Avalon Direct English [Book 3]

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AVALON DIRECT ENGLISH

BOOK 3

Teacher Handbook

UPPER-INTERMEDIATE

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Unit 1

5 Unit 1

v. to behave n. behaviour

Your behaviour is the way you say and do things. Q. Would you behave politely at a job interview ? A. Yes, I would behave very politely at a job interview.

Q. How does people’s behaviour change when they get drunk ? A. People become more confident and talk loudly when they get drunk. Q. What kind of behaviour annoys you the most in other people ? A. Arrogant behaviour annoys me the most in other people.

Q. How do people behave when they are angry ? A. People shout when they're angry.

Q. How do people behave when they are sad ? A. People cry when they're sad.

Q. How do people behave when they are nervous ? A. People walk up and down when they're nervous.

NB. to behave yourself = behave well

Q. Did you always behave yourself when you were a child ? A. No, I didn't always behave myself when I was a child.

Q. Do people always behave themselves at a party ? A. No, people don't always behave themselves at a party.

adj. arrogant

adj. big-headed (informal)

If you are arrogant/big-headed, you are too confident and your behaviour annoys people. Arrogant people often think they are better than other people.

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Q. Do you know any arrogant people ? A. Yes, I know some arrogant people.

Q. Are very successful people often quite arrogant ? A. Yes, very successful people are often quite arrogant.

Q. Would I be bigheaded if I said I was the best teacher in the school ?

A. Yes, you would be bigheaded if you said you were the best teacher in this school.

v. to boast

adj. modest

When you boast, you talk about how good you are at something in an arrogant way.

To be modest is the opposite of to boast.

Q. What kind of things do children often boast about ? A. Children often boast about their new toys.

Q. How good is your English ? A. My English is very good.

Q. Are you being modest or bigheaded? A. I'm being bigheaded.

Q. Do you think it is arrogant for people to boast about how much money they have ?

A. Yes, I think it's arrogant for people to boast about how much money they have.

Q. If you can do something very well, do you think it is better to boast or to be modest about it ?

A. If you can do something very well, I think it's better to be modest about it.

6 Unit 1

v. to share

adj. generous

adj. selfish

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If someone is generous they are happy to share something. If someone is selfish, they don’t want to share what they have. eg. Children from large families usually share a bedroom.

Q. Have you ever shared a room with anyone ? A. No, I've never shared a room with anyone.

Q. Are children often quite selfish ? A. Yes, children are often quite selfish.

Q. Would you be generous or selfish if you didn’t share your birthday cake with your friends ?

A. I would be selfish if I didn’t share my birthday cake with my friends. Q. Would you be happy to share your book with another student ? A. Yes, I'd be happy to share my book with another student.

Q. Are you generous when you buy presents for your family ? A. Yes, I'm generous when I buy presents for my family.

Q. Would you be more generous if you had more money ? A. Yes, I would be more generous if I had more money.

Q. Give me an example of selfish behaviour.

A. Children not sharing their toys is an example of selfish behaviour.

adj. greedy

n. greed

Q. Do greedy people like sharing things ? A. No, greedy people don't like sharing things. Q. What animals are famous for being greedy ? A. Pigs are famous for being greedy.

Q. Do you think greed is always a bad thing ? A. Yes, I think greed is always a bad thing.

Q. What is the difference between greedy and selfish ?

A. The difference between greedy and selfish is that if you're greedy you always want more of something and if you are selfish you will not share your things.

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n. mood

n. temper

Your mood is how you feel emotionally.

e.g. People usually smile and laugh a lot when they are in a good mood. If you have a bad temper you become angry very easily.

If you lose your temper you get angry.

eg. People shout and scream when they lose their temper. Q. Are you in a good mood today ?

A. Yes, I'm in a very good mood today.

Q. How do people behave when they lose their temper ? A. People shout and scream when they lose their temper. Q. Do you know anyone who has a really bad temper ? A .Yes, my brother has a really bad temper.

Q. Have you ever lost your temper when driving ? A. Yes, I have lost my temper when driving.

Q. What kind of things put you in a good mood ? A. Nice music puts me in a good mood.

Q. What kind of things put you in a bad mood ? A. Crowded trains put me in a bad mood.

adj. stubborn

adj. pigheaded

Stubborn people think they are right about something and won’t change their mind.

Pigheaded is an informal way of saying stubborn. Q. Are you ever stubborn in an argument ? A. Yes, I'm often stubborn in an argument.

Q. What animal is famous for being stubborn ? A. The mule is famous for being stubborn.

Q. What is the difference between pigheaded and bigheaded? A. The difference between pigheaded and bigheaded is that pigheaded means stubborn and bigheaded means arrogant.

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7 Unit 1

v. to encourage

n. encouragement

If you encourage someone you help them and try to give them confidence.

eg. My parents encouraged me to study hard at school. Shy children often need a lot of encouragement.

