CHAPTER 8 Deviance and Social Control

(1)

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

SOCIOLOGY

CHAPTER 8

Deviance and Social Control

(2)

SOCIOLOGY

Focus/Review:

Complete the following sentence:

(3)

SOCIOLOGY

Objectives:

⬥

Explain the nature and social functions of

deviance.

⬥

Compare the theories that have been proposed

to explain deviance.

(4)

SOCIOLOGY

What is deviance????

(5)

SOCIOLOGY

Sections to be covered

⬥

Section 1 Intro and The Nature of Deviance

⬥

The Social Functions of Deviance

⬥

Explaining Deviance (Functionalist and

Conflict Perspectives)

⬥

Interactionist Perspective

⬥

Section 2 Intro and Crime Statistics

(6)

SOCIOLOGY

Nature of Deviance

⬥

Because there are so many norms governing

behavior, occasional violations are

unavoidable.

⬥

EX: Military/police officer killing

someone in line of duty.

(7)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

What is considered deviant varies from

society to society.

⬥

EX:

⬥

Divorce considered illegal in some countries.

(8)

SOCIOLOGY

How is someone considered

deviant???

1. An individual must first be detected

committing a deviant act.

2. The individual must be stigmatized by

society.

**

Stigma

: a mark of social disgrace

(9)

SOCIOLOGY

What do you think??

Pg. 177

(10)

SOCIOLOGY

Social Functions of Deviance

⬥

Clarifying Norms

– defines the boundaries of

acceptable behavior

⬥

EX:

Harsh prison sentences are intended to discourage

crime.

⬥

Unifying the Group

– serves to draw the line

between conforming members of society and

“outsiders” – the nonconforming members.

(11)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Diffusing Tension

– acts that allow

individuals to relieve tension without

disrupting the basic fabric of society.

(12)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Promoting Social Change

– can help prompt social

change by identifying problem areas.

EX

: When large numbers of people violate a

particular norm, then action must be taken to correct

situation.

⬥

Providing Jobs

– provides legitimate jobs for a wide

range of people.

⬥

EX:

Judges, lawyers, police officers, prison personnel,

Section 1: Deviance

(13)

SOCIOLOGY

Reflection from

Deviance

Magazine

:

Pg. 178

American Youth Gangs

(14)

SOCIOLOGY

Gangland

(Video)

(15)

SOCIOLOGY

3 Main Perspectives

:

Functionalist

Conflict

(16)

SOCIOLOGY

Functionalist Perspective:

(17)

SOCIOLOGY

Examples:

⬥

Expectations of finding goal:

⬥

Economic success

.

⬥

Anomie:

⬥

Situation that arises when the norms of society are

unclear or are no longer applicable.

(18)

SOCIOLOGY

Modes of Adaptation

Turn to Pg. 180

⬥

Conformity:

(19)

SOCIOLOGY

Below involves deviant behavior:

⬥

Innovation:

⬥

Accept cultural goals

BUT

reject cultural norms.

⬥

EX: Want to be wealthy, but do not want to work hard.

(20)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Ritualism

:

⬥

Abandon the goals while continuing the observe

the expected rules of behavior.

⬥

EX: Worker may pass up chance for promotion rather

than face possible failure.

(21)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Retreatism:

⬥

Reject

BOTH

cultural goals

AND

cultural norms.

(22)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Rebellion:

⬥

Want to substitute a new set of goals and means

for the currently approved set.

(23)

SOCIOLOGY

Theories of Deviance

⬥

Functionalists

– as the natural outgrowth of the

values, norms, and structures of society

⬥

Conflict Theorists

– as a result of competition and

social inequality

⬥

Interactionist

– as either natural in people with weak

ties to the community (

control theory

), as a learned

(24)

SOCIOLOGY

Conflict Perspective:

⬥

They see social life as a struggle between

those who possess power – the ruling

(25)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Turn to deviance either to

obtain economic

rewards

or because

they have low

self-esteem and feelings of powerlessness

.

