THE ORGANICATION OF CHARACTER• ...
__
_,,,_..._ ___________ _TFi:;~nc ':lub!d.tt,3fl in O·,, ·.x•J,;Jiuatiori lo1· Honours
THESIS
THE-I r1t l.'·-odriot i 011
Uhr:tpta:r I.,
Ghi:n1te:r II.
--'''t'ho ',."om1anoy to Orp,a11iza.tion1•
"'1'}1~1 ~-\iuoti-.)n 1)f, ,:,·!wn1.;1tt ~n ~]hur,:,uh,:c
1)!'1:;',1'1U1.:,:,tt1 r,n·•
1~
l ·~ .J.
_,! . ,
~- i).
-""'f'( Li I •
I ,,.;oi,,-,-,r,n·, I
cmro·
11 •, ,,.U\ . ., ... . .l. !,!,.
ifhis Oijsa.y ernboditrn tho :te::rn lt13 llf an invoe t ig;'l;t ion into
rt
striv(;;s to gtvo, in btondo,itlino.
thi arnr.Vu.i· to the queetlon:Jiho.t ariJ tho paychologioul alamentii involved in tha atru.otnre of
ohnraote:r. It
maki,a no
pretence at being an O?\himetive otudy ofEH)_ 1na11y-sided an(l oomplax. e ~ubjeot as c'i-i_araotor, 1,ut maroli
rapro-sentH HH attempt to asoertHin th~
rminnor
of the fornvi,tion ofolit1:r·-wa shn..11
try
to oluciddte in the following ptigUH lw.e foi· i tHp:roto-',
t;yJ.:0 tho ooiw,.:ipt.iun r.d
hum~u
natura asan ordorod wnolo
arrlvcd 'ltas enrly iu the history of psyoholog1cal
r,na
ethical
thoup:ht as tho.
tlwe of l'llilto. In ita ossenue, thnt is to say, onr 0011oe1)tion ie
1f':ha trnbjout of our 8tn<ly h.1 rnoruJ ckiiiraote:c au an
(.JOmpriuod iu tho m1'b,1eot-mo.tto:i: of uc1pirioa1 puyoh'.)logy1 'but
con-sidered, h/r:id1lition, norma.tivol;?, under tlul
c•1tegory
ofmoral
qu.H1ity; pa;y,chologic~ll:J, tl,(~ Gel'f, au Fof.fdine f:.H\ys(l), ernb:racoEJ .•111 ninntHJ. f~ctu, :dH1 inolndad ill t}w -t1:~cts of mind ,'1re t11e f'aeh,
L.,)
or
the moral sol£ o:r oharnctt;;)r.a:i'h~ootud f':t:om th~ moment nt which hi!:¼ lif'a n.a 11 ser16rc1.te indiv1dnn1
nA-ti 'Tfe mental oonst i tut ion
oouaiat?
s111co the biologically inhor i to:iequipmnnt determines thtl hr,rtd limi ta with in \'11, i. eh, find diroct ion in
wl:loh tho environment h1,e r,01,1O1· to infhHrnce tho Ol'Ra.uii•~tiou of t~ n
as -\'./011 n0 thu potont1a.-1itioli of oh·:u·nctur dovelopmont.
(3.)
rernombar, too, that learned bahaviO\H', au \ioodworth says is
---·---
·---·---tl) r,vutlinrn~ o-f PHJ1chology" p, 1J7. (2) "t:la.n's eolf or poraonn,lity
is tlie sum tot~l of 1'1ie u-pacific exparietwes in !30 far as they
reproeont tha rosul ta. o:r orp;.flniB.nt ion'' .. War ran, "HlltrHln
doetrino iu:i:ion1~ the most autl!Oritnt.tvo irndo.tn r,o::c:1,olofdst~i with
re~1r1.;i.'d to t'.be .~11:1tu.t"o of nHlH1 f1 imv.tt(-, mental. oont3titu.tton. ytJt ti·ere
givo11 in hh) now fa.ii:;ou s u.co,:Junt of hurn,•:i.r1 lnut iuot.
wld.oh detorrninoH its poase1.n10.r to pe:C0141vo, and to pay
a.ttontion
aot in
regrtld L,; it i..\1 n. p,.n•tloulnr::ur.m1Wl.',
O:t'at
lofH;ltto
e;.:pt)rience mi impu}rJt-) to rnoh adtion .. ,,{l) {u;oo:c.Ji1w: ta >::c2hn1g111J. tho ·princlt~11lxmtl:uots s.:ce thO!?lcl of ·flight ( o:r ono-<ipO
i,
rapu.laiou, 01xrioai ty,n.oqu.iei ton and oonotrnction. '.1.'ha firut L!civon
instiucta
Jn.etonun·,-nogati va sel f'-:f'oelluf:': I , olat l8n ( o:i.' poui t .i.vu solf-rool lng) o.nd
(l} ''bocla.l l?sycholog~11 ' (19th. o~p1rn.
-(2) l!iB lattrnt List includcn,, tu ,1dditi.on to tho n,bovo. tho instinots of e.ppa~11 irnJ, 1au(!htor. of v:lrtoh the
attendant
om.otiona 1.uo dlstre;;H3 twu n.rn\lsomont l't,rnpoctiV'oly. Gee
4.
J.!r;DougaJl g0@:J ·.Jn to tell lW tJmt all tlrn flOtivities o:f man
ri:ro trnoonille to tlH~ mot iva j:o:roe of on.J o.t' oC a o om'hina.
t
ion of t,10inf:3tiuct:J. wDi:rt'.:Otl:/ ox· iuuiraot1;v tho lrn:rtlnote ara the prime movers
)f all human activity; by tho cow.1.tlvo or' i11;pvL:,ive 1'0rco
o·r
i~omei rn~ tlnct ( o.z· ol: sorn1) h'.1hi t de:r-i ved from au Umtinct l J aver)1 t.:r12h1 of
tovmrds i.tl~ end, ~1nd ~1ver;v bodil;J 11ot.tvity in initinted
11nu
su.•
tr..inod.'fab;e .13.way tb.me inatinotlvo dl!:ipo~itions with tLeir potrnrful im:rultrnu.
life of iudivtdualo tJ.:i-10, ::rnclriti.M.s, 1u1d in tlw::• we are confrontad Vlith tha oontr•11 myi-3torp of 1 H~e and miud .and wlll ' ( 1 ) Pe1Jl ings of pl~):1sure
f-:r.roi:HJI iu thttmao1vas. :.•e;,:011gall [illow~ th·1t acqn.h·ed lmhita of thonght
and ~otlon 11re 1'Ll.µrlnp1 of notion of rmot1wi olaris•t(Z) additi1:>n~l to
thet of the inatiuotivo impulao~. bat ,,ml~ il.l a ~oco1l'.l.1iry sornrn, for
11 :lu tho nbGonoo o.f instincts, no tluught and no ,1ction could ov-c:r be
9.Ghieved or ropatttati, ,ri.nu ,1,0 no hrf,)it<:1 ilf thought or notion c,,J,.lJJl be
( 2 )
o.
f;orrnect.
tho support imd develoJ1mont of hls d_oct:r:i110 of tha ul timAto1;y
in--t-itlnot ivo ( in thn eonae o:i' hh; defluition, ouotad c~bl'.)ve),
1nturo
o:r Hll .. lncJwiing thH wotit oomplax - :f'orm1i o~ ht.irG!U1 'lOtivity.e})
2 .. DroYer " ie in i:.ml:st~u1tiiil 1wrou,'mnt with Mor101.1.gn11 's
,noc:01.u1t ,yf tho in.:!tinctivo bnals of. hnt!1nn bab~vionr, hnt ha i:,:provee
dif :\.:r1.rnt.inted. frow the 1net:tnote on tte 1crou.nuu of ( i) t'tie
rie:riod.-iclty of theLc a::<oitem,.mt, (ii) tho dua1.rnt.irt1 dcpondenoe of their
f1m6arnental mod.1:rn of r'uspom;o thau the inatiuotu.
l~(Ni. wh0tho:r vto adopt :;1(0.i)augall' (: -viow :Jf tbe i,.1stine:t1;3 Ul1 the Golo nwtlvn :f'orcel.:l of all hmmm ~wt.ion, und of the infinite
rr~f3olvable into s. limited .numbvr o·,' Pl'ir:1'1:i:'Y arootiorrn invo'.Ved in
hand., we feel dl<Jr,o~,-ad to 'lgroo with tho 130 wri tera who malntP.in
(l)
'2) i
ibict •• p,4~
thst tho:r~o n1~a otho:r apr lnge of scti on quite indepornlent of tbe
instincts and nppeti tea i l} and that many hui:mn emotions - ~s-rieci "i.l ly tho 1•higher emotione'1 - h,wo t·\ qualit;y not dorivabl,01 :f'l·om tl1ose
( 0) .,
dh.!tinguilJ}JOd by lJoDougnll ns primary,""' wo hn.ve no alta:cnative but
o.f tlio utm;rnt importonoe for ml undor·etauciinP-' of tho Bt:rHctn:rt:t
ot
.
;\O a:re tJmB led to ncrner,t tho view of' hnnmn nnt.u:rn 0,2.
immtely e11dowed w.i th a uumhor c>f :toaut 1 on-tondencio 1:3 wbich oporate
or1p:inu1 peyohO-T)hysionl nfl.tnre which co:nsti tn to tho bFl-si8 of c]i•ira.a ...
t~r orRnniz~tion.
hirber fl.nirnalu in va.ryinf degro~rn u.s voll mi to n.11 nox·nm.1 humun
ittesiati ble u.:cgenuy, the il' H/3sou tial i11deotruc t! bill t;1 . .-.u1cl their fundamental irnport'lnoe :fol' tho unuortJ tsuu inr of tho bolmv i01ir of
---·---
..·---•---(l) t\oe o.v., woodw:H't1J, ''Dynamio Psyoholofrn.11
' \)
7.
of ch•~,ri;oter: tho moat oompl1,taly developed an.d 01·g111Jieed ohrtrr:,ote:t
physioal roc,ponao pattermJ whiol-1 tn·o the prirnr-n\Y condition of tl:0
stitute the oomrnou f'oundn.tion ot' tho moruJ. olev-atiin1 of tna aai:nt nnd
the moral d.egradatiou o:f t1F3 hsbi tnal ev il-doo.s:.