Q. Do your teachers encourage you to speak good English ? A. Yes, my teachers encourage me to speak good English.

Q. Do parents usually encourage their children to smoke and drink? A. No, parents don't usually encourage their children to smoke and drink. Q. Did you get enough encouragement from your teachers when you were at school ?

A. Yes, I got enough encouragement from my teachers when I was at school.

Q. What kind of things did your parents encourage you to do while you were growing up ?

A. My parents encouraged me to study hard and be polite while I was growing up.

Q. Would you feel encouraged if I told you that your English was improving ?

A. Yes, I would feel encouraged if you told me that my English was improving.

v. to cause

= to make something happen

= to be the reason why something happens

n. cause

eg. Bad weather often causes road accidents. Q. Do you think unemployment causes crime? A. Yes, I think unemployment causes crime.

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A. Accidents can be caused by bad weather.

Q. What kind of health problems are often caused by smoking ? A. Lung cancer and heart disease are often caused by smoking. Q. What are some of the causes of pollution in your country? A. Cars and factories are some of the causes of pollution in my country.

v. to make someone do something

If you make someone do something you want them to do it, and so you cause them to do it.

eg. My mother always made me wash my hands before eating dinner. Q. Did your parents make you eat healthy vegetables when you were a child ?

A. Yes, my parents always made me eat healthy vegetables when I was a child.

Q. Do I make you repeat the sentence if you make a lot of mistakes? A. Yes, you make me repeat the sentence if I make a lot of mistakes. Q. Have you ever made someone do something that they didn’t want to do ?

A. Yes, I made my brother smoke a cigarette when he was 5 years old. Q. What kind of behaviour can make you lose your temper ?

A. Arrogant and rude behaviour can make you lose your temper.

v. to force someone to do something

n. force

To force has a similar meaning to to make someone do something but it is stronger.

If you are forced to do something, you don’t want to do it but you have no choice.

eg. The bank robber forced the frightened man to give him the money. The police sometimes have to use force when arresting criminals. Q. Have you ever been forced to eat food that you didn’t like ? A. No, I've never been forced to eat food that I didn’t like.

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Q. Are young men forced to join the army in your country ? A. No, young men aren't forced to join the army in my country.

Q. Are you being forced to study English ? A. No, I'm not being forced to study English. 8 Unit 1

Q. Is it better to use force or encouragement when teaching children ?

A. It's better to use encouragement when teaching children. Q. What are the armed forces ?

A. The army, the navy and the air force are the armed forces. Q. What kind of people use force to get what they want ? A. Soldiers and policemen use force to get what they want.

Q. Is it easy to make a stubborn person change their mind ? A. No, it's very difficult to make a stubborn person change their mind. Q. I f you became very rich and successful, would you be more arrogant ?

A .Yes, if I became rich and successful, I would be more arrogant.

v. to order

n. order

To order has two meanings.

1. to order someone to do something.

v expr. to give orders v expr. to follow orders

To order means to tell someone to do something but it is much stronger. If you are ordered to do something you must do it.

eg. The soldiers were ordered to swim across the river NB. We always use the imperative to give an order. eg. Clean your gun!

Don’t touch that!

Q. What kind of people give orders ? A. Soldiers give orders.

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Q. If you are ordered to do something, do you have to do it ? A. Yes, if you're ordered to do something, you have to do it.

Q. Have you ever given an order ? A. Yes, I've given an order.

Q. Has your boss ever ordered you to do something ? A. Yes, my boss's ordered me to do something.

2. to order something from someone n. course

You order food in a restaurant from a waiter or waitress.

A meal may have three courses : a starter, main course and a dessert.

You can also study a course at university or college. Q. Who takes your order in a restaurant ?

A. A waiter or a waitress takes my order in a restaurant.

Q. Do you usually order more than one course in a restaurant ? A. Yes, I usually order more than one course in a restaurant.

Q. What is your favourite starter/dessert ? A. Ice cream is my favourite dessert.

Q. What kind of course are you studying here ? A. I'm studying a Direct English course here.

Q. Have you been to university ? A. Yes, I went to university 5 years ago. Q. What course did you study ? A. I studied a course in mathematics.

v. to punish

n. punishment

Q. Were you ever punished at school ? A. Yes, I was punished at school.

Q. What for ? A. For being rude.

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A. I had to stand in the corner of the room for 20 minutes.

8 Unit 1

Q. What is a common punishment for criminals ? A. Imprisonment is a common punishment for criminals.

Q. Do you think teachers should be allowed to physically punish school children ?

A. No, I don't think teachers should be allowed to physically punish school children.

Q. What kind of things do teachers/parents force children to do as a punishment ?

A. Parents force children to clean their room as a punishment.

n. judge

n. trial

n. court

A trial is when a court decides if a person is guilty or innocent Q. Who is the most important person in a court ?

A. The judge is the most important person in a court.

Q. What does a judge have to decide at the end of a trial ?

A. The judge has to decide the punishment or, in some countries, if the person is guilty or innocent at the end of a trial.

Q. Have there been any famous trials recently ? A. No, there haven't been any famous trials recently.

v. to kill

v./n. to murder

n. murderer

To murder means to kill someone illegally Q. Which animals are killed for food ?