⬥

EX:

Lower class

(26)

SOCIOLOGY

Theories of Deviance

⬥

Functionalists

– as the natural outgrowth of the

values, norms, and structures of society

⬥

Conflict Theorists

– as a result of competition and

social inequality

⬥

Interactionist

– as either natural in people with weak

(27)

SOCIOLOGY

About 10 minutes to complete projects:

⬥

Find THREE articles that are related

to deviance.

⬥

Paste them to your poster.

⬥

Using your assigned deviant theory,

explain the acts of deviance from your

articles.

(28)

SOCIOLOGY

Interactionist Perspective

(3 theories)

Control Theory

(29)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Interactionist

– as either natural in people

with weak ties to the community (

control

theory

), as a learned behavior (

cultural

(30)

SOCIOLOGY

Control Theory

:

⬥

Individuals who are

integrated

into the

community are likely to conform.

(31)

SOCIOLOGY

How do people develop strong social

bonds?

1. Attachments with others (parents, friends,

etc…)

2. Have a strong belief in the moral codes of

society, accepting that some behavior is

simply wrong.

3. They show commitment to traditional

societal values and goals.

(32)

SOCIOLOGY

Children with NO Discipline:

⬥

Children without parental discipline:

(33)

SOCIOLOGY

Cultural Transmission:

⬥

Explains deviance as a learned behavior.

(34)

SOCIOLOGY

OVERALL IDEA OF CULTURAL

TRANSMISSION:

⬥

View ALL individuals as conformists!

⬥

The

deviant

individual conforms to norms that are

(35)

SOCIOLOGY

Differential Association:

⬥

Frequency and closeness of associations a

person has with deviant and nondeviant

individuals.

(36)

SOCIOLOGY

Techniques of neutralization:

⬥

People suspend their moral beliefs to commit

deviant acts.

FIVE TECHNIQUES:

Denying the responsibility

Denying injury

(37)

SOCIOLOGY

FIVE TECHNIQUES (cont’d)

⬥

Deny responsibility

of deviant act.

⬥

Denying injury

(“Well, no one was hurt!! Why is it

still a crime?)

⬥

Denying the victim

(“She got what she deserved!”)

⬥

Condemning the authorities

(“The police are

corrupt”)

(38)

SOCIOLOGY

Labeling Theory:

⬥

Focuses on how individuals come to be

labeled as deviant.

⬥

Two types:

(39)

SOCIOLOGY

⬥

Primary deviance:

⬥

Nonconformity that goes undetected by those in

authority.

⬥

EX: Not using correct eating utensils.

⬥

Secondary deviance:

(40)

SOCIOLOGY

Labeling is associated with

degradation ceremony

:

⬥

The process of labeling an individual as

deviant.

(41)

SOCIOLOGY

Perspective Theory Questions

Functionalist

Strain

How do individuals respond to

culturally approved goals and the means of achieving them?

Conflict

What is the result of

competition and social

inequality? Who decides what is deviant?

Interactionist

Control

Why do people conform to

norms?

Cultural

Transmission

How do people learn conformity or deviance? Where does this learning mainly occur?

(42)

SOCIOLOGY

Analyzing Information

⬥

Think of someone you know or know of who

has been labeled as deviant by some members

of society. Analyze 5 consequences of this

labeling for the person identified as a deviant.

(43)

SOCIOLOGY

Crime

(44)

SOCIOLOGY

Complete the following statement:

There ought to be a law against….

(45)

SOCIOLOGY

Objectives

:

⬥

Identify the principal types of crime in

the United States.

⬥

Explain the characteristics of the

American criminal-justice system.

(46)

SOCIOLOGY

What is crime?

⬥

Any act that is labeled as such by those in

authority is prohibited by law, and is

(47)

SOCIOLOGY

Limitations to these statistics:

⬥

Officer decides whether to file a report.

⬥

Less likely to report a crime if family or

friend involved.

⬥

Police more likely to file formal reports on

serious crimes when injured parties are

members of the higher social classes.

(48)

SOCIOLOGY

Did you Know???

