent to our possessing and using your personal information for the above purposes, you need not take any further steps. If, on the other hand, you do not wish us to have your personal information for these purposes, please notify us by return e-mail and we will remove your personal information from our newsletter database and cease forwarding the above-noted communications to you. Your comments and suggestions are most welcome. Please direct them to: [email protected]
Newsletter Subscription Request
Miller Thomson LLP produces several electronic newsletters & communiqués throughout the year to keep our clients informed of industry news. This is a free information service to our clients and is a summary of current legal issues of concern to the industry. Please indicate which newsletters & communiqués you would like to receive:
Alberta Newsletters
□
Construction Communiqué - Alberta□
Focus on Alberta: Insurance & Risk Management Communiqué□
Health Communiqué - Alberta□
Immigration Law Alert - Alberta□
Labour and Employment Communiqué - Alberta□
Personal Injury Legal Alert - Alberta□
Securities and Corporate Finance Communiqué - Alberta National Newsletters□
Aboriginal Law□
Charities and Not-For-Profit□
Competition Law Report□
Construction Law□
EnviroNotes!□
eSecurities Notes□
Financial Services & Insolvency□
FranNews (franchise law)□
Health Industry Updates□
Insurance□
International Trade, Customs and Commodity Tax Quarterly Bulletin□
Oil and Gas□
Privacy Communiqué/ Updates□
Tax Notes□
Technology & Intellectual PropertyName: _______________________________________Title: __________________________________________ Company Name: ______________________________________________________________________________ Address: ________________________________________ City: ______________ Postal Code: ______________ E-mail address: ______________________________________________________________________________
Please feel free to distribute the following to other individuals within your organization who may benefit from our service.
Please fax this page to Miller Thomson LLP at 780.424.5866 or 403.262.0007
I confirm that I am providing you with personal information about myself. I consent to you maintaining this information and continuing to use it for the purposes of providing your newsletters and similar mailings to myself. I confirm that I am aware that all recipients of your newsletters also receive notices of seminars and other events as well as information respecting marketing of Miller Thomson and relevant legal developments from time to time. I understand that I maintain the right to be removed from your mailing list upon reasonable notice to you. For any questions pertaining to the collection and use of your information, please contact Linda Finn (Calgary) at 403.206.6356.
