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Business cycle evidence on firm entry

Vivien Lewis

Discussion Paper

Series 1: Economic Studies

No 08/2008

Discussion Papers represent the authors’ personal opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Deutsche Bundesbank or its staff.

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Editorial Board:

Heinz

Herrmann

Thilo

Liebig

Karl-Heinz

Tödter

Deutsche Bundesbank, Wilhelm-Epstein-Strasse 14, 60431 Frankfurt am Main,

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Tel +49 69 9566-1

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Please address all orders in writing to: Deutsche Bundesbank,

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Internet http://www.bundesbank.de

Reproduction permitted only if source is stated.

ISBN

978-

3–86558–

394

9

(Printversion)

ISBN

978-

3–86558–

395

6

(Internetversion)

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(29)

21

The following Discussion Papers have been published since 2007:

Series 1: Economic Studies

01

2007

The effect of FDI on job separation

Sascha O. Becker

Marc-Andreas

Mündler

02

2007

Threshold dynamics of short-term interest rates:

empirical evidence and implications for the

Theofanis Archontakis

term structure

Wolfgang Lemke

03

2007

Price setting in the euro area:

Dias, Dossche, Gautier

some stylised facts from individual

Hernando, Sabbatini

producer price data

Stahl, Vermeulen

04

2007

Unemployment and employment protection

in a unionized economy with search frictions

Nikolai Stähler

05

2007

End-user order flow and exchange rate dynamics S. Reitz, M. A. Schmidt

M.

P.

Taylor

06

2007

Money-based interest rate rules:

C. Gerberding

lessons from German data

F. Seitz, A. Worms

07

2007

Moral hazard and bail-out in fiscal federations: Kirsten H. Heppke-Falk

evidence for the German Länder

Guntram B. Wolff

08

2007

An assessment of the trends in international

price competitiveness among EMU countries

Christoph Fischer

09

2007

Reconsidering the role of monetary indicators

for euro area inflation from a Bayesian

Michael Scharnagl

perspective using group inclusion probabilities Christian Schumacher

10

2007

A note on the coefficient of determination in

Jeong-Ryeol Kurz-Kim

(30)

22

11

2007

Exchange rate dynamics in a target zone -

Christian Bauer

a heterogeneous expectations approach

Paul De Grauwe, Stefan Reitz

12

2007

Money and housing -

Claus Greiber

evidence for the euro area and the US

Ralph Setzer

13

2007

An affine macro-finance term structure model

for the euro area

Wolfgang Lemke

14

2007

Does anticipation of government spending matter? Jörn Tenhofen

Evidence from an expectation augmented VAR Guntram B. Wolff

15

2007

On-the-job search and the cyclical dynamics

Michael Krause

of the labor market

Thomas Lubik

16

2007

Heterogeneous expectations, learning and

European inflation dynamics

Anke Weber

17

2007

Does intra-firm bargaining matter for

Michael Krause

business cycle dynamics?

Thomas Lubik

18

2007

Uncertainty about perceived inflation target

Kosuke Aoki

and monetary policy

Takeshi Kimura

19

2007

The rationality and reliability of expectations

reported by British households: micro evidence James Mitchell

from the British household panel survey

Martin Weale

20

2007

Money in monetary policy design under

uncertainty:

the

Two-Pillar

Phillips Curve

Günter W. Beck

versus ECB-style cross-checking

Volker Wieland

21

2007

Corporate marginal tax rate, tax loss carryforwards

and investment functions – empirical analysis

(31)

23

22

2007

Volatile multinationals? Evidence from the

Claudia M. Buch

labor demand of German firms

Alexander Lipponer

23

2007

International investment positions and

Michael Binder

exchange rate dynamics: a dynamic panel analysis Christian J. Offermanns

24

2007

Testing for contemporary fiscal policy discretion

Ulf von Kalckreuth

with real time data

Guntram B. Wolff

25

2007

Quantifying risk and uncertainty

Malte Knüppel

in macroeconomic forecasts

Karl-Heinz Tödter

26

2007

Taxing deficits to restrain government

spending and foster capital accumulation

Nikolai Stähler

27

2007

Spill-over effects of monetary policy – a progress

report on interest rate convergence in Europe

Michael Flad

28

2007

The timing and magnitude of exchange rate

Hoffmann

overshooting

Sondergaard,

Westelius

29

2007

The timeless perspective vs. discretion: theory and

monetary policy implications for an open economy Alfred V. Guender

30

2007

International cooperation on innovation: empirical Pedro Faria

evidence for German and Portuguese firms

Tobias Schmidt

31

2007

Simple interest rate rules with a role for money

M. Scharnagl

C. Gerberding, F. Seitz

32

2007

Does Benford’s law hold in economic Stefan

Günnel

research and forecasting?