It :foll,)wu tllHt thtHle
x·oot-to1·oes
of c1mract0r are n·Jt onlynon-mo:ral in therns1)lvOt-'l• bn.t irnperaozrnl flB well~ Action reHnlting
frou imitinotivo yirornptinn· or appetite .$.n it1.-rnl:f ...
l::t
ench be'JlOt:t.3lble in man - won1d not he morally judgnhle; orlo of' the or.Ltorin.
f
o:f moral ( us distlngiBlHhl from non-rno:cal) ao ti on is tha ag~nta · clen.r
00111::.10.iouunaat\ of the end invo'ivad, he must :.:now what lrn 111 a.bo;_:it0 ne
L.ristotla _irn:1iGt,,d; bu.t inat inotivo action in :ttaelf vvonld not involve
tbo pro8enca of its end to conecionBnnLH.$ wl th tho nocAe1.mry
dintinct-oice form tho onsentie.l basis
or
moral flution - ' of' d,1rnoribiHf theJ)X imB>·.q,r synteme os the :taw rMltO'£'ia1 of ch,1.r .·ute.r. id. thout thern mor.r:t·1
oh11rHct,n· .. or 1ndeod any developrnont at all u:f the psyoho-phyuico.l
organism .. would be impossible; 'bnt the~ need the rnouldinf influenoa
of tho sociql envi:ron.rnout together ~>'i t}-i tho oo-ope:r.ation of the
di::.i--t
inot ively human oap.~icity,
namely the oa.pnaity
of rational g1lidgnceand. oontrol, to shape thio 1•~,i/ rnritorin,l into tir8 finich11d, ox- r~\thar,
( 1 ) We shall t1~e thl e us tl generic term to oovor tho appet i tt:H:,
insti:rwts and amotlons, tho 1mportu,nue of whi.oh we ~re no\1
a •
.
sl:r.100 it la nevo:r cornplutu1;1 :i:'lnlolrntl, the
oont1nnouuly
evolving.rmd then thoHo non-mo:cu,1 fo·ialdH.tions o:t? w1Jrf\l action ti.re
ll)
imp0rsonal in tho !3onae that ill the primitive 1:3tug,H~ of
ohu1·n.oto1·
:t'orm:\ltion espooially, oven thoHth tho ina 1 vidull l be alear1 y
consciouo
of tlw aud aubaM.•ved by- his eeaontiu.lly instinctive ,aotivity, this
In)
· end is seldom .dot,:::rroinod by J.)OJ::'SOrJJll p:rofai~<moe and ohoioa.' M '.?he atri\ting·
nf'tor per:::rnnnl
onde, thoughult1um,tel:,~,
c.ouultionaci h~! rminiperBousl Wl. tivo equipment,
noueaaax·ilJ
waits · on thodovolopme:nt
of ct•)r:<.wtE~r, o:f' :pa:tsonali ty 1 taelf, ~md ovon !J.l1 ind tvillan1 ,vhoso
cltn.ractoi· la o:)mpti:i:atively well-or1raniied f1t1qs himaalf' inati:notiiro:l 'JJ
impelled to acts which he not only afto:nvar<hi
:ragrotn,
lmt
isun-/.
J
wiJ.1 ing to portor:ii \fhile dominated by the 1rnpuluo i ta&l:f I bocmuso
be
is.conaoious of' their inoompat1h11it~ with thoso 1ntaroatu
andtdeo.lc1, tho~113 ends t:i.·aunooucling n WA.rely inatinotivo 11:f'a, which 'hc1,
ns n moru o:r loeu de~t,Jloped p<uBon~l1
ty •
hn1.1 come to apprah1ind •rn thehighGr vulmH1 in hru·1.0011y w1 th which hiP lif'e mu.at he almpad. ,sad for
tl1e
x•efll izntlonof
",,vhioh hieins tine
tlva impulsesmust
be .tatio.ttrJ.11 .Yoont1·olled,
hu1·nassed.
nud diraotad..Iri~aot,
thomoralization
o-r theindividual m6y be :rogardedr,, f:r.brn ona point ot view, ftS th0 i~rogresa1ve
( 1 ) Di·. Drovt,r uses the tel'fft
"a1i'bparaona.l ''
vti th a very gimila.rOJnno-ta.tion.
see 1~ritieh
Journal"Of
I~ayohologr.vol.
7,p.27.
( 2) ~rho teleology of tho e4'x 1IopL1.lae, e. ;1.. is frequently at vnriance
v.iltb the personal deai:ros nud wishes of the individual. ltij great
~
n,.,,tnrnl purpoee is of such
sttprerneimport1inoe to the rn.ce
f-4.f¾to b£
1the so:cvioa of disttnot.t vel~1 l\'tHHLm,
rational
port3onn1 onds not ~lvenin that :fundamantul bnsis o:f:' oJm.:rnoto:r which ia common to tbe hl3her
r.n1J.m11,1s ru1d m9Jl ,>1liko. This ls tho point of vim.v tr(at we ahitll t1·y to
dcvelo:r iH the followiug 1m.geB. i.1e shitll tri1 to
elucidate
thouon-ernvtiorm r\rtc1 instinctive -
a.net
appotitc--tond.encloe, or{':1aui;;ad,:1.t
succossivalz,7 highin" and more aorrrpla~: lovolt:i by rnoi'a and
more
hlO:J.1,1,o·N fr,r" p:t.i100.ry t1:nid~llci01~. ,)r'lg-ilmlly di:roctod to tha Lin,t tr3l:01otion
of' primitive ;!lnd umrn11;? tn,naiant .. though ft1nd'lt,Jontnl .. naeds ( 1 ) of
'J'},,3~- uonstitut,1 t1,.d "hu.ndn.tior!,:J t)t tln rno:.i."/J.l 1c.:t; 11 with0ut them there
~·mula be uo posa1hi11 ty or:' mo:cal1 ty and moral u}rnractt"il' hec~wne there
1·,11tdo-11 movorno.utc:. ,, 1,l0'H it 1~, intu:i:·8sting to nota tl1r1 r•qcor.ni
t
iot1---
...10.
I
the divine immo1'h1.l p~1rt
()\.Of
()S ) , t}rn frc.tcml t;v th.1.·ough whioh weknow the good; bu'L, ut tho u ... i.itne tima. he not onlv aJlowed to D!Hiiro,
I
1v11m1 p:rope:i:·ly .cont:rol1ed, t't. lfil•tue, n.1,mol~,1 iom1hir11nco (
6wr(Jf
ptuV1/)
but illso }ie inelstco that Lb1rt hal:mou.y of the rJo,11 ua a w}1ole ...
oo.c:ret~pondlng to onx· oonowpt1tm of (joroplot,11,7 organ1~1~d ohat:,,oto:c -to wl!l(;h he gave tlie.: no:,,ia. JuEJtice ( ~,
KoJ..I
olr)v>'J ) .
esaantialJ.;vinvolved the eubo:cuination of Hesire
~no.
1l.7)!,etito to the diotq,tas oftierison. Hunue wa emu claim that :Plato allowed t\t lai:H~t that rnnr:1.ltty
dooD not den::md tho [3'tq,pret:i:3ion or oxtorrJ1inatlon of tl1e deslre8
syirtnginp from ou1· "lui.ier1' nutnro ... i.o. • rmr dynamic nutive
tonrlen-It i:J in l\:riutot1e, howuvnr, tb1t we .:'in<l e. rnoro
e'::p1 i ol t <loo t:riue w:1 th ror,al.'d tu the dovol opcHHtt of: mo1~n11
t~
out of. s.t1.d its vi t.aJ. dop::mdonco on, tlw non--mDral dynamic bnsia o 1 chA-rn.cter.j~le is
in~ouord with the clonrcr vision
hu had. as oomp~re6 with
r'lflto, of thoJ 1ndi~ponllH'ble -rhioa of tlw v-!111 - ae cout1••1sted with mo:ra i.ri.to11aotua1 sppre1h<Jn;Jiou of
ti1e
good ... ill morals. 1'li:rletot1e •••conceivoe tha morul element aa flower,
a~ethareoli~ation,
spirltnali~
,mtion. of the
ph~sio~l,1·11thar
tb:m a.a
somothingpurely
.intellectual;ant
on knowledge •• " It 1~1 not r<H1Bon·tbPot
fa txw · firt1it prinoiyila ofvii.~tuo, bnt the n11tnral $t3nae.'itdor~a, inclinntion~1,and np:pat.ites. of
th0 soul, without wbioh ,n.otiou ,1H:ca not to hs thm1ght. The proviGlon
11.
fr
:W.J.tur•1l good. and to whiob nwrr1.l iw.d./.'. ht L1 only m1baoqu,mtly i•Hlded. thil) b.1 tho fi.rt1t, 0111~, from m:.tnraJ vi::tno 0,oor: thrit of
morn.lit~,
'3.l"i:.10. "( 1 ) Wo must forebear :r0fo:cm1co to trv-1 111B,ny intcr~stlng pnssti.ges
in ~rlstotle'a ethical writi1~s which would 0upport thiu point;
:,obwegler 'e svi.mma:ry o -f .4.rl~totle 's ut ti tude must anf fioe aa evidence
hero.
uat 1 d:':wto.ry conoapti on. of ohu:tnotor of aduqua.to reaogni t ion of thJ
1J.ltim9,toly iiwtinot:tvc g:crJU'JHl (>f moral u.ctlo:1,
it
must ftntter 'bowl,eth:.u conceived of a1J ~i.y-,retit.e, i1rntil.i.ot :ir oinotivu .. w1--1 \H.,ulc.1 'be
of tbe right oont'imonts. tJ11~.t are the t:ni.o voods :l'or man. \,ii t1 man
tiiH axoruieo of hlf', in!:':tiHotivo-tondenoiEn:1 nnd ei,;otionu in not
cnnJ'inod to t'Loir nativ,1 or n.cqulrocl cUrootiDH ... as ie t)io oaAo r.rith
·---·---~--··---~---,
...
lo
"".
non-humn:n nnlmBle ..
t
0 endr:1 h')Ying l?tlrt:.i:ty l,1 ol ogle al valuo; t}i1·.1ughobject 1):r ai turJ,tion to whlc;h we wo:ro 1mtively indif:fHrent, n.ud.
moreover• this a.cqnirod. e om,tJot iou hetvtoen a:n imm to tmJdenc~, •incl t1,n or i_r-iuall~;i
neatral
ohje et. when 1 t ie o.f.'Pocto<l througb thotr~1.niiforrnatton of th1-, rrL,ary tond.enoy hy r:1<H\!W of it,ll incorporatirw
I
into t;J·· higher s;<.1etoo o.:-~.d i 8 not worol;,,1 u II c and!
t
lnned rofla:-r,i,
rnn.yJ
her2_x-)10 t:rSioOHhl•>; rdl1•,ti0n to the primitive 'biologicnl needn i)f
or,r;:/211sm. ll_kn.n <loriu not ci()r(~lJi, li.:;:ei tJ:o a.n1m,i1s, li1to t11~tt
"/
/ I
t,r;•,nwror rno:i t hrou rth t La Le in<.:
Drr,or
1Jt
i 'Jn lnt o0011tin··i°'nte) ,
t1 llUinb or· df ends c~mo into r,:rD:,iuo:no1.1 thi:t a.ro c.Hmoerm1d ;1itb the wel-J;,tre 1tnd
to h1.3 ')rgrm:i.zf.Hi ;r-o-,aw ~l1 l t'f,o~e objDct~ thut we ro~.iird no the good ,~·~1ln,,;1;~ of l:lfe; and v-,ith•)\l.t thei.:m omt>t.ione we should not pu.rsiw them;
(1)
but :i:·c1,1nin indif:e0ront and ariJ1.t-hatio to tbrdr s.pvaal. rr
-\
\,
i
-+---~---·,~---life nnd. dovaloµment, tho tendt;tncy to orp;m1izatiou manifeatH itself.