A. Cows and sheep are killed for food. Q. Have you ever killed an animal ? A. No, I've never killed an animal.

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A. Life imprisonment is the punishment for murder in my country. Q. Can you think of any famous murderers ?

A. Jack The Ripper was a famous murderer.

n. blood

n. fingerprint

Q. What colour is blood ? A. Blood is red.

Q. What does blood carry around the body ?* A. Blood carries oxygen around the body.

Q. Do the police take your fingerprints if you are arrested ? A. Yes, the police take your fingerprints if you're arrested.

Q. Why do criminals often wear gloves ?

A. Criminals often wear gloves because they don't want to leave fingerprints.

v. to prove

n. evidence (uncountable)

The facts that show if something is true or not are called evidence.

The verb to prove means to show that something is true by using evidence.

Q. What is your name ? A. My name's Craig Sargent. Q. How can you prove it ?

A. I can prove it by showing you my driving licence.

Q. What do you have to carry when you travel abroad to prove your nationality ?

A. You have to carry your passport when you travel abroad to prove your nationality.

Q. Is there any evidence to prove that aliens have landed on earth ? A. No, there isn't any evidence to prove that aliens have landed on earth. Q. What kind of evidence do the police look for when there is a murder ?

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Q. What do we call the people who try to prove that someone is innocent or guilty in court ?

A. Lawyers try to prove that someone is innocent or guilty in court. 10 Unit 1

v. to identify n. identity / I.D.

n. identity card

Q. What does an identity card prove ?

A. An identity card proves your name and nationality.

Q. Do you have to carry your identity card at all times ? A. Yes, I have to carry my identity card at all times.

Q. How do the police identify criminals ?*

A. The police identify criminals by using fingerprints.

Q. Can you identify the mistakes in these sentences ? a. My friend behaved very bad at the party.

A. The mistake is bad because we say 'My friend behaved very badly at the party.'

b. He has arrived three days ago.

A. The mistake is has because we say 'He arrived three days ago.' c. I found the word by look it up in my dictionary.

A. The mistake is look because we say 'I found the word by looking it up in my dictionary.'

v. to predict n. prediction n. weather forecast

To predict means to say what you think will happen in the future.

eg. When people gamble, they try to predict the result of a sporting event.

Q. Is it easy to predict the result of a horse race ? A. No, it's quite difficult to predict the result of a horse race.

Q. What different ways are there of trying to predict the future ?* A. There are many different ways of trying to predict the future, for example we can use crystal balls, stars and Tarot cards.

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Q. Make a prediction about your future.

A. I think I'll be very rich and have a beautiful wife. Q. What do they predict on the weather forecast ? A. They predict the weather on the weather forecast.

Q. Can you think of anyone who was famous for making predictions?

A. Nostradamus was famous for making predictions.

predictions using to be going to / will

We can use both will and to be going to when we predict the future, but there is an important difference between the two kinds of prediction. 1. Predictions using to be going to.

When we make a prediction about the future because of evidence we know or see in the present, we usually use to be going to.

eg Look at those dark clouds in the sky, it’s going to rain soon. Q. Make predictions using ‘to be going to’ from this evidence: a. Your friend always drives too fast.*

A. He's going to have an accident.

b. Your team is playing very well in a football match.* A. They're going to win.

c. You have drunk too much wine.* A. I'm going to be sick.

2. Predictions using will.

When we make a prediction about the future that expresses our opinions but we are not sure because we don’t have much evidence, we usually use will.

Because we are not sure we often say ‘I think (that) something will happen’ or ‘something will probably happen’.

eg. I think an African country will win the World Cup in the next ten years.

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Q. What time do you think you’ll get home this evening ? A. I think I'll get home at about 6 o'clock this evening.

11 Unit 1

Q. Do you think every home will have a computer soon ? A. Yes, I think every home will have a computer soon.

Q. What kind of changes will happen in your life in the next ten years ?

A. I think I'll get married and have children in the next ten years. Exercise

Choose wil l or to be going to for these sentences.

1. That woman is really angry. I think she is going to hit (to hit) that man. 2. I think it will be (to be) a really good party tonight.

3. Too many people are dancing on the table, it is going to break (to break).

4. I think people will go (to go) on holiday to the Moon next century.

v. to slap

v. to smack

Q. Have you ever slapped someone because you were angry ? A. Yes, I slapped one of my friends at school.

Q. Would it hurt if you were smacked in the face by the ball in a game of football ?

A. Yes, it would hurt if you were smacked in the face by the ball in a game of football.

Q. Do you think it’s right for parents to punish their children by smacking if they are badly behaved ?

A. No, I don't think it’s right for parents to punish their children by smacking if they are badly behaved.

v. to punch

n. fist

Q. In what sport do people punch each other ? A. People punch each other in boxing.

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A. Boxers wear boxing gloves on their fists.

