Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek
Unit 14:
Unit Overview
• Social Thinking
• Social Influence
• Social Relations
Introduction
Attributing Behavior to Persons or
to Situations
•
Attribution theory
– Dispositional vs. situational attribution
–
Fundamental attribution error
Attributing Behavior to Persons or to Situations
The Effects of Attribution
• Personal relationships
• Political relationships
• Job
Attitudes and Actions
•
Attitude
–
Central route persuasion
Attitudes and Actions
Actions Affect Attitudes
•
The Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
Attitudes and Actions
Actions Affect Attitudes
• Role-Playing Affects Attitudes
–
Role
– Stanford
prison
study
Attitudes and Actions
Actions Affect Attitudes
• Cognitive Dissonance: Relief
From Tension
–
Cognitive dissonance theory
Conformity and Obedience
• Chameleon effect
Conformity and Obedience
Group Pressure and Conformity
•
Conformity
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Group Pressure and Conformity
• Conditions That Strengthen Conformity
– One is made to feel incompetent or insecure – Group has at least three people
– Group is unanimous
– One admires the group’s status
– One has made no prior commitment
– Others in group observe one’s behavior
Conformity and Obedience
Group Pressure and Conformity
• Reasons for Conforming
–
Normative social influence
Conformity and Obedience
Obedience
• Obedience
– Milgram’s studies
on obedience
•Procedure •Results
•Ethics
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Conformity and Obedience
Lessons From the Conformity and Obedience Studies
Group Influence
Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
•
Social Facilitation
– Task difficulty
Group Influence
Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
•
Social Loafing
– Reasons why?
•Less accountability
Group Influence
Individual Behavior in the Presence of Others
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
Group Influence
Effects of Group Interaction
•
Groupthink
– Bay of Pigs
Cultural Influence
•
Culture
– Culture within animals
Cultural Influence
Variations Across Cultures
•
Norm
–
Personal space
Cultural Influence
Variation Over Time
The Power of Individuals
• Social control vs personal control
• Minority
Prejudice
How Prejudiced Are People?
•
Prejudice
•
Stereotype
Prejudice
Prejudice
Prejudice
Prejudice
Prejudice
Prejudice
Prejudice
Social Roots of Prejudice
• Social Inequalities
• Us and Them: Ingroup
and Outgroup
–
Ingroup
(
Ingroup bias)–
Outgroup
• Emotional roots of
prejudice
–
Scapegoat theory
Prejudice
Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
• Categorization
– Outgroup homogeneity
–
Other-race effect
• Vivid cases
•
Just-world
phenomenon
Aggression
Aggression
The Biology of Aggression
• Genetic Influences
• Neural Influences
Aggression
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
• Aversive Events
–
Frustration-aggression principle
•Fight or slight reaction
• Social and cultural influences
Aggression
Psychological and Social-Cultural Factors in Aggression
• Observing models of aggression
– Rape myth
• Acquiring social scripts
• Do video games teach, or release
violence?
Attraction
The Psychology of Attraction
• Proximity
–
Mere exposure effect
• Physical attractiveness
• Similarity
Attraction
Romantic Love
• Love
–
Passionate love
–
Companionate love
•
Equity
Altruism
•
Altruism
– Kitty Genovese
• Bystander
Intervention
– Diffusion of
responsibility
Altruism
The Norms of Helping
•
Social exchange theory
•
Reciprocity norm
Conflict and Peacemaking
•
Conflict
•
Social trap
Conflict and Peacemaking
Enemy Perceptions
•
Mirror-image perceptions
Conflict and Peacemaking
• Contact
• Cooperation
–
Superordinate goals
• Communication
• Conciliation
Teacher Information
• Types of Files
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functionality to the presentation, teachers may want to save the file for their specific version of Powerpoint.
• Animation
– Once again, to insure compatibility with all versions of Powerpoint, none of the slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers
animate the slides wherever possible.
• Adding slides to this presentation
– Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher
Teacher Information
• Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
– Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
– Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation.
These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation.
Teacher Information
• Continuity slides
– Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected]
with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022 262-253-3400
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Definition Slide
Social Psychology
Attribution Theory
= the theory that we explain someone’s
Fundamental Attribution Error
= the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to
Attitude
= feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a
Central Route Persuasion
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
= the tendency for people who have first
Role
= a set of expectations (norms) about a
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
= the theory that we act to reduce the
discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are
inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our
Conformity
Normative Social Influence
Informational Social Influence
Social Facilitation
= stronger responses on simple or
Social Loafing
= the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts
Deindividuation
= the loss of self-awareness and
Group Polarization
Groupthink
Culture
= the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes,
values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one
Norm
Personal Space
Prejudice
= an unjustifiable (and usually negative)
attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a
Stereotype
Discrimination
Ingroup
Outgroup
Ingroup Bias
Scapegoat Theory
Other-race Effect
Just-World Phenomenon
= the tendency for people to believe the
Aggression
Frustration-aggression Principle
= the principle that frustration – the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal –
Mere Exposure Effect
Passionate Love
= an aroused state of intense positive
Companionate Love
= the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are
Equity
Self-Disclosure
Altruism
Bystander Effect
= the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders
Social Exchange Theory
Reciprocity Norm
Social-Responsibility Norm
Conflict
Social Trap
= a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their
Mirror-Image Perceptions
= mutual views often held by conflicting
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Superordinate Goals
= shared goals that override differences among people and require their