'I1o bogi.n with, we rna.~'
note
how thiu org11niidne-,tutagr{Jting
tendencyls opBl'ativo in wl11Jt nn,tura1 aoionao oall~
tlw
inorgan1o ~Yorld aswoll ae in the ;vo:rlil of living c:rganiems aud in tho coneuioirn
proo-t110 hip-heut devolOJ)t\f.mta of 1:ife. ':'hi~ tondorwy
whioh
it
i~ our 1HVJinsss to 8tudy ns it rnanifostu itaolf'· in thoo:cdor. In the "iu;;,r~r .... mic'' world thin fontu1·1) o~ tho world process
i~ disoe.rnibla from th~ minn.to g:i.·ou.pinga of posi'.,tva and nag~tive
e1ectrlo ohargoa of which w1-1r~t we hcnow as the world. <0:!: rnntter is said to bo ultiuntely eornpoeod, to the re11:¼t.ive1y imr:ienBe, thoun:-h,
in form, aosf.Hltiu.11;. simihi:r 1:Jtruotureo (o.r. our solar oyatew)
1 tsal f only iu f orrnu c ontilr..~ting of o:rgaui cal1y int11rralntad
ptu·ta,
t:ruo s:rr,:ug:emont auJ prooEU-H3e~ of wbirlh 1.1ra subonlinatod
to
thedegree o
t
dJ .. ·ffo:rent ia.t lou .arni axtenoi on ot :f\motion, •:rn find 1,;ore,I
cor,rpl icri.tod l:n1.
t
no laae ef'i:'oc L 1 VI-}• Ol'grmL~at l otl of tl1e eav0:rairnarnbers14.
';"he unive:rsa1it~ of o:r-gr-:mic Gt:cnot.uro ,md 1r ocess, i.e., tho
uui-versn1lti1 of i11te1·relntiont::Jltips 'bctwoon t1H1 p1c1rh1 of, "llld th•.3
order-:flux, oven in i ta mitw tat:St, Birllplest r,lotM.rnt n, of tho 00~5,rnic rr ooese.
la.w of' t1 evel oprn~nt, oporn ting in tha wmtu1. and mur~l, sa well "B i.n tho physi<.rnl, llfo of wan.'? '·>:-,,oh indl vidua'l 1 i fe .. prooelm ia, i11 l ts
c~mtinmnw st:rlvinf:'.' to roaoL n. hq.rnionioue integratl.on of all i ta
c ,>HG tl tuent prooosses, 19. r:iore part'ttct1~; orgm, i:rnd tYxi~t•!-?noa, a.
wh:lcb phys iosl growt}: and d evelopmont comJi:Jt) norrnnlly or•Jr1.1 t lnr: inderw,ndoutJ.y of u 0111.JOi oum1u Bt.l -1md uoH~\1 ly o:f oornrn i 01m u
:mtrol
aswell.
nental. ,:i.otivity. ~gr1in, au L,hnnd snyci, ''t(!ndH, .•1t first
u.nconeo i oual~' • nfte:i.·wn.rds couacio,Hn;1 • to produce and to austa:lJ'l
syk1t,H;i and o:rganizt.1tior1, r, 1'l.ddlng thr1t 1
'this l:leeum to ba the
funda-( 1 )
went1+l law underly .i,ng all otlior l,iwu of ohnrnotor~ '' 111:nd 1 rs
oonat1vo, and oonative activitJ1
tondH,
in pursning ouds, to orgn.nh;eand syatemn.tlze
the
r1enns to thaneorn.J.s
o:f tlwattainrnent
of wblc/ht11if:l ))l'Oceas of BJ?Stornatiza.ti ou 1a a vrtne condl tion. iH101·e the
---·-·...,.~--_,...._-
..._,~----
________
.._
...__,.,....~---( 1)
16.
1'wll
l.-to-oomplotenass' riae8 inti) tlio consui'J1U:l~Hrna of tht:> orgrm lsm
as conation ( 1.e., as folt on(Je:'.:lvour, ) with
-
inctoi~sed ,.m.p1101ty:tor
.
d.lrection m1d O!)nt.tol it rn1)0tu with incriaR.sad posei\)ility of fni1u1·0
pre:Jent .in tho ooutent of comwioue p:touea8 itself; a.~ Hofi'ding SH;\re,
"'.J'he gendt~'l deguription of oonsci01.1f3!lt:WS as synthotio and. 001meotivo, proven•, to be ay.1plioab1o a.lea to the ul tim~te olemeHU:l to whiah we :itl'Q lad b:y nna.lysiB of oorn.pou:nd at.r1to~, of oousoionm1olw ••• tlrn unitos
0·r
(a} surn (of seneation.s) 111·0 not :i.·bno:tuto1~/ 1:1i1-1plo, 'but bn.ve G.1)))t\rfln.t1~1ru·lsen by aynthosi}J of et ill Birnpler 0Jmi1t111b~." ( 1} In the rnontr-J
B'iJ,ere th(-, ''will-to-oor;iplotnos3'1 may
"be eyuwplified in n sc:ie:nue ns
s.
detn.cb..:::d phonoU1ana f>X'~sente<l in ,~ CrJ:Cttt:tn J,:r:ov i noe o :r. o:;q-:iorionoe as
consoio1.1c, hmnA-u mlnd t.o OOFrprehe,111 itl1 ovff) ::hanomena., tho pArtlcnl.nr
within
n systom.
'~/hen wo 1_mtar the i;1oro.1 n-phor11 o:t ol1oico lu Whioh tha
daveloprnrmt of the ind iV' icltrnl is uo flopfnHiont on 80qu 1.rad knowlodg0
and. wlad om, th<) inc:t(HHH)i., linbili
t:-1
to atror a,:10 to i"rdlur·e in the16.
uolu om or:rOtH) it. we ,'lrnl ~t i. ll
rm
organi ;;lwr ~,.et; i vi t;y which 19.st~ft..1.l and. :r-oct10E1s stn.to, wl:ich i3til1 :;,"ovorilH tht1 inrm.te f1:t~1po::Jitton o-f tho mind l"oi· o:r.·gsuh:od ~1otivit~.•1
{ ] . ) ;:h,..U(i 11d.dt~ tJ,•1.t thl:~; :·:i.ctivity of the teildency to org,u1izntiou ovo,; iu mwh a 11011tril 11tnto ~o 01niui1
,Jf tho f11ndamuntnl n•.1.t11:.ca oi' i t.B rla,rn and to.net :i ou in muntnl l L'o.
piino1pn.1 SJ1Stem0 of tho miw] to whioh ,rtll
t
ts bcruwiou:;.· p:coporly,-lnd 1n .i.Gla.ti m to 011a 0r otl,ar of thorn t1vonrt1·:1ni:i: e1ue in tho rniud
tl\e arnl aimot1.
.~t
boGor:JtHo1 pxogrousi vol;y moro gor1urul aud i:rnrnproheno ivo17.
( l)
in ,wr:rosr,ondonoa with an incro'.Jeing ccHn;plexitzv of org~nl~atlon. ''
.!for the purposes o:f: tL.ttJ. etiaa~, th0 syutom0 donoted a.s J.rnpnlee o.nd
'":motion by Unmd can be taJ::.0~1 as equivtihmt !O thouo n.1.ready
(ilr.:-th1g,1lt_:1hed (?) as primary, while the secnnll.11r;v and ~wqu lred. but
for the dnvolr;,1Jmont und tm<lorfJt'lndi:ng of o1,n,rncto.r 1mrnonse1y
irn-po:rt~mt. syt~tems of the t,antimentH will claim .Jur attm1tion in the
Hut now, :'3irwo we Jl)lVt~ 1ndicntoc.1 the vito.1 r,ltlOO hold
bold to be 1 ts easentin.1 })ropi1rti1,s. He.re ,9.gain. we t:3hall rofer
to l.h~.rnd. In writing of
i;rnotion,
he Sr!',ys an emotion is uayatern
"bac:auee it 1:c"J penot:tnted th:coUi'.'hout by an 1mpulee tl1.9,t o!'gi.n1lzas
it, ·
1Nhio}1 aooepto oortain thouff:'1;.e A<\1d re,jcotsothora,
and diractethew to its pre~deterrnined end. 'L1hns ::tllF?"ar exoh1dee ~ueo1mble'
thr.mglits and 'ki:.nd1y' thoug11ta a.hont itr;i object, and 1.1oaofH:lBoe its
.fueling in support of its im1)Ulaa, whioh is innately orgrmized
ta
worb:. t ow~u·d o. oe:rta.ir). rasult
or and. t1\e in,1nr:1 or deatru et ion( ;1)
0 f it 8 0 il ;j e O
t
• "'mu.a we m~y claflne o, 1,ioutal systorr,
aa
a phnao of thoflow of tho J)I'Ocaas of an individtrn1 mind, such a. phaae being
differentiated from its puyohlo~l context
by
the operation of a
---~--(l) Ibid.• ·p. 53::.i. ( 2 ) <'l, ,~p. . . ,
I an a.t
( 3}
18.
