TOPIC 1 TOPIC 1
STOICHIOMETRIC STOICHIOMETRIC
RELATIONSHIPS RELATIONSHIPS
1.11.1
INTRODUCTION TO THE PARTICULATE INTRODUCTION TO THE PARTICULATE
NATURE OF MATTER AND CHEMICAL NATURE OF MATTER AND CHEMICAL
CHANGE CHANGE
By: Merinda Sautel Alameda Int’l Jr/Sr High School Lakewood, CO msautel@jeffco.k12.co.us
ESSENTIAL IDEA ESSENTIAL IDEA
Physical and chemical properties Physical and chemical properties
depend on the ways in which depend on the ways in which
different atoms combine.
different atoms combine.
NATURE OF SCIENCE (3.1) NATURE OF SCIENCE (3.1)
Making quantitative measurements with Making quantitative measurements with replicates to ensure reliability – definite and replicates to ensure reliability – definite and
multiple proportions.
multiple proportions.
INTERNATIONAL-MINDEDNESS INTERNATIONAL-MINDEDNESS
Chemical symbols and equations are Chemical symbols and equations are
international, enabling effective communication international, enabling effective communication amongst scientists without need for translation.
amongst scientists without need for translation.
IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) is the world authority in developing Chemistry) is the world authority in developing standardized nomenclature for both organic and standardized nomenclature for both organic and
inorganic compounds, inorganic compounds,
THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE
Chemical equations are the “language” of Chemical equations are the “language” of chemistry. How does the use of universal chemistry. How does the use of universal languages help and hinder the pursuit of languages help and hinder the pursuit of
knowledge?
knowledge?
Lavoisier’s discovery of oxygen, which Lavoisier’s discovery of oxygen, which
overturned the phlogiston theory of overturned the phlogiston theory of
combustion, is an example of a paradigm combustion, is an example of a paradigm
shift. How does scientific knowledge shift. How does scientific knowledge
progress?
progress?
UNDERSTANDINGS/KEY IDEA UNDERSTANDINGS/KEY IDEA
1.1.A 1.1.A
Atoms of different elements combine Atoms of different elements combine
in fixed ratios to form compounds, in fixed ratios to form compounds,
which have different properties from which have different properties from
their component elements.
their component elements.
UNDERSTANDINGS/KEY IDEA UNDERSTANDINGS/KEY IDEA
1.1.B 1.1.B
Mixtures contain more than one Mixtures contain more than one
element and/or compound that are element and/or compound that are
not chemically bonded together and not chemically bonded together and
so retain their individual properties.
so retain their individual properties.
UNDERSTANDINGS/KEY IDEA UNDERSTANDINGS/KEY IDEA
1.1.C 1.1.C
Mixtures are either homogeneous or Mixtures are either homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
heterogeneous.
Chemistry:
Chemistry:
Chemistry is the study of what Chemistry is the study of what
things are made up of, and the things are made up of, and the
changes that they undergo
changes that they undergo
MATTER
(Pure) Substances Mixtures
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Physical combinations of two or more substances
Uniform throughout, aka “solution”;
Think: smoothie
Not uniform throughout, distinct pieces;
Think: fruit salad
Pure Substances:
Pure Substances:
Elements & Compounds Elements & Compounds
occur naturally, same composition occur naturally, same composition
throughout the substance and everywhere throughout the substance and everywhere
in the world in the world
MATTER
(Pure) Substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Stuff that has mass and takes up space
Have a specific or definite composition
(homogeneous) Physical combinations or two or
more substances
Uniform throughout, aka “solution”;
Think: smoothie
Not uniform throughout, distinct pieces;
Think: fruit salad
Elements Elements
Elements: The simplest form of matterElements: The simplest form of matter
Cannot be broken down or separated into a Cannot be broken down or separated into a simpler substance
simpler substance
Building blocks for all other substancesBuilding blocks for all other substances
Found on the periodic table of elementsFound on the periodic table of elements
MATTER
(Pure) Substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Have a specific or definite composition
(homogeneous) Physical combinations of two or
more substances
Examples: iron sulfur, carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Uniform throughout, aka “solution”;
Think: smoothie
Not uniform throughout, distinct pieces;
Think: fruit salad
Compounds Compounds
Compounds: Compounds: ChemicalChemical combination of 2 or combination of 2 or more substances
more substances
Cannot be physically separatedCannot be physically separated
Have properties different than the elements Have properties different than the elements that are combined
that are combined
MATTER
(Pure) Substances Mixtures
Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Stuff that has mass and takes up space
Have a specific or definite composition
(homogeneous) Physical combinations of two or
more substances
Examples: iron sulfur, carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen
Examples: water,
salt, sugar Uniform throughout, aka “solution”;
Think: smoothie
Not uniform throughout, distinct pieces;
Think: fruit salad
APPLICATION/SKILLS APPLICATION/SKILLS
Be able to deduce chemical Be able to deduce chemical
equations when reactants and equations when reactants and
products are specified.
products are specified.
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a Atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction, they can only be
chemical reaction, they can only be rearranged.
rearranged.
The reactants (substances on the left side The reactants (substances on the left side of the arrow) are transformed into products of the arrow) are transformed into products
(substances on the right side of the arrow).
(substances on the right side of the arrow).
All chemical reactions must be balanced – All chemical reactions must be balanced – the number of atoms of each element
the number of atoms of each element must be the same on each side of the must be the same on each side of the
equation.
equation.
The coefficients in an equation give the The coefficients in an equation give the
molar ratios of the reactants and products.
molar ratios of the reactants and products.