Q. Apart from punching something, why might you make your hand into a fist ?

A. Apart from punching something, you might make your hand into a fist if you were holding something very tightly.

v. to bully

n. bully

Q. Do older children often bully younger ones ? A. Yes, older children often bully younger ones.

Q. Do you think bullying is a common problem in schools ? A. Yes, I think bullying is a common problem in schools.

Q. Do people ever get bullied at work ? A. Yes, people sometimes get bullied at work.

Q. How do you think school bullies ought to be punished ?

A. I think school bullies ought to be punished by doing extra homework.

v. to forgive

forgave forgiven

If you forgive someone who has done something wrong, you stop being angry with them and you don’t want to punish them any more.

eg. My friend was very angry because I broke her toy, but she forgave me when I bought her a new one.

Q. Is it always easy to forgive people who have done bad things to us ?

A. No, it's sometimes very difficult to forgive people who've done bad things to us.

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Q. Do you think it’s better to punish criminals or to forgive them ? A. I think it’s better to punish criminals.

Q. Would you forgive me if I laughed at your mistakes in the lesson?

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A. No, I wouldn't forgive you if you laughed at my mistakes in the lesson. Q. Would you forgive someone if they broke an important promise ? A. Yes, I might forgive someone if they broke an important promise.

phr v.

to make (something) up

phr v.

to tell (someone) off

n.

excuse

Q. What kind of excuses do people often give for being late ? A. People often say that their train was delayed when they are late.

Q. Do children make things up when they don’t want to tell the truth?

A. Yes, children often make things up when they don’t want to tell the truth.

Q. My mother was the first woman in space. Do you believe me or do you think I am making it up ?

A. I think you're making it up.

Q. Do you always tell the truth when you are late or do you sometimes make up excuses ?

A. I sometimes make up excuses when I'm late.

Q. Do parents tell their children off for making a mess ? A. Yes, parents tell their children off for making a mess.

Q. Did your teachers ever tell you off at school for not doing your homework ?

A. Yes, my teachers sometimes told me of for not doing my homework. Q. I f your child got their clothes dirty would you smack them or tell them off ?

A. I f my child got their clothes dirty, I would tell them off. Q. Who could order you to open your suitcase ? A. A customs officer could order me to open my suitcase. Q. Who could order you to get out of your car ?

A. A policeman could order me to get out of my car.

Q. Why might someone slap your face in an emergency ?

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Unit 2

13 Unit 2

adj. valuable

adj. worthless

If something costs a lot or is very important, it is valuable. Worthless is the opposite.

Q. Are you wearing anything valuable ? A. No, I'm not wearing anything valuable.

Q. Do you think a good education is valuable ? A. Yes, I think a good education is valuable.

Q. Are old stamps always worthless ?

A. No, old stamps are sometimes very valuable. Q. Are your friends valuable to you ?

A. Yes, my friends are valuable to me.

adj. precious n. jewellery (uncountable)

n. stone

Q. Give me an example of a precious stone. A. A diamond is an example of a precious stone. Q. Give me an example of a precious metal. A. Gold is an example of a precious metal.

Q. What kind of jewellery is it traditional to give your husband/wife at a wedding ?

A. It's traditional to give your wife a ring at a wedding. Q. What kind of jewellery often has precious stones ? A. Necklaces often have precious stones.

Q. What kind of things are made out of stone ? A. Walls and cathedrals are made out of stone.

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v. to be worth

If something is worth Ł10, you would get Ł10 if you sold it.

eg. My watch cost Ł100 when I bought it but it is only worth about Ł50 now.

Q. How much did you pay for your watch? A. I paid Ł50 for my watch.

Q. When did you buy it ? A. I bought it 2 years ago.

Q. How much do you think it is worth now? A. I think it's worth about Ł20 now.

Q. How much do you think my ring is worth? * A. I think your ring's worth about Ł250 now.

Q. What kind of things are worth more the longer you keep them ? A. Antiques, pictures and wine are all worth more the longer you keep them.

Q. Are holidays always worth the money ? A. No, holidays are not always worth the money.

expr. to be worth + gerund

If something is worth doing it’s a good idea and there are good reasons to do it.

If something isn’t worth doing it’s probably a waste of time. eg. It is worth looking up new words in a dictionary.

It is not worth washing your car while its raining. Q. Is it worth learning English ?

A. Yes, it's worth learning English.

Q. Do you think it’s worth spending a lot of money on good food ? A. Yes, I think it’s worth spending a lot of money on good food.

Q. Do you think it’s worth spending a lot of money on an expensive car ?

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A. No, I don't think it’s worth spending a lot of money on an expensive car.

Q. Do you think it is worth having a smoke alarm at home? A. Yes, I think it's worth having a smoke alarm at home.

14 Unit 2

Q. Is it worth learning a foreign language if you are going to work in that country ?

A. Yes, it's worth learning a foreign language if you're going to work in that country.

Q. Is it worth learning a foreign language if you are going on a short holiday ?

A. No, it isn't worth learning a foreign language if you're going on a short holiday.

Q. How much do you think it is worth spending on a haircut ? A. I think it's worth spending about Ł10 on a haircut.

linking words and clauses

1. And, but, because, when, while and if are all examples of linking words.

We use linking words to join two sentences together.