aa o 00ntre of mantal oxg~nlzatlon. ahowa cloq~l~ the
npplloabillty;?r o f'om.rnr l~olJougall wr l t1:rn of enntirnuntu us 'acq1lir·ect o,o:ujunot iono or 1d•3ilS w l th emotional Gon;iiivd tBud~ncies or cl lt~po:J 1 ti 1Jns, tlle a.cq1.1-i:3iiiou :lnd oo.J:tating of ·:.fhfoh plaJ1 ao grt_H1t ~t ·p~rt both ln
( 1)
no:r,nul u.nu morbid .inont~iJ ... dffV~1o))tnont; '' m.111 B.guin ho aofiHoG R
tlw orrr,mlir.a.tion of ctnl'i-;$oto1·, wa uhu.11 HO\'./ givu ,~tte.utiun wo:taly to
their oous ti tn ti::>n Hu o;/etor:tH.
i1. 1:1eutimont, tbm, lo a oowp1ex emotional dlspOdi ti on,
---..-'\---·
( 1 )
(2)
";:: ooial l,)3~10hol ogy," p:rofa.oe i. o 14 i,h. od. • p.1:x.
r1nd tho ero:)tional-co:rrntiva elornonta hotue: acquired .t.11 the eourec of
I
individnn.1 experlenue; i:m<l l·dnce it is :9. diopoHition, a sentiment
or:1,rn1ot 1bo f(¾l t as a who lo ln oonooi ouano:da nt once; it in e:i;rie1· ienoed
onl~ in t1w dif:rornut amotio1rn rJp:cingi11,p: f:i:·om it;
it
io not itsel.f a,,
mode Jif oonacii)U!;. a:xpo:t1tnwe but an n.cqui:rod flmture 0£ rnontal
the ~tittor. b;y ·fnr the mo:ro impo:tt!:tnt in .normal
r,
r ist1 ,to a vnriety of mn:>t i onal raaotiom1, in r~eponae to fl,pp:rop1:iatc
stl.m1J11,
wllil() tL0 fol'i!l,Jl" are o,)mJtituted by tho 0ouneotiou of u.co~·111,1t1va di8poe1tl!)U with a i~ingle 1:trrH>tio111'tl-corm,tivo dhrptmit.ion, as
in the
,acq:nrernent of a lueting fo111' o'f~ an oo,10ot tn whioh we wei:t:J :as.t.lvol;;,
~:.·lv l ri,2 :cis<3 to its propo:r fooling and impulso in roopt)nse
to
V'i,ryingp,01:i t t ions from tho r1;1nge of tho ae 1u1 th ibhiuh ihe ind 1 vichrnl lG
t;,.r1<iow0cl, and in organioa.11y r" l.at ing t}.,_one :crnlacted to n given o Of;:\ll Li. vo
'i'l 1 L LI :-n: ;\ ',< ',
,-1-·•,• COLLf ,,_d,
(. ,1 :- 1 T ;:_~ l?,, ii f1 y ·, f '. ·: 1 V t·_ . • l ·1
.h•· •. \.'-'"le,, f[lli,Cli, l\,/,.
£().
'l'hn s a eent imont eviuces the
esoent
lal oniiniotcriet
ios of. a td(mtalweJued or uulfied in relation to a co1mn1)l1 and i in porson9.l
lovi;i.
t'tic WEil.fa.re of the loved onel m.t'bsarvod by oow:tive e10:1i:rntu. The;:om1.c1 of
not
:nr
,:,vokuu ••••• '' 11)s,:;.:ntirnont a);:e diHplHcod by th,rne. corn.:Jo1m11t wi tl1 t1JO :fe,nings and
ti:)ndenoioe
or
1ta oproulto.s1J1111 in the Hoque1 ax1Jonnd tLo conception of developed ol1a:i:.>¼otf)1'
---
...~~--- --~-
....---~--·,-•_,
and tJm.s at tempt to shod hm,r ul'dor and oohoronoo ri.rn aoldevod flrnirn1:
of tht• mo:t~1.l 11 fe. In i:reva:r I
t~ wo:rd8, "Under 11orrntil cond l ti ons,
ther,J iB u, 'dil:c!pOaitiona1 whole', c;10 to s~:teaw.;,' wl,ioh oontr,;la '.httrnA-n
e:xperlenoa ;,..ll)d. aution. li\uIJ::mg.,,11 lna 1Jl1own th1-;1.t thhi 'di:poait.ion,11
wLo1a', coneti tutad by 'into;reGt dispoai tlona' an(l s.-mtirnentl:!,
!.l rel~itive order of dornintrnce, oftou with one Bil1gle dominnnt or
'm<1stor' aentimant. ~Jomina.nco is determined partly by U,a orig-J.nn.J
strl':.lne;!;h of thr, iute:routa
involved, p,utl~
1,;y theorganlzo.tion
of the'
ayatom, and ptu·t:Ly by the froque110~1 with wl1ich
it
bt,e o:peratod ill the( 1)
p.ci.st. 11 .8ut rn.o:re of this la tor.
~l'ha mttst.iuiding consideration emo:t?!tlg froro tho ·forero1t1g
discnrnei on iB the
lm:,.Z.:l2Q!!!!
nqtnro of the constituent ayatems ofohar.JiottH; the :fnot thut their vory e:dsteuaa as a~nitai1s deponde
on
tlwir being panstn\ted by org1:J.nizi11g impulooe aubsorving enda ..
natively .. given or auqui:rad - u.t onoe rem!ora inadequate and
mif]li::;ading .nny,Attam:nt at a purely mecbanio~1:1 lnto:rpretatlon of tho
LJ11:,.rnct~:.t· of which they are the component lller:ieHtn. 1naead. the
l:ltudy of tlrn striicturo .lllld dovolopuient of charactttr ohows most clen.rl~r thr..~ lndiapon~abil1 ty of toleologic.al 1..rnncepte ... purpoaivenoea. end. f in1J.l ornlse - for H.n m1,1e:r(1t9.11dl11g ot i t!3 oyatama tic nf:i. turo. Dhanw ter
8Tiste 4H an orguuliation thronFh the
intagruting
foroe
inherent
in
th,3 s;:.,·stornr, out ol 11bioh it 18 hailt, thiB force balng due to thP,lr
2-:>
~.
e~:Hrnntia.1 ly
£gnat_!,_V!, 1w.tu:co;
n.nd th,-:1 pu1•pou ivonorrn iroplioit
in the im ..pulses of tha elemout~1ry Gysterrm and
·a.t
tha lowor lovnls of ohr;raoterdavol oprnm1t., mu.et noods booom'd fJXplio1
t.
f.-l.8 we shall ae1,, ,uisolf-f,tta.im1ent of a i.;:onaistent1y orgrrni~HH1, oowploteli, doveloped chn.racter.
/,s ;•:.•1:cd 1::usyi;, 11Hl0 po:nrnna.lity, th011, will 11ot he Bhown moroly in vih<it
a
m,u1 iic,;, but iu 1;v}mt he is st:i:iving to bo. 11 (l)----\.a hiwc~ alr0n.d~ acicepted. tho vVnv of th+:, prlri1itive f:inn1e of humq,n 11ot 1 v i ty n.s inunte·Ls deti1:.rrni.ned h~, u ntudbe:.r of inhorl ted psyoho-phys1c8il diBpoai tious, e.s.oh of wbioh ia orwinizad :for thl3 attainment
of irnme end of biologicrn v~luo to tlv.j irtdiV'id,tHtl or tho ruae; 1:1,nd m1
we J1re endowed, in t0rm:~ of the f'ar-r,Jriiovetl 1n1<l higbly CO'!i)ple:1: condi-tion1.-; of J.1•trtlotpn,ti::m iu thH life or.
modern
society..In
othnr words.every huwn.u b\liilg rnn.l be fo1:inulati;H1 ill terme of nr.i.tivo ernJowrnent .•1wl
to r.in n.
t
1.oHrpt to :f11.:i:tJHn' elnuiu.ato our tt11lii1 co1w~ptiouuy
ind1o·itine;-J~ aont iman t, nH :nready defi110d., :ln u 001wplex emotional
1:mtl vo1y gl ven but am.1u.11-0ti
:ln tho
ooiJ.l'i.rn of indi v idu~1],kxporie.noe; t-h~tia of t1w fi1·ut impo:ctimce.
acco,np1 ii ,1wd ln t110 folJ owtcw 1,;anu0r.
i,'Li··. t o-:" :•,11, , l1•1w.i iJL:1tiuViuit.,ho~/?) th.1·00 ~tng,H·: iH t'.he
(1) i,·:hon thn J1.ti1,vJ.:r,y cw1oti;)nn n.ro uncor the cont:co1 of tJ•r) 1;3timnli ·,,,ith :vl1lch 1;.;·1tJJ' 1:1:i..•e irllJ.'i.toly <.:orn.ioote.u. AJ 1 tho ublaf
, . .,.. ______________ ,,_,.,
__
~---
...--
....---__....,--..---,
...-
..._________
._._.,....,._..
, ___...,.,..._,,...____
-..-~---{ 1}nr,./
,_,.)
othe1·
rrirn1·"r~v
errotion h:1 nov? not oul~i di,cpl~i.yud 1·:;}vJn the imstinot oft'lorcept), but
it
mtvJ· olu() 'bo H.:t::msod b~ vary coinplox idea.a ofBi.tua.-·i:,f l11,1 fo:rcenoting W!'.l11 :rofJ,;e.ith1g rnin<.i lntzounoed th,) new sthiuluE.1
' ' '
of ldon,r1. 11
( 1 ) "'11.i:rt1ic1r, l.l :u:r.J,,:.,:3oL1 :i. ,u1gu of iuCHll.-3 rnoun;.'1 inc:roasod
whl3n tlrn pe:roar)tual e:xr,arieuoo is removed, the fear aµbs tti.8th •••• \,'hilc
the; i:nhoritt,d uonmrntlon betwer.m tho ori;:dnRl 1-:::tlr'ntli nnd tho onotlon
ls 1:r1ldtlT11:e ,,f its biologionl ,:atillty; tlw r:_wqnirou uo11I10otion batv:uuu
...,.___,.
