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L1: Influence of an outlier in x-direction
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LMS: Influence of an outlier in y-direction
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LMS: Influence of an outlier in x-direction
y R2 -4 -2 0 2 4 0.70 0.80 0.90
BS: Influence of an outlier in y-direction
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BS: Influence of an outlier in x-direction
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