When sentences are joined together by a linking word we call them clauses.

I went home. I was ill. = two sentences

I went home because I was ill. = one sentence

This sentence has two clauses joined by the linking word ‘because’. Remember that a clause always has a verb in it.

2. A linking word can go between the two clauses or at the beginning.

eg. If the fax is not working, you should post the information. OR You should post the information if the fax is not working.

When the linking word is at the beginning, there should be a comma (,) between the clauses.

Not all linking words can go in both places. ‘And’ can only go in the middle.

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The linking word ‘and’ cannot be moved to the beginning. exercise

Put the following l inking words into these sentences. after before so while because but if

1. I’ll wait here in the car while you go and buy some cigarettes.

2. Because you are my friend I will lend you the money that you need. 3. Before she met me, she was married to a film star.

4. You have finished all your work so you can go home. 5. I have to take a shower after playing tennis.

6. If anyone wants me, you can find me in the office.

v. to treat

n. treatment

1. the way people treat you is the way they behave towards you eg. I left my job because my boss treated me badly.

Q. If you kicked a dog, would you be treating it well or badly ? A. If you kicked a dog, you'd be treating it badly.

Q. Do you always treat strangers politely ? A. Yes, I always treat strangers politely.

Q. Would you leave a good job if you were treated badly? A. Yes, I would leave a good job if I were treated badly.

Q. Do we always treat our friends and family well ? A. No, we don't always treat our friends and family well. 15 Unit 2

2. to treat someone like + noun

eg. My grandparents still treated me like a child when I was 25. Q. Do they sometimes treat you like a criminal at customs ? A. Yes, they sometimes treat you like a criminal at customs.

Q. Have you ever had a job where your boss treated you like a child?

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3. to try to cure an illness or an ill person eg. Doctors treat patients in hospital.

Paracetamol is a good treatment for a headache. Q. Who treats patients in a hospital?

A. Doctors treat patients in a hospital.

Q. Have you ever been treated in hospital? A. Yes, I was treated for a broken arm last year. Q. What is the best treatment for a hangover ?

A. I think drinking water is the best treatment for a hangover. Q. What do we call people who treat sick animals?

A. We call people who treat sick animals vets.

adj. gentle

adj. rough

Q. Would you treat a baby roughly or gently? A. I'd treat a baby gently.

Q. Have you ever been treated roughly by anyone? A. Yes, I've been treated roughly by my brother.

Q. What kind of sports are very rough? A. American football and rugby are very rough.

Q. What kind of people have to have a gentle touch?* A. Doctors have to have a gentle touch.

n. situation

We use the word situation to talk about what is happening in a particular place at a particular time.

eg. It was an embarrassing situation when I didn’t have enough money to pay for dinner.

Q. Have you ever been in a really embarrassing situation? A. Yes, I went shopping last week and left my money at home. Q. Have you ever been in a dangerous situation ?

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A. No, I've never been in a dangerous situation.

Q. If you were unhappy with your situation at work, what would you do ?

A. I would resign if I were unhappy with my situation at work. Q. In what kind of situation would you give an order ? A. You would give an order if you were a boss.

Q. In what kind of situation would you behave very politely ? A. You'd behave very politely in a job interview.

adj. temporary

adj. permanent

If something is temporary, we know it will not continue for a long time. The opposite of temporary is permanent.

Q. Is a summer job temporary or permanent? A. A summer job is temporary.

Q. Do you have a permanent job?

A. Yes, I have a permanent job in my country. Q. Are you living in this city temporarily? A. Yes, I'm living in this city temporarily

.

Q. What is your permanent address?

A. My permanent address is 10, Oxford Street, London, United Kigdom. 16 Unit 2

Q. What can cause permanent damage to your health? A. Smoking can cause permanent damage to your health. Q. Give me some examples of temporary accommodation.

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continuous tenses for temporary situations

We often use continuous tenses for temporary situations. eg. I live in London.

I am living with my brother (while I look for some accommodation). eg. I worked for the government for five years.

I was working on a farm last summer. Q. Where are you living at the moment? A. I'm living in London at the moment. Q. Is that where you usually live? A. No, it's not where I usually live.

Q. Are you working at the moment ? A. Yes, I'm working at the moment. Q. Is that your permanent job? A. Yes, it's my permanent job.

Q. What were you doing at this time last year?

A. I was working on a farm in the south of France at this time last year. Q. Were you living in the same place last year as you are now? A. No, I wasn't living in the same place last year as I am now.

Q. Is it worth recycling things or do you think it is a waste of time? A. I think it's worth recycling things.

Q. Tell the class about a dangerous situation you have been in. A. I went swimming with sharks in Australia 2 years ago.

v. to affect

n. effect

To affect means to cause a change in something. eg. Pollution affects the environment.

What you eat has an effect on your health. Q. Does the weather affect your mood?