_____
.-~-
.... -~ ..----·---·-·----·---
...
---~--( 1}
tJFi 90•.v,.::i.:
or
tlrnGo h;gh(~r B~1at0rns in undf1rrnini:,d by the ~1·.:w1th of thetJrn·Jtlo11u uu i:mfopt)ndont :f'or1.wt:1. 11
( 1) ;:Jmnd couti:rmoa that i;Li11
1•1-ls nlso n t!O.l'ldltlon of hir:1 docli1M t """ tb) :l(H\Ui:;:ed podE>l" of idea,.!; oror
mnoti?m~, 11m1 tJrn PnhR.:-lt!:wnt :nowor oP enc'h 1.nr1afLaitol~/ to SLrntai11 the:~
U2) oth,·1·.c. ''
inor,,prJJJle of fo:nning -riny hut t])f] most p:rirnitive ''rrifr',ple" sentirneuts.
I Yi)
tJ,o o.entirnemtn to p.tff1,o"ide'1 ' --~
emot i on::.;,1
~•w~---.. ~----•---•,,-,-,,~---~...---.---.-.----~---...--.... _
f \-4 lo ... , .... . . . _ , _ . _ .(1} iJ-in.r1d.
or,.
oit.,
p.l~HS. (2) lllid.1Jmotlonn,l rn.~.nif'aetatlons :.,Lall 8])p13
1:r:-.
11•. 'hat L1 to aay, in vi:rtu,J of
d,;pernl s chl<:.fl;y on tho etra11gtb of the uantirnent i taelf, on the e:,:.tcn l.
f,: of its hold on tl:H1 wl:nd; lrut evon f.- highly o:rgunlied o'baraute:r, bu..i1t
impu·1 Fo b\ d.irE.:1t:tl;,,· i11compiitibl<) with the tendonoioo of tho irniiYldnal 's
faot n:1£:.,,1110 thtlt evo1.1 t},o most 1·11(1i11iont~r..-.·;-i,'" f!f:int
trnont
exert~ aomethm:1-80.
I i.~. tho r,:cimnry einotion'l :~urnn·iority I ovui: int1tiuc.:tlve llapuloe) i1::1
ol)b~•lns from thiG hig-hot;-t syutern tJrn po-.10n.2- 1:,f so1f-oontrol :nicl
re-f
1) .£101.; tion
w•}.i ich it luu, .• a i tuol f."/; flirtlu,t import,mt fY-ot to b-:J noted ln
oorrn.ootJ.nn
witb the0;0• don11P11eJ t,l)1_;:•l·u.1...:ti)l' lo ol\vlocu,:. :,v;:du. rm;.uy (h1otlone (-:•ff•• jo;v nnd.
uo:rr::>w) \'lnu1d 'ba nDn-exii1tnnt 1Ji:lthou.t mn.1Lli1J,)J1lt~ b0hllid \:JHJHJ• ( 2 )
11}
( s)
~----ta,·:e posue1.rnion of t1w mind; thdy baoomo ~rnuonc1 naturo to ns.
hccordingly, the atrfH.tgtb of u. santirnont lu not to 'be ,aoasured by
the degroe of its violenoo (emotions groauaea in a sentiment are not
vlohntt :1e sorne 11isol~ttati" oxprusL;ion~ oi' omotlon :ureJ, since
violenoe is not (t truo test of :roe1ing, but by tlle der•th nnd :t'i:rrnnos:;i
of tb1 i·oots it sends tlnwn
into
our un.tare.J\B n mtnmvi::ry of this dhHm~aiou wo rna.y quota the f'ollO\,Jing
(1)
lr-1w fo:t:wula.tad hy Lhaud thus, 11 In the r,rowth of c}m.rautor, tho
santiroento tend with lncn:·eCT.eing suoooaa to
control
the emotions rindimpu1oet4; iu thll doclino of oh~raotor, tho emotion,} nnd 1.mpulac.u::.
tand v.ri
tt
incr1Ja::)init powor to trnhiove theirfreadorn. ''
We cnn nov1 prooead to cona Hier oome irnport.•~.nt vmya in
v•hioL t1H3 sentirt,ents oomo to control human nra.tu.ro. f'.:h!md
diettnruLih-.:1:,.
as the follow"111g: ...
( 1) '' 1,:very sentim0nt teud1-1 to irwluoo in its system all t'he
emotions, thoug·i!t3,vD1itlonal ·p:t•ouoi-u:arn and. qt1nlitl,H;1 of
charaotor
which>11·0 or Htivnntngo to it for thn r~ttalmaont of. its onda, and to re,jo(Jt
.uJ.l tni.cll
conati
tuentl;;l as !.n'o ,~i tho:r ~npur h.1.ouu 01·11ntagoniatiu." (
21This law h118 alroa.dy 1HHH1 oont:!ciderod ( J) as an exampli:f' loation, on the purt of tho EH,ntimanta, of the orwmiiing tendency ·,:hioh lo so funda-mentally characteristic of the oomponont :Jyatame of ohur,wt,;r a.e well
(1) op.
oit.,
p.62.(2) lbid •• p.lOG,
ao.
lanst, working towm:do 11,::i own more ef:f'io.1.Hnt o:rg11.nieation .... it
tends to re j ,:rnt whn.t 1 t do,)s not nc~ed m1d to a(.)qu ira v{liat it; does
h \
ls governea.r,i.1.,
when tnh.:..en in conjw1otion vii th the two following la.we, nf'fortlB m1
13:x1JlFI11a.t:lon - since sentimont13 o.:ra aoqaired rmd tha ra.np;c t>f obj,wtc
in relation
to whicl1wo m~y form tham is prHctiaally illiruitabla
-of muob in. trie d1:fforcrnoou botween 111dividtn1.l ohi.:1ractaro,
twoi p.~\:rson~ of:' t3lrolJ.a:t:· hoto{U ty '1Uu. envirommrnt wl10. u.ndor ox1m.rle11cos
rfH'lpout1,,11:y for th>~ B8.m.o object. If t}Jis object is of' J)o1·slsting lmpo:i:tarrno in thoir lives. the oppoaeu qunli t i os f~elected b~J the
respeative sontimontu for it, in tending (aa we shall preaontly
so8they w-::mld) to colour the whole oh,1tn.ot,;1r1 nnd uo t1 fashion a ty:re
of ohernctar of
their
own, would, in so far aa thooe tund•lllCifH:3 wororealized, produce uh~raotaru of extremu divorsity.
Hu11oethe axtrome
impo:rtauce, in view
of
tho !!.Q.[!!_irednntnre
of sentiments, of the kiwlof' inf.l11enoes to whioh the growiue- oh.8,raotor is subjeotod; it is hard
to e1rn,rgon1-ta tha uxtant to which the development of thtt r:ight Klno. ol
oh'.lrr~ctor 1a depandanV'nn the right \'~inu of eauca.tion, on the {'orrnatlon
---·---·---(1)
31,
of 8entir,1ent0 :for the right ol),jsots.
( ;~) nrrha qualities that a sontincnt acquiroa for itH own
( 1) n~eub in beo oming f hrecl, tm1d to qu.111 ity thd cb1rrl-oter Ml a Hholo. '1
points ont .• it sor:,mn to he d.1'J,pendont on tho lm-.r of Ha1i1t, ''for as thf)
eantirnent :forms its ohniaote:ciutio thought and condnot, th(mo, with
their (_r().ali tloB, bocoin~ f'i irAd Hnli habi tuul, ~mu intol·fe:co with the
{ n }
ucquif:31
t
l on of; opJH)1Ji to qnnlit
iu8 in othor c~autirnonta. :, "' Oneex:amplo 'Nill suffice. "If a ri1'ln ho.a b0corfla 1-:1, l ia.r throwrh vanity a.:nd
desire for appl•mee, the influOiH.10 of the Lu.bit o:xtttnd,) to oth1~r
s~;stenrn, tma.· induces h.im to lie, not only to oacmpe detection and
(
',.
\puni41hmont, hut w]HH1 no gdvauta.ra is to 'ha f:alned. b~1
it.'' .., ·
Theinfluenoa in determining tha course and the davolopmant of character
as a whol0, of thin ti:;ndeno;,1 of ea.oh ao11timont 1 11'.rn;el;i/, the tencleno~v
to mod ii'y tho
13
trnotul't3
aml content of othoraz.,•atema of
the cbarP.o toriu po.tent.
(;,,) 'l'hna we rue led to thu la.w th~1t "':~ver~v aantit:1ent tono.s '4)
to form n typo oJ' oharnct1:ir of 1 ts own. 1
' This 1'll'W tai~en in
oon11eotlon with tho immedi1tely p1:1:.r11ious ono ( i) dlractH ow r1ttont1 on
to "'the dynami.cnl relntio:no in whioh g eantlroant ut~rnde
to
the a),nracteras
t\.whole,
0to use
;::ihand Is
phra1:rn; baoauao,not only
18 ita
13"<1.i1alo.inrya:ystt)m o:i: oharauter organizing a nu.mbur of })1.'i.r;~.1r~' aytitemu and ao
op. oit. • p.121.
ibid.
(2)
(4)
ibid.
aspi3ot o:r -portion 'J'.i:: the olvrrnot1 •
.n·.
but erwh uontimant ii:: l'lOtive ~11.soin ra1ntlon to othor eontirnontst tending, a::; wa hnve notod, to indnoa
in ihGh.1 quriliti00 Miwiln.-r' to. or :in lm:r.·1nor1v ;.;rtth, it,:;
inm, tmd.
o,ttbo sarnQ t imo • to inhi hit U:o rJe q_uali t.ius ln tlrn ot1l1):C sel'.1t 1montG whloh
a.ro inimical to its t)WU t~~/Stew. In.
a
wo1·d,oa.oh sontimont, in
p:1'.'0pC\:t-r1.'he lrnpJ:i.'td.nt function o:fl' tlrn ocntiments in th;:i erowth R-nd
d.iffor·onc'3 hs.1ti.:1•eon
a.
i:H:.Hrtlme:nt and wLut iB b'.:nown rta an "into:rest;" i.e.l;;n a.cqulrod in:torost in, e.g.• aruhiteoturo or hortiuultura. ·~~ho main
dif.terouo,:; lies iu tlio f'not that whoreAJ3 it ~H:n1timaut involve!?' distinct
emotional eioitemont, an aoquireri 1nter0at involvua, not
emotionnl
a mildor :form of fo1)llne·• .Lt f'ollow1-, thnt. under normal oondi
ti
J!W,ij\lCh lntei-oatl:3 have not
t
ho sama in1'1'1.:.,enuu l i l ou:i.~ emotional 1 Lf'e ,:is the$13ntiments have, and houoa tl1oy do not play a.n;1 f:ntoh d:treot 'Pi'il'.'t in tr:e
:fon.t1c,t i
n1
of oharaotex a.s is phiyod bJ; thi,¾ ijOntirntlnttq u.n intenseintereut in aoma f'o'.I.'/[\ ,:)r: hlgh a.J:'t mn.y ooaxiBt w1th a. dafinitely iri,moral
oh11raote1· in tho samo lrnlividl1nl. 1'\n intoragt, 110wevo:i:-, will often hn.v,e
sorn~, influence on ohn:ruotor, o..ccidont,11,l nnd cnstrnl though it nn y ho; n.