(49)

SOCIOLOGY

Types of Crimes:

1. Violent crimes

2. Crimes against property

3. Victimless crimes

(50)

SOCIOLOGY

Violent Crimes:

⬥

Murder, forcible rape, robbery, &

aggravated assault.

⬥

Most victims

: African Americans

⬥

Guns

: #1 weapon used.

(51)

SOCIOLOGY

Crime Against Property:

⬥

Burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), motor

vehicle theft, and arson.

⬥

All property crimes involve either stealing

someone else’s property or

intentionally damaging it.

(52)

SOCIOLOGY

Victimless Crime:

⬥

Prostitution, illegal gambling, & illegal drug

use.

(53)

SOCIOLOGY

White-Collar Crime:

⬥

Offenses committed by individuals of high

social status in the course of their

professional lives.

⬥

EX: Politicians

(54)

SOCIOLOGY

Organized Crime:

⬥

Crime syndicate:

⬥

A large-scale organization of professional

criminals that controls some vice or business

through violence or the threat of violence.

(55)

SOCIOLOGY

The Criminal-Justice System:

⬥

Once a crime has been committed and

(56)

SOCIOLOGY

SECTION 2 Crime

AMERICAN CRIMINAL-JUSTICE SYSTEM

Police

Have the most control over who is arrested for crimes; use police discretion, which has raised the controversial issue of racial profiling

Courts

Determines the accuser's guilt or innocence in a court trial and then assigns a punishment; actually settles 90 percent of cases through plea bargaining

Corrections

Includes probation,

imprisonment, parole; serves four functions—retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and social protection

Juvenile-Justice System

Applies to offenders younger than 18; guarantees juvenile defendants the same legal

(57)

SOCIOLOGY

Police

:

⬥

Police discretion

: the power held by police

officers to decide who is actually arrested.

⬥

Racial profiling

: the practice of assuming

nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit

crimes than white Americans.

(58)

SOCIOLOGY

Courts:

⬥

Plea bargaining:

(59)

SOCIOLOGY

Corrections:

⬥

Sanctions – such as imprisonment, parole,

and probation that are used to punish

(60)

SOCIOLOGY

Critical Thinking and Discussion

⬥

Explain why lower-class criminals are usually

punished more severely than white-collar

(61)

SOCIOLOGY

Did You Know???

(62)

SOCIOLOGY

4 main functions of sanctions:

1. Retribution

: punishing serves as act of revenge.

2. Deterrence

: Think twice before committing crime

again.

3. Rehabilitation

: Become law-abiding citizens.

(63)

SOCIOLOGY

Juvenile-Justice System:

⬥

After 1960s:

⬥

Reasoning behind

separate

regulations was

that juvenile offenders, because of their age,

(64)

SOCIOLOGY

How does your theory relate to each of

these statements???

⬥

The rate and seriousness of the deviant acts

that a person commits will increase if the

person is imprisoned.

⬥

After being released from prison, more than

(65)

SOCIOLOGY

Principal Types

of Crime in the U.S.

⬥

Violent Crime

–

includes murder, robbery; most

victims are African Americans

⬥

Crime Against Property

– includes burglary,

larceny, vehicle theft; more common than violent

crimes

⬥

(66)

SOCIOLOGY

Principal Types

of Crime in the U.S.

⬥

White Collar Crime

– committed by high-status

individuals in the course of their professions;

includes fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement

⬥

Organized Crime

– the pursuit of crime as a big

business

Section 2: Crime

(67)

SOCIOLOGY

American Criminal-Justice System

⬥

Police

– have most immediate control over who is

arrested for a criminal act

⬥

Courts

– determine the guilt or innocence of an

accused person by means of a trial and assigns some

form of punishment if there is a guilty finding

⬥

Corrections

– sanctions used to punish those found

guilty of crimes

(68)

SOCIOLOGY

Applying Concepts

⬥

Think of someone you know or know of that

has been labeled as deviant by some members

of society.

⬥

Analyze the consequences of this labeling for

the person identified as a deviant.