A. Yes, the weather sometimes affects my mood. Q. How does alcohol affect your mood?

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A. Alcohols makes me feel happy.

Q. What kind of things have a bad effect on the environment? A. Pollution has a bad effect on the environment.

Q. Do smoking and drinking have good or bad effects on people’s health?

A. Smoking and drinking have bad effects on people’s health. Q. How do they affect our health ?

A. Smoking causes lung cancer and drinking causes high blood pressure.

the present perfect continuous

The construction of the present perfect continuous is : subject + have been + present participle

eg. We have been working hard.

1. We use this tense for an action that started in the past and is still happening in the present.

eg. I have been waiting here for half an hour.

(I started waiting half an hour ago and I’m still waiting now.)

Q. How long have you been learning English at this school? A. I've been learning English at this school for one year.

Q. How long have you been living in this city? A. I've been living in this city for 2 years.

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2. There are three kinds of situation when we use the present perfect continuous.

i. To talk about how long something has been happening, particularly with temporary situations.

eg. He has been working on a farm all summer.

Q. How long have you been sitting in this classroom ? A. I've been sitting in this classroom for about half an hour.

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Q. How long have I been teaching English? A. You've been teaching me English for 6 weeks. Q. How long have you been studying book 3? A. I've been studying book 3 for 2 weeks.

Q. How long have you been wearing that shirt? A. I've been working this shirt for 6 hours.

ii. Recent actions that cause present effects.

eg. My clothes are dirty. I have been working in the garden.

Q. Use the present perfect continuous to give reasons for these situations.

eg. His hands are dirty. He has been repairing his bicycle. a. The streets are wet. What has been happening ? A. It has been raining.

b. He is very tired. What has he been doing ? A. He's been working very hard.

c. Her English is much better than it used to be. . What has she been doing ?

A. She's been practicing a lot.

d. He doesn’t understand what the teacher is talking about. What hasn’t he been doing ?

A. He hasn't been listening.

e. Her eyes are red. What has she been doing ? A. She's been crying.

iii. We use the present perfect continuous for recent habits or repeated activities.

eg. My wife has been getting home very late from work recently. Q. Have you been sleeping well recently?

A. Yes, I've been sleeping very well recently. Q. Have you been studying hard recently? A. No, I haven't been studying hard recently.

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Q. Have you been eating healthy food recently? A. Yes, I've been eating healthy food recently.

Q. Have you been drinking a lot recently? A. No, I haven't been drinking a lot recently.

n. sense of humour

n. sarcasm adj

sarcastic

Your sense of humour is the kind of things that you think are funny. If you have a good sense of humour you often laugh at things and make other people laugh.

If you say the opposite of what you think in order to be funny, you are being sarcastic.

eg. “I think English people are always so happy because they have such nice

weather.”

Q. Do you like people with no sense of humour? A. No, I don't like people with no sense of humour.

Q. Do you think someone’s sense of humour depends on their nationality?

A. Yes, I think someone’s sense of humour depends on their nationality. Q. Do you have a sarcastic sense of humour?

A. Yes, I have a sarcastic sense of humour. 18 Unit 2

Q. Do you like my clothes/haircut ? A. Yes, I like your clothes.

Q. Do you really like them or are you being sarcastic?* A. I'm being sarcastic.

adj. intelligent

n. intelligence

n. genius

Q. Do you think mice are intelligent animals? A. No, I don't think mice are intelligent animals.

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A. A dolphin is an example of a very intelligent animal. Q. Give me an example of a famous genius?

A. Albert Einstein was a famous genius.

Q. Do you have to be a genius to understand English grammar? A. No, you don't have to be a genius to understand English grammar. Q. Do you think intelligence is something you can learn or something you are born with ?

A. I think intelligence is something you are born with

Q. Do you think dogs are more or less intelligent than cats? A. I think dogs are more intelligent than cats.

n. theory

n. practice (uncountable)

in theory

in practice

A theory is the idea that something is possible or true. Practice is doing something in real life.

eg. Einstein’s theories changed the way we understand the world.

In theory there is enough food in the world for everyone, but in practice many people don’t have enough food.

Q. Which scientist became famous for his General Theory of Relativity?

A. Albert Einstein became famous for his General Theory of Relativity. Q. Do you believe the theory that humans used to be monkeys ? A. Yes, I believe the theory that humans used to be monkeys.

Q. In theory can you teach yourself a foreign language from a book?

A. Yes, in theory you can you teach yourself a foreign language from a book.

Q. Do you think this really works in practice ? A. No, I don't think it really works in practice.

Q. In theory computers make our lives easier, but in practice what kind of problems can they cause ?

A. In practice, computers can be bad for your eyes and can be very expensive.

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Q. In theory anyone can become rich if they work hard, but do you think this is true in practice ?

A. No, I don't think it's true in practice.

Q. Do your plans usually work in practice ? A. Yes, my plans usually work in practice.

Q. Are there any funny people in your country who are famous for being

sarcastic ?