I
are often invalu~hle in helping to dete1·w111e tlie growth of cl!t:inictcr·
in the :riffht direction. Hut tho o:ito:t'nnl rola.tion of suc}1 11.n
in-~art of tha
etruotur0
of
oharaotar
~to the oh~ruotor itself
18mode
i•
lare removed: tha dogree of etabllity of a particular c1~rnotnr might
he n1oi-;:oued in inv~rae ratio t0 thi} t1:""tont to which mare inte:t'l-'HJts
predominate over
aantimenta.
i.'e hn:vo now briwfly notice.d, in order to empl:~sb:o tho
0l,r1raotor, tho most ontebinding po.:i.nte: in oonuection with thell'
relation
to
obaractor dovolopuaut. ontl we shall
ou~mariie
the
fora-ln t.he o:rgo,nizatiou
of charaott):r thu8,
( l} '.i"he foundat iJrn3 of aharuotor givon in th,'.) prirm,u:~·
s~t.3teme. 11
hesJ t11·1i tlw root f'oroas, the Jyna$io elemonta of. our·
ru~ture.
(2)
The organization of thaso root
forces
in the eentiments
the "units of cha:ractHr. 11 ·?hia ls mu.de possible throufrh tte
attachment of the emothmo, instincts and B.Jipotitoa to idati!..~.
'"Phis 01'gnni::rntio11 ma;y bd for gr)Od o:r ::'or bait; thi3 \$OHtirtionts crm
'the aentimouts beoomo nrn;n:, self-uontro17.ofl. thl1 intolloot [Uld will
aouuming supremacy in thern.. r}he;v hoeon1(• tho gre:rt ideals 'JJ" 11 fci, the
ido~l~ governing conduot; thifJ 1nvo1ven thoir ord.ortng 0111.; to n,nothe:c.
'l'hi,~
l::.iat
point b:tingB uu to thu qnoation of tiwrw.tnre
complex owotion:<)l dL:pooi tiJiJ <Jentot'ing r·.)und an ldu:-1, w1:t-'.rem~ an ideal
tB) tho a.eoepte.nuo of tho ides ru:1 au and of
n.ctlon.
Thue, tn order to
hrwean
ideal 1):f:' J1wtio~(l)af;l
distintrnL1h<Jdfrom
a rne:ce lova of Ju1.1ticui (i.e. a \rnntir,J\)nt for juntiotJ), :Ne m1}0t
u:ndor-~~ 1•tlrnt wo rn.:H,1,u b~• Justiuo - thlu LiVolveu l'ells1ction 1~0 to the
ex-without aontimau te fi:ow whlc1: to 3pr lng; tho grer,1.t id 1Jala of life
0 ovorning conduct
hsvo
their geneaH1 111sontimauts,
flow, wo rroy clAaaify
soutirnentH aiJoonorote
ot
,Jbstn:wt;tho idea round which tho \jtl}1)tiom,l uiHJlOlliti?n~
u1·c
gron:ped being. in---·---tho t\n•;mir oaso, the.t. o:f aome p,~irticulHI',
oouorete
object, whilea.
aeutimont of tho 1ntt<1r olaaa attn.oh0s to ,:rn i1hotri1ot ida11i, o.g.
the ab1::1tr1ict ldentiments are
ot
greats.r iirmort~i.ioo than the Cl')Horete,as may be tlou:n thtrn. '.the hightt13t sentiments
11re
tbc11ia 1:iroduoing tb~ moat fa.:r-raachlng ha:nnony uiaong tho aubo:cd.inato Byatems ofoh~1..r•1.cter, i. e. , those oxercising tht~ mout wid,osvraa(i and of.t"ectl ve
oontrol not of thH p:riwrry Hy~temr: onJ~', bu.t 1~lso of the Hecono.n.ry
U,1:nmelvos. How, t},o ·uiti(Jr u nentimout becomes tlw more ab~ tJ.'!rnt it
beoori1es.. '.J.'hrn, we mlgijt tr~.1.ce the e:ittonsion of A. sent!mont of
ayrn-o1.nsa, tben to a whole n.1;,tiuu, then to
a.
raoo co1irproliendl21g various ( 1)Hations nmi fluaJ.ly to humanity itself. At eauh otne:ij \.n such an
exp~naiori
oftho
Hoopoof aympathetio
love. the irles
~ olnsH,n~tion,
:race. huniani ty .. consti tut111g the rnu;loua of the mrntimont becomes
n law of' !action, thn.t Rre of suoh
aonaaque1;ce
~t. tho highe~t stageof
of
tho
Qsnt1roo:ntB thcmselv8a; for, unloHs tha ·11!da ~h11tr11uteent:trnenta
---·~,.-....-._---..;,...-...---·
(l) O:f .. J.•rnio,, \J•ird. '"'{he w:i.do:r the world his (i.a., tho indlv:l,1Lv1l)life :plan er:ibru.oes • thl'~ more uyetamat io und
unl:f'ind
hiou1Jntirnenta
{e.g., for h1.t1:vlnity). oome t,:, oontr-:>1 tho roJ.ativoly narro\v,
conorete
oantirnonta ( ad;• -pt1-t:r1otiswl, tho lnt::toduetion of order o:nd h:irrriony
R,1.nt 1nwnt. H
n;.;tioo rnercsly tbo :L'1motlou v:f littbl t in ttd org8.HLrntLrn of o'lv1rncter;
more e:xpH.Gi tl:,r :~ point •4.l:read~ not,.Hi la pH.suing, ,:iaJ typimil o l' iho
aoqu 1.red .by ri sentiment for its o•.vn needs in hacnminff fixed,
tena
to q11_;lllf;~ tlw o'.nli.raottn~ ,1s 11 wh.r:>lo Beeins to bo a oon:3oquer1oc of t'be
chnrtiotor iatio thon.ght .qm1 oonduct, t}!eeo, with th(}i :r.• QHBli
t
i,:.:i :5,bee owe fi:xad
___________
tHld hi,.1:,1 tmll, ,u1J inte:i:•.t'iLH'e with thu e.oqu ial ti on ofOJ'>POB i te qu.ali tic,,£:1 iu oth,n:- aentirom1tu. Thus•
if
a rn:m h.>,l/31e0-:rnt
to
1'..H3o:ron and cm.no.id
thi·oup;h hit:1 earl~iuffectiom~
ftH' otlwra nndtr1.rnt in them, or tn~ .'). fJOO cmd.i.u:•~1 :f'enture of hin rnan1inea:J snd
contam:pt
of daoeit, hs tandu to <Hu'ry thiu quality into hH~ de:'lling with men in
i;~enoral, nnd haa 1J.J1 rivorHiOl'l to 1ill duplioi
ty. '' (
l) ti.nco thi l3ten~
denc:y to colour the whole clw.~·,wt,1r thi·ough tho medium of bii'bi t bo1 onge
to every E.lfnltirnent, l t ma~ suffice $8 ovidonoa o-C the import,.:uw1:~ of the
I g}
opu:tution or tho lu.w of habit. iu tho oi-g~u1ization of olwrH.atrn'.
mental", but
it
will booouvenient
toconaldar
t}:0'.1 unde1'th,)
t0.r::1,J''dhqJOGition,"
'''tw,por,"
ru1d ''tumparart.1f.Wt''proper.
his inetinotiva-ernotion~l d.i~pot1s1oirn, diffo.rancea of clispo-sitlon
111 the :~trengtha
o·r
t1,:e impulses of t1,o inst 1:oots. or to difforonoaain their stren,q;th~ L1duoed b:, uoe sHd dlti-usa ln tlie <H:iurea of 1.ud.ividus1
( ,_.)
dovalopm.ant, ol' moro rri.1·el~• to 1ib~onoo of one or
other
of th(~ in~tincta. 11(1)
op.
oit.,
p.121. {o) ''DocialPsyoholog-y.
11 ;,.120.(2) ,..:ome writers plaoe p:.t'adominant amphasia on the function o;" l1abi\
in oharaoter,
/
nawey,
e.g. aays:
"Ohar~oto~
ie
the
inter-penetration of h<1.bit1)~ 11
38.
Ll 1.nca thoro:f'o1·e d:l.1:iposi tlon :I. a oowpound&d of the d isposi t; ions of the
p:i: imary a;nat1::ms. an<l oinoa these primflry systems oonati tuto the
fund-amental olo1nautr') out o:t whioh orgi.inl::.o,J, oha:i:ncter is bull
t,
it iaevi-dent t1mt Vha kind o.f oiuposl tion :po;;:HHHHHHl b:y a.11 individaal will 1:Hve
~ l 11rge ahare in determining the f'orm ta,::on 1:iy his ohij,:raotor
a.e
arolat-1 vely finished prod not; for the dominnnt eantirnent,3 formed by n ps r0on
a1rn0rtive impn.I:::10 is r;:i.•oo.omiunntJ in :co1ntion to 0ther poOJ)lr:i a.lone, will
( 2) Di:ffo:rouciciu of' tcn:,por, Aa doriot.od by t}u; terms Bt1.H.1Lh~:1,1st • hopeful, ds;;ipv.ndent. otc. • ai·a
not,
ouooriling to :/e.t1ot1.gall (lJ to bfJexpla.im,ci in to:cuHJ o::: the '':rolo.tivo stronp:tq. ot" tho ucve:ral insti:nctlve
tor11:.rn1tc.1ins'' 1,ut 1lrtt co::1(]itiorntd by vnri~tion1:.~ 11 in teHpeot: of (1)strongth,
intensity Ol' u.rge11c)J'; (2) of parslsteucy; (3) of affootobilit~i1"
b,y pain''} of thtd 1natinctlvu irnpn.lsas. 1\is ~}nch or t],HHe cJrnrnctotistice
degrees. i\a with vnrietiirn o.f dhrpositim1, tbo tnf.luenco of the tempera
on thn orgsnlze.tion of ah8r1.ioto:r itJ :ma.nifor:-t in tho bins g1Yen by tlw
J9.
those of a otssdfa8t µaruon.