Karl-Heinz Tödter

33

2007

The welfare effects of inflation:

Karl-Heinz Tödter

(32)

24

34

2007

Factor-MIDAS for now- and forecasting with

ragged-edge data: a model comparison for

Massimiliano Marcellino

German

GDP

Christian

Schumacher

35

2007

Monetary policy and core inflation

Michele Lenza

01

2008

Can capacity constraints explain

asymmetries of the business cycle?

Malte Knüppel

02

2008

Communication, decision-making and the

optimal degree of transparency of monetary

policy

committees

Anke

Weber

03

2008

The impact of thin-capitalization rules on

Buettner, Overesch

multinationals’ financing and investment decisions Schreiber, Wamser

04

2008

Comparing the DSGE model with the factor model:

an out-of-sample forecasting experiment

Mu-Chun Wang

05

2008

Financial markets and the current account –

Sabine Herrmann

emerging Europe versus emerging Asia

Adalbert Winkler

06

2008

The German sub-national government bond

Alexander Schulz

market: evolution, yields and liquidity

Guntram B. Wolff

07

2008

Integration of financial markets and national

Mathias Hoffmann

price levels: the role of exchange rate volatility

Peter Tillmann

(33)

25

Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies

01

2007

Granularity adjustment for Basel II

Michael B. Gordy

Eva

Lütkebohmert

02

2007

Efficient, profitable and safe banking:

an oxymoron? Evidence from a panel

Michael Koetter

VAR approach

Daniel Porath

03

2007

Slippery slopes of stress: ordered failure

Thomas Kick

events in German banking

Michael Koetter

04

2007

Open-end real estate funds in Germany –

C. E. Bannier

genesis

and

crisis

F. Fecht, M. Tyrell

05

2007

Diversification and the banks’

risk-return-characteristics – evidence from

A. Behr, A. Kamp

loan portfolios of German banks

C. Memmel, A. Pfingsten

06

2007

How do banks adjust their capital ratios?

Christoph Memmel

Evidence from Germany

Peter Raupach

07

2007

Modelling dynamic portfolio risk using

Rafael Schmidt

risk drivers of elliptical processes

Christian Schmieder

08

2007

Time-varying contributions by the corporate bond

and CDS markets to credit risk price discovery Niko Dötz

09

2007

Banking consolidation and small business

K. Marsch, C. Schmieder

finance – empirical evidence for Germany

K. Forster-van Aerssen

10

2007

The quality of banking and regional growth

Hasan, Koetter, Wedow

11

2007

Welfare effects of financial integration

Fecht, Grüner, Hartmann

12

2007

The marketability of bank assets and managerial Falko Fecht

(34)

26

13

2007

Asset correlations and credit portfolio risk –

K. Düllmann, M. Scheicher

an empirical analysis

C. Schmieder

14

2007

Relationship lending – empirical evidence

C. Memmel

for Germany

C. Schmieder, I. Stein

15

2007

Creditor concentration: an empirical investigation S. Ongena, G.Tümer-Alkan

N.

von

Westernhagen

16

2007

Endogenous credit derivatives and bank behaviour Thilo Pausch

17

2007

Profitability of Western European banking

systems: panel evidence on structural and

cyclical determinants

Rainer Beckmann

18

2007

Estimating probabilities of default with

W. K. Härdle

support vector machines

R. A. Moro, D. Schäfer

01

2008

Analyzing the interest rate risk of banks

using time series of accounting-based data:

O. Entrop, C. Memmel

evidence from Germany

M. Wilkens, A. Zeisler

02

2008

Bank mergers and the dynamics of

Ben R. Craig

deposit interest rates

Valeriya Dinger

03

2008

Monetary policy and bank distress:

F. de Graeve

(35)

27

Visiting researcher at the Deutsche Bundesbank

The Deutsche Bundesbank in Frankfurt is looking for a visiting researcher. Among others

under certain conditions visiting researchers have access to a wide range of data in the

Bundesbank. They include micro data on firms and banks not available in the public.

Visitors should prepare a research project during their stay at the Bundesbank. Candidates

must hold a Ph D and be engaged in the field of either macroeconomics and monetary

economics, financial markets or international economics. Proposed research projects

should be from these fields. The visiting term will be from 3 to 6 months. Salary is

commensurate with experience.

Applicants are requested to send a CV, copies of recent papers, letters of reference and a

proposal for a research project to:

Deutsche Bundesbank

Personalabteilung

Wilhelm-Epstein-Str. 14

60431 Frankfurt

(36)

References

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