A. No, there aren't any funny people in my country who are famous for being sarcastic.

Q. I f someone drinks too much, can it have an effect on their work? A. Yes, if someone drinks too much, they find it very difficult to concentrate.

Q. Have you been taking exercise recently? A. Yes, I've been taking exercise recently.

Q. Have you ever tried to do something that was easy in theory but really difficult in practice?

A. Yes, taking my driving test was easy in theory but really difficult in practice.

adj. stupid

adj. silly/daft

n. idiot

eg. I failed my exam because I made too many silly mistakes.

English people sometimes say, “Don’t be stupid/silly/an idiot!” when they think something is a bad idea or they don’t agree with someone. These expressions are impolite.

Q. Do you think people who get drunk and violent are silly or stupid ? A. I think people who get drunk and violent are stupid.

19 Unit 2

Q. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus, would you be silly or stupid?

A. If you were late for school because you got on the wrong bus, you'd be silly.

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Q. How would you feel if someone called you an idiot? A. I'd feel stupid if someone called me an idiot.

Q. Have you ever felt stupid because you couldn’t understand something?

A. Yes, I felt stupid because I couldn't understand French. Q. Give me an example of silly behaviour.

A. Leaving your wallet on a train is an example of silly behaviour. Q. Give me an example of stupid behaviour.

A. Not wearing your helmet on a motorbike is an example of stupid behaviour.

adj. serious

expr. to take something seriously

1. A serious person is someone who usually thinks carefully about things and

doesn’t like silly behaviour.

If you take something seriously, you think it is important and worth doing well.

Q. Do news readers usually look serious on television ? A. Yes, news readers usually look serious on television. Q. Do you take studying English seriously ?

A. Yes, I take studying English seriously.

Q. Did you take your education seriously at school ? A. Yes, I took my education seriously at school.

conj. However

However is a linking word. It has the same meaning as but. There are three differences between however and but.

1. However is more formal than but and we usually use it in written English. We do not use it a lot when speaking.

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2. However does not link clauses together in one sentence.

eg. I didn’t like him when I first met him but we are very good friends now.

I didn’t like him when I first met him. However, we are very good friends now.

3. However can go in different places in a sentence. Usually we put it at the beginning of a sentence.

eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. However, the manager did not believe us.

It can also go at the end of a sentence, after a comma.

eg. We were sure we had paid the bill. The manager didn’t believe us, however.

Or it can go in the middle of a sentence, between two commas.

eg. We were sure that we paid the bill. The manager, however, didn’t believe us.

Q. Which linking word has the same meaning as however? A. But has the same meaning as however.

Q. Is however more common in written or spoken English? A. However is more common in written English.

Q. Does however join clauses in the same sentence? A. No, however doesn't join clauses in the same sentence. Q. Make a sentence with however.

A. It's raining. However, I'm still going to play football. 20 Unit 2

adj. practical

adj. impractical

If someone is practical, they find the easiest and best way to do something.

eg. Trains were the first practical way for people to travel very long distances.

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A. No, it's impractical to live a long way from where you work. Q. Does experience teach you to be practical?

A. Yes, experience teaches you to be practical.

Q. In what kind of jobs do you need to be practical? A. You need to be practical if you are a builder.

Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you kept waking up late?

A. An alarm clock would be a practical thing to buy if you kept waking up late.

Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if you wanted to visit a famous foreign city?

A. A guidebook would be a practical thing to buy if you wanted to visit a famous foreign city.

Q. What would be a practical thing to buy if your bedroom was very cold in the winter?

A. A heater would be a practical thing to buy if your bedroom was very cold in the winter.

Q. What would be the practical thing to do if you couldn’t repair something yourself ?

A. If you couldn’t repair something yourself, the practical thing to do would be to ask somebody to help you.

Q. What kind of things do you think are worth taking seriously ? A. I think it's worth taking your job seriously.

Q. Have you ever been treated like an idiot in a foreign country because you couldn’t speak a foreign language ?

A. Yes, I was treated like an idiot in France.

Q. What is one of the most stupid things you have ever done ?

A. Leaving my wallet on the backseat of my car is one of the most stupid things I've ever done.

v. to hang (up)

n. hanger

v. to fold

hung hung

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A. Lights sometimes hang from the ceiling. Q. Where would you hang a picture? A. I would hang a picture on the wall. Q. Where would you hang a wet towel?

A. I would hang a wet towel on the back of a chair. Q. What kind of clothes do you hang on a hanger? A. You hang coats and dresses on a hanger.

Q. Do you fold jumpers or hang them up ? A. I fold jumpers.

n. advertising

n. advertisement (advert/ad)

v. to advertise

n. product

Q. Would you like to work in advertising? A. No, I wouldn't like to work in advertising.

Q. Have you ever advertised anything in a newspaper or magazine? A. Yes, I've advertised a bicycle in a newspaper.

Q. What products are made by Honda? A. Cars and motorbikes are made by Honda. Q. What products are made by Pepsi Co. ? A. Soft drinks are made by Pepsi Co.