( 3) r"tuD011s-n11 de:i:iuee ·:tt)rnpljrq,muut a.c ·•the su:ro o:f" thi., et ti1cts
upon •• ,m<n1tal lifo o:f:' the motabolio r,:t o11emic11l ohnng,.::ta tliat are
(1)
oonstant1y going on in nll tha
t
lasuoe of ( t.N,) body•,. Iror 1)t1rprt.rn~nt pu:rpotrn,. we need r.:rnu~lder tempert-1mout only in rol.ation to l t,)
e:J:f.'eot on ths org~1nh:atiou of uht1:t•notu1'; a.oco:rdtngly, we ehall here
glvo attention to the various
f:H.itors
int:ernvera.mont
morely in oof··r.t• A.8 the,y 8. i'.f'ord, av ldu11ae iu ~ttµport of our main point• nawe1~1.
tb·:1.
t
tcrnpe i·nniont,
1U:.o
diopoui t :lou~mu
tomp,Jr • c1.mtr
i h11tea tothe
;rtnd .and d1)grao ot o:rgsui:~f\tlon roncfhe<l bJl (H1.ch indi\r:tdm.tl chn:i::nctor
h;y
influonoing the -pi'ocene of the fo1~rn~1tioll of ,Hmtir.1ents - theunite i).f a}:..1.1ractor ... thrr:n.1gl'. tbe :r,ocnliqr biaa OJ.' trend. tlH::tt it glve:2
t
D tho porsonality
'lS a w}iolo. ~Jotw .Ff t:be tr..rn1per~nantr.;.1 13ff'eotsrofen·r;id to iu tho defiuition jr.wt quoted nre, LtcDougn.11 pointu out, "ri·oducod through cbemiottl substanooH which pass :tnt o t.ha bload .from
tho
tiee11eaand nre then
of-lrriodto tho
111's.in,where tloy e.ot
ur,:ml •• )
th•z m~rvouc
tii3suus,
r,)Ol1ifyinft thoi:c procer.rnos." "" :l'haB~ 1.mbHt:'moesmore st:.rong1y
thtulotJt(,r
va.l'tr::·.In
1llust;rnt1.,Jnof
th18point.
tto.J.,ongall ·~n1=1.0Gthetlo or :narootio drugs auoh aH chloroform 1:md nloohol, Ho
40.
th8ill others.'' Among tho rao8t lrnpo1·tt1-nt lu thi:~ l:'lH~J)iaut. ~u·o c0::ctr1in ductless g1andH ~1l1os0 U<H:r0t iorm ( ho:cr:1ouos and tJndoorinoe) h~i.'\n; w.rnh profound
inf'lnenoe
of the growth of other tlesuos and EHrpooi~l 1y onthe nervous system; tho we11 ...
~n·own
offect8 on tbt:l ctevolowoont of'both
body o.nd mindof'
exooseor
do:fioi<Jnoyof the hormones
t~eo:rotodby the thyroid gland la
e.
otwe in point. Othor glands demandingmrt ioe 11ro. brHJi doe the ,~o:t ... r;:larnln. tho :r:l. tui t'1r_y "at the brt81'3 of
t·;,w 1)rain who~e sooratiou ])lo.ye n. gro.1lt po.:tt 111 :r:og:1.llut.lug tlrn g:cowth
of tlH) whole boa.y.'1
rrnd t1w 1;mpxa.:ce11al, tlrn (dfi:;c.d;s of whioh ar1, wldaepl'.·1.rn,d and 1rnndu.cL'ul.l/ eompllo•1,tod. 1Joiny in geuaral ''tlucl,. 110 to
'cho importance of the influ9uou of tLo sax~gl~nua
on
ma~tal life is
seen in the fact that thoir internal ~oarotion (hormone
)i
•an
immodillte oondi tion of tl1n exci ter:iont of the sex appati te. Undr;r
tho he~d of tompormmlht1;.l factomm;,rnt u.leo bo :uumberod tbo sum of
01ennic BtHlHl~ ... 11nr,1'0Ernio1rn, not uoticod uude:r no:nnr:tl oond1tionl3 nnd 1n
i:r,') od ha nl th. hio1udlnif fn.J nt ·roel inr,:0 c onnactec1 with r1:H:1pirc1ti on,
olroul~tion of the blood.
diraetion.
te~perotur~,condition
of themu~oleu ~ncl of the norvo tisuue itself. A11 tlic~~a - - - . . i'eel:irure - - - f , ( " ontor , - - - ~ into
-nfff.H;tad 'bj• tho wn'vou t"roru th(-, vorl:::ino o:cgn.n2 t.tnd by the p.:eno:i:-al
stato o:f the bod~: t prrttlou11.:n.·ly
ov·
the clPiro.cto:i.' and qna11tit;,1 of tho141.
k11cDougs.11 notioeu in ud.dition to the nbove 1:1 vary 1mportu.nt
f!)ctor in the dotorrnim1tiou of thu c.iou:rue of 1t1ontr11l develO})ment,
nuH1ol:y, what ,Jung }1nt.:1 d iut in:'·\tiBhed au thH deg1•eo of intr·overc3 ion of
the r,ereonali
t;v.
Ln i11t,nnr>::n·t ls ou.o ''whose impulses \llld amotio:nn1,3. tix J.'in_1::r·s a.re apt to l"tHWJin hot tle d up within hiw, determining
• ( 1)
sot ion, 1
'
t
:t onn ancl impn1oea in overt fo,trn.bl':.~rned in t11b1 Ol' th•it dl:roct.lon by t)Jt3 pecuJ hu:ltifH~ of his
tempera-ldu.0..l u, s irnilA-l..'lY endo,vod rw rognrdB diHpou,i. ti tm auii intoll1.3c tu.al
di f
fenm t
ternpo.rarnent. ·::emrorarnont l·n:gol~· inf'lneiH.lea Lhugrowth
both of int<}l1.eot nnd. of
olm.:co.otor •••
Dispositirm. tempar, a.nu tompora-ment HJ:'G tli@ l'H.W matcn.·inlB o:t p1.:1ruoualit~,r l'rovided b)• ho;codity. From---·---~-
~-( l)
them 011,,trtwto:.r ili l,uilt, uudt,r tl'iu touch of o:qJ13Z'iuncu .tum th1J
gaid-. ( l )
ance \Jf incn:-a,1sinff knnwledge nnci 1ntnlli1'enoe.
r,,n.roughont mentnl dovolor,rnunt u.ud, hl /net, throughout lifo,
in tho
uativo constitution,
th(l;? are modifinb1o by wieo gnidnnoo 1ndin:flu,.3n<;ing of thofln throo o ompl ax oonati tu tl
onal
f,qc.rtora; lt
r•iayu.o
:wuch to oo.i.:-:raot m-iJ no.t i•to defoot or h10K of h-!:tlf\noa A.moug them." (2)
v1it}1 i1irn UH1 1:-\::;;"0 1"n1t; lltt.lo nlt,,;rnhlr.:t by nny o.ffort he may rn:·1k'<'l, ( 2 )
who:reas e::hnrnoto::c 1::; lll'\U.o 1 r:.:cgoly by hiH own ,~-eJ'ortw .. " ''A
person'
eulHli·ae;:tur derionds
ur1011
tho wny tn which heexe:roisoe
his po,,-;ars, itIn t}1is uh~1pto:t i.ve oh~,11 try to devolop :l:'tuthHr the
oorwep-tl on oi~ chi1r~otcn' aa e.n o:r·gf.m:1.srn by oousich!r 1,:lp i tu orf~anl 1.ati on iH
:relation to (1) cteei.t.'eJ (~) wlll.
nnu
(3) Ju:i.JYpiWH.H3.cc11m.tlone fror,1 whlch fJnw thx:ie Hut:< of tho iwl.ividunl that m:e
:.i.·rJ-(1)
0 f , ·b ""O,., •. ~ v u , 1 i11:..." - ~~ ---, :"11.ii _ ·1· ,:~ •~ •. !..,Jy .... f o ,i s,.;.__ ,,., ·l.J·: .·· 'J-r·,s, ..i:,. __ , 7 • j ·, c·11.~ lc:-r~ ... 11;,•"'1•1 • J J, ' • f ·; •1•1' .,, .._ the, po 1nt -f o:c UH to
no tioe
I
h(.lL'O Ls 1,hat volu11t·1..t~
•totlou, i.o.,
n.ot:lou ·ll"hlu1: il!the
1'0ffttlt ()f----1.._....,._,,,..._ _ _ _ ,.._ _ _ _ .._... .. _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __,. ___ ~~-.. · ,
44.
higher anim,nu. t'ii tJ:i. the n.nirn:118 thi.rnt) fui1<1anun
t:,
1 tondenoirrn o-i;le:ratemoroiy ,"'.it tho po:i:'Oflptu>,:i,1 lovel, that iE3 to ;Jay, they an~ oton.sEtd .9,:nd
~ndd.od. by :,iotuHlly pro~ent aenij,;,-irnpro~mlons only, (l) wltel:'eno man's
powor
of free
idontion, enabling him to ideally ;r.'op:r~;~eut rm OrJ,focttorn.1enc1oe iu the ob£:ence of the objects in which the~· nr.~tu:r,;.11/i
fiwl es.tiBfaction. ~'.inco
it
i~~ oi' th0 ee1:rnntinl notui·o of ~nrn1·~iwy-_,ulrJe inv,:,lvlr,-1,1-
no
-,_
defln:tte ..._,.__~-
co111Jt::iouon.orrn· o:I' oud. . '\:!t;JG'lre,w.:vrc:1r-( 1)
rt
nL ou} d 1jo no ti:,,j, ht11,:cWfft. th!, t )j 0/1\0 p1:.;r,UhoJ. op:ieta won:Ld c:i.l low tH)M(l dim,ma
V/'l.,~(10 awn::conor:;/:'lon
tho J:lRi7f-of
tha r:-mimrtl o:l' the ondinotlnutive or :f!.'Protlt,ive tendency wl'lich ltrn d.mrn to .~i. olirn.:r oonsoiouf, ..
l1(HH~".)f 1:;::i Gild-• t}:l::~ end. in d0Erir0, lmiHg· reoovnl7.ed as a good. i.e ••
{ 1;;
''tJ ,~,onothini·" w,n'U\ •;l},l)o to 1!oonr0. i;cH'il'e lB inrpulso r,1trn d~)f'lnite
•
---~----
(l) :,;rnt:(•n~1.10. 11_·11111Nl o·:~ :,:u1 .. ·uH2,1' 1,.4-:l, i.H-1int,1 to H dtL:iultl·~,n of ,,i:~ ,,;r,oocl aa '1a:u u'b;j()C't ti•?,t. L"3 Oi.)lli:'<Jlv:.lul.;y dut~is.•i:;ct.11 ( ;::,_'! ~ J ')'•) ,, . ,v,floulUJ. • . 1 ,, P• ~-lJ. ' ..