2H2H2(g)2(g) + O + O2(g) 2(g) 2H 2H22OO(l)(l)
This tells us that 2 moles of hydrogen This tells us that 2 moles of hydrogen
react with 1 mole of oxygen to react with 1 mole of oxygen to
produce 2 moles of water.
produce 2 moles of water.
2H 2H
2(g)2(g)+ O + O
2(g) 2(g) 2H 2H
22O O
(l)(l) The mole ratio is a ratio of the coefficients The mole ratio is a ratio of the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.
in the balanced chemical equation.
When working stoichiometry problems, the When working stoichiometry problems, the coefficient for the unknown is always on
coefficient for the unknown is always on top.top.
The mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2 The mole ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is 2 to 1.
to 1.
The mole ratio of oxygen to water is 1 to 2.The mole ratio of oxygen to water is 1 to 2.
APPLICATION/SKILLS APPLICATION/SKILLS
Be able to apply the state Be able to apply the state
symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq) symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq)
in equations.
in equations.
2H 2H
2(g)2(g)+ O + O
2(g) 2(g) 2H 2H
22O O
(l)(l) The states of substances are indicated in parenthesis The states of substances are indicated in parenthesis next to the formula.
next to the formula.
Solid (s)Solid (s)
Liquid (l)Liquid (l)
Gas (g)Gas (g)
Aqueous solution (aq) – indicates that the ions are Aqueous solution (aq) – indicates that the ions are dissolved in water.
dissolved in water.
A single arrow A single arrow means the rxn essentially goes to means the rxn essentially goes to completion.
completion.
A double arrow means equilibrium.A double arrow means equilibrium.
APPLICATION/SKILLS APPLICATION/SKILLS
Be able to explain the Be able to explain the
observable changes in physical observable changes in physical
properties and temperature properties and temperature
during changes of state.
during changes of state.
Heating/Cooling Curve Heating/Cooling Curve
www.gcps.desire2learn.com www.gcps.desire2learn.com
APPLICATION/SKILLS APPLICATION/SKILLS
Be able to name the changes Be able to name the changes
of state – melting, freezing, of state – melting, freezing,
vaporization (evaporation and vaporization (evaporation and
boiling), condensation, boiling), condensation,
sublimation and deposition.
sublimation and deposition.
Melting: solid to liquid Melting: solid to liquid
Freezing: liquid to solid Freezing: liquid to solid
Vaporization: liquid to gas Vaporization: liquid to gas
Condensation: gas to liquid Condensation: gas to liquid
Sublimation: solid to gas Sublimation: solid to gas
Deposition: gas to solid Deposition: gas to solid
APPLICATION/SKILLS APPLICATION/SKILLS
Be able to balance a variety of Be able to balance a variety of
reaction types.
reaction types.
5 Basic Types of Reactions 5 Basic Types of Reactions
1. Combination or synthesis1. Combination or synthesis
2. Decomposition2. Decomposition
3. Single Replacement3. Single Replacement
4. Double Replacement4. Double Replacement
5. Combustion5. Combustion
Combination Combination
Reaction where 2 substances combine Reaction where 2 substances combine into a single substance.
into a single substance.
A + B → ABA + B → AB
Decomposition Decomposition
Reaction where 1 substance breaks into 2 Reaction where 1 substance breaks into 2 or more substances.
or more substances.
AB → A + B AB → A + B
Single Replacement Single Replacement
Reaction where an element replaces a Reaction where an element replaces a similarly charged ion in a compound.
similarly charged ion in a compound.
A + BC → B + AC A + BC → B + AC
Double Replacement Double Replacement
Reaction where two compounds react to Reaction where two compounds react to produce two new compounds.
produce two new compounds.
AD + BC → BD + AC AD + BC → BD + AC
Write the charges on top of the elements in Write the charges on top of the elements in
the reactants and exchange the positive the reactants and exchange the positive
ions to make new compounds.
ions to make new compounds.
You must have a positive followed by a You must have a positive followed by a
negative to make a compound.
negative to make a compound.
Combustion Combustion
Reaction where an element or Reaction where an element or
compound(usually a hydrocarbon) reacts with compound(usually a hydrocarbon) reacts with
oxygen.
oxygen.
A + OA + O22 → AO → AO22
CHCH22 + O + O22 → CO → CO22 + H + H22OO
The first example is simply a combination The first example is simply a combination
reaction.
reaction.
The second example with the hydrocarbon The second example with the hydrocarbon
always produces CO
always produces CO22 and H and H22O.O.
Citations Citations
International Baccalaureate Organization. Chemistry Guide, First International Baccalaureate Organization. Chemistry Guide, First assessment 2016. Updated 2015.
assessment 2016. Updated 2015.
Brown, Catrin, and Mike Ford.
Brown, Catrin, and Mike Ford. Higher Level ChemistryHigher Level Chemistry. 2nd ed. . 2nd ed.
N.p.: Pearson Baccalaureate, 2014. Print.
N.p.: Pearson Baccalaureate, 2014. Print.
ISBN 978 1 447 95975 5 ISBN 978 1 447 95975 5 eBook 978 1 447 95976 2 eBook 978 1 447 95976 2
Most of the information found in this power point comes directly Most of the information found in this power point comes directly from this textbook.
from this textbook.
The power point has been made to directly complement the Higher The power point has been made to directly complement the Higher Level Chemistry textbook by Brown and Ford and is used for direct Level Chemistry textbook by Brown and Ford and is used for direct instructional purposes only.
instructional purposes only.