4C.
thiz•st tellt~ 11~~
n.nthlur
about tho chHrBotol' of him w110 feelsit,
tr,(ia rovolu,tlon of a ;;;hol1:1 point of viow. " ( 1)
t ., 1 1 ' 1 ·1 ( t~ " ., ~ · · · l t ' ' " ) f 1 · }
.•;e,po1.: o c 1,J ~fr.l\LO ~j'~~ ;;J,"1 ·.!le nrnlDJtEt r,o n, :, ;· -v1n·N rorn w nu 1
1 :~ riut.lot1l
1.:tr nuiv,nso rttir; louoG U.u !:18.'Jni1:r- I on t110 'JJ.l'lloc;:.r o/ n.
i
1
y,ropotJiti.)U rni1.<1a ii1 Gur,10 p ,,.-tl0ul :r ''u,1Lv1.::1•H0 of dincotitso, '' .\tn
the
~---~----·--~-...
47,.
1.i'his uhivcrue to whloh
1i deuire belongs is the untvor0a that iu con ..
stituted by tho tottility o:f' whr.it. ·wa on.11 n r:'on,n'a oha:rnoter, 138 that
chn.ractdr p:re0enb;1; ituol:l' at tho tiruo n,t which the desiro is 'f'olt. t t
is, in short ,the uni vorsa of tho man' e at1iio,il point of view A.
t
themo!nt:mt .in queetiou. ;,f l) It
•
lJOUld nov1' be clear thst wl,.ri.t 71ac.;Kerndereferei to a.~ r..t. p,,1rtlcul;1,:r ''univ~r~rn" of' deniro ·,vottld correti1pond to n.
&entirnont - :,. loeue:r ayutorn comr,renended In the org'.lniar,i of
oht.ir:trntor
llS
a w11ole .. 3.a wa
hnva u:.::od theterw ,
ar1d tbnt1,y
tho totl:iillty,or
tu1aerut~w1 the ::,rg~:i.uized chn1·t:tc:t,;r tH3 a hiar11rchy of aantimdt.1t0.
'.i.':c:•rrn.slatinf tbe 9,bove 1nt ;:1 terms of the connor.itions tbat
'Ne h•~v8 bean try in;.;:, to elucidate :tn thiu 1,HH3ay. it ls l:H1on,rn0 our
den,i:I'tH-: ls~uo f:r:om :ma or anotho:r ~f our m:rntimc:n1ts thnt they 11.ro not.
\
lb1 po0uli<1r quality 1~J/41ett4r:2ined by i}-i,:J :rrn,turG of the 1:.H:rntir,iOrlt iu
noted, iwr·<rsonal in Qh'lrn,~to:r•: tJ1Ht :ls to
~~ay,
it::. 1w,nLt'estnti'.'in 11ione anlrl'rJl organif1m be:'i-:t}) no 1
w;rk,
~,ijit
wera • to diatim;nish itfrom
asir.iilar oyp:reli-,si :m i i i aui)thor; in s rrioro innate p::copenoity the:co lij 111:i
gu~1itutive v.,:~:riation f:r.om O!lO Ol'f.~1.mi~m to :1noth0:r., r\ut with tha
nttainment of the ideational level in mun - tho lovo1 of m:H1th1ent
( 1 J
48.
viow implied. in the 8t=:i11timu:ut- tho pri.rt ioula:r aspect 'J:f tho 1;1hol. 1:1
'.J)syohio,-1.l lnte~rat ior1, tlrn lovel oof rat i on!tl, conoa.rtur-~l syntheeis,
sentiments thi:.1mselvea hocorno herrnoniouDlY ordo:i:·m1 wi. t}~i1l the one
all-org•1.mizntio11 tlmt uml~or.~ )?08Bib1ti tho iutroductio u of. uoVip1ate hn:rr1DnJ1
and cornJlstancy into the ·i 1:f'o 0f thHz i:.co •
•
ro tut t1) the syL~te1i1 J,11 wLioh it ts root~d eimi. from whioh i tu peeulilu
rt
is -vor21 obv iouB tJmt tho m~.1j 01· rn).d, i Jll oft
ho doi)irei? of tLo rnrmwhoso ''n1ling paaai.on" i:: ''to get on in the wor1d.'' · at n.11 co~lta will
l1Ft.ve bnt little ln t:orr.mon wltlJ thoc.J J:f thu rnnn ~rho luJ dm;-11.natea. 1Jy
'3 love of tho ''p,ootl thiugt::i of 1lfe'' { uo-o•=i.llc3d). or, a.~min, with tho
fon tnre of tlio woi-tt1 lLZtJ, L~ to be e:,:plt:1.ined uu the i;J":Hno 1 ines. In
at i:,ny r~tu. G0VQ:c1-t'L
r1oint,1
of view aJ.t1nnato
,1;tt1~! one nno-Uv:t1
Jo{ l) r'..1pidly th~t thny m11y p:rnuticrdly 'b$ rogJl:rdod t).rJ
prt11rnnt
togethnr. ·1 He than i;r,1v1.rn au i1lumino.ting o:mrnplo wh.1.ch lo worth qnotinf .atlength. n 11 stntt)wn, ·,n. fox· iautanca • w.1y bo inf'luonoi.ld :1.n i•iB <JD1td net
c,:ntni.o ··. _,, s:.~urt:rn o~u·:r:ied on
t.
.B\lt at the ~::HHilO tlu,u tie rnay be m>tuniufluancod
byuoueidoratlohs
draw11£corn very
differont univarEaH.
Ha r;3•1;,· oocupy a180 a 1.mlvorne oo;asti t·,ited b~ h.w owr1 pdrsonal
1l8twy, by
a v iaw of
au
t;Yto tho
'Nor1 d ( nH diatln.,c:ulnhadf'rorn
his o•tmof vlow; ~n<l vo~y
v~rlou~desires
wiy ariuAln Lia wind in uonoequenca •
.tt h~ :·•rohablo thut oo:nu of thood J eulr•w v,111 c:.mfliot with oth!Jr~, • .
From O}JO pDtnt of vtew ho ron;y dooi.ra pe.rH::a. fror! mwth(Ji;r wa:t; from 'l.rH)
~ - - - . ~ - · ¾,__,.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---..._ _ _ _ _ _
( 1)
op. oit. p.50.
.i'fl2 L/Ui(/\n\"
(,~/\ 'i')Lf l!.\? li ~f /~ '( ll i 1
/ Vi:.) ~~~IT'," COL I. l '.t ,' f
50.
in euch a conflict, am~rgoa
n~viotor of th1) othor dosires,will not,
i:ioseib10) pit tad •ig,\irist 1.ni:,tho:c ieol~ted ueei:re it min;ht ',,;nl 1 hgve
"W.HJlcl uo1WUG'J.'• not oeofftwe it \?'SB in itself the r;t:congor, but bec,,i:rno
( e
l
it formed ~1 part of',). t.~t,rongel· unizort?e 01· D}'stor0." 'the stntem11n,111s
only tr.turnph o•,rer his deslro for preferment. w11on the two clttHh, if'
of pl noA imd popular aool-am,i t1 on. Thne, tho pr of)u.rnl $ lrr.nl f'ionncc o
:-the aentlmentia is soan in :-the fn(;t th11t thaJt a.re) the m,st imrorbmt
uouroe of our d.eoislona. · Aa we eh,iJ 1 :f'11rthor orn1Jh•1size, our (icts of
will flow from ou:r y.i:revailing
sentimantu.
---·---·---( l)61.
2. \/ill
--tion -
in, ae·,10
h,rv0 noted, n.lwnyc :1 :i"o:z.·m of voluntn:ry ~.ction;it
isalw~yr tho
rcGult
of a
volitlonor
oatof will.
Itthtn·oi'oro
organized aharootor.
action; in
deaira
wo npprehond
oauaoioualy
nnd
ulaarlVthn
end to
which our l1npulae i:-; dituotad, But tor tJHJ .ttot of w:tll to follow
btit w0 ruust ln H.ildition id.<:nr~ify 0ur1rnlves with
it
~ w i t h t'bo me-tt,il.:Jof aotii)n nBoasa~ry to :realize tha end. \,hen wo thus m~,ko tho o'b.iect
of our des :1.ra an r..im we art) fmid to hnvo s purJ~D.l!£, in v:tc~w, .<1nd
pu1'-poeive
action -nctlon
folloTiinr theformqtion of a purpono - is
form
ot
voliti·0n; 1.Ye wll.1 the nnd d.lrectly without fh'at hi:vlng tochoooe botwoen couflioting dos.lrtrn. But, tH3 n ruJe, ,,olition is
r,1.':)-Hbr;rve, a.nd in auch 11 onao tlm cifrn1t-H t1:~,t conquers tlm off(1ctive desire ...
dee is ion, '.\nd an act of dooll:llon, involv 1:ne:
un
it doas d01 ihurn.tion,tboup;h t. refloot i ,Ju, is thd hlgl:wut .form of tJie will; it iH tho
do::1lred end H~ b:r:D'll~.r,ht
tnto
cont,~rnt
witb all the rol,;vi.tnt $i3poctsof
wi 11 ~;e aro.
soufirnent mny eomo into oonfl iut w'i. th imothe:r t/tjei:t·r1 1111.rnmpatl ble,i wi tb