Q. Have you ever bought a particular product because you liked the advertisement ?

A. Yes, I bought a CD player last year because I liked the advertisement.

v. to replace v / n. guarantee

adj. guaranteed

If you replace an old light bulb, you put a new one in.

If a product is sold with a guarantee it means the company promises to repair or replace it if it stops working.

Q. What kind of things do you often have to replace ?* A. You often have to replace batteries and light bulbs.

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21 Unit 2

Q. Do all products have a guarantee? A. No, not all products have a guarantee.

Q. Which parts of the body can be replaced? A. The heart, lungs and liver can be replaced. Q. Is your watch guaranteed?

A. Yes, my watch is guaranteed.

Q. How long does the guarantee last? A. For one year.

Q. If you buy something that is guaranteed, does the shop have to replace it if it doesn’t work ?

A. Yes, if you buy something that is guaranteed, the shop has to replace it if it doesn’t work.

Q. Do you fold your clothes carefully after washing them ? A. No, I don't fold my clothes carefully after washing them.

Q. Where is a practical place to hang winter coats in summer?

A. A practical place to hang winter coats in summer is at the back of a wardrobe.

Q. Are very intelligent people sometimes not very practical ? A. Yes, very intelligent people are sometimes not very practical. Q. What kind of products are advertised on television ? A. Electrical products are advertised on television.

Q. When you go on holiday are you always guaranteed to have a good time ?

A. No, when you go on holiday, you're not always guaranteed to have a good time.

v. to exaggerate

n. exaggeration

We exaggerate when we say that something is bigger, better, worse etc. than it really is.

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Q. Do children sometimes exaggerate when they tell each other stories ? A. Yes, children sometimes exaggerate when they tell each other stories.

Q. Why do you think journalists sometimes exaggerate news stories?

A. I think journalists sometimes exaggerate news stories to sell more newspapers.

Q. Have you ever exaggerated an illness so you could have a day off school or work?

A. No, I've never exaggerated an illness so I could have a day off school. Q. Are companies allowed to exaggerate about their products in advertisements ?

A. No, companies are not allowed to exaggerate about their products in advertisements.

v. to avoid + gerund / noun

If you avoid doing something, you find a way not to do it. eg. Children often try to avoid doing their homework. Lazy people avoid hard work.

Q. Did you use to avoid tidying your room ? A. Yes, I always used to avoid tidying my room.

Q. Have you ever tried to avoid playing sport at school? A. No, I've never tried to avoid playing sport at school. Q. Do you try to avoid traveling during the rush hour? A. Yes, I try to avoid traveling during the rush hour.

Q. How can you avoid falling asleep when driving long distances ? A. You can avoid falling asleep when driving long distances by drinking coffee.

n. trouble to be / get in trouble (with someone)

If you are in trouble other people are angry, because you have done something badly.

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A. The knees and the back often give people trouble. Q. Have you ever had back trouble ?

A. Yes, I have had back trouble.

Q. Did you ever get in trouble with your teachers at school? A. Yes, I always got in trouble with your teachers at school.

Q. What do you think car/engine trouble is? A. I think car trouble is when your car breaks down.

Q. What would I mean if I said something was ‘no trouble’? A. If you said something was ‘no trouble’, you'd mean 'no problem'. Q. Who would you call if you were in trouble with the Police ? A. If I were in trouble with the Police, I would call a lawyer.

22 Unit 2

to have trouble + gerund

If you have trouble doing something, you find it difficult to do

Q. Do you have trouble understanding English people when they speak very quickly?

A. Yes, I sometimes have trouble understanding English people when they speak very quickly.

Q. Have you ever had trouble finding accommodation? A. Yes, I have had trouble finding accommodation.

Q. Have you ever had trouble finding someone's house? A. No, I've never had trouble finding someone's house.

Q. What kind of people have trouble getting clothes that are the right size?

A. Tall people have trouble getting clothes that are the right size. NB. Trouble is usually a singular, uncountable noun.

We don’t describe one particular situation as ‘a trouble’. Instead, we use the word ‘problem’.

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There are two problems, the memory and the keyboard. (countable)

v. to own

adj. own

If you own something it belongs to you. eg. My sister owns a local pub.

We use the adjective own to show that something is used or belongs to one particular person.

There is always a possessive adjective (my, her etc.) before own, and never an article.

eg. I didn’t have my own room when I was a child but I shared with my sister.

Q. Do you own your home or do you rent it? A. I rent it.

Q. Do you have your own car? A. Yes, I have my own car.

Q. What do students do if they don’t have their own book? A. If students don’t have their own book, they share.

Q. Do you know anyone who owns two houses? A. Yes, my best friend owns two houses.

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Unit 3

23 Unit 2

n. population v. to increase v. to decrease

The population of a country is the number of people in it. If something increases, it gets bigger or goes up.

If something decreases, it gets smaller or goes down. Q. What is the population of your country ?*

A. The population of my country is about 100 million.

Q. Is the population of the world increasing or decreasing ? A. The population of the world is increasing.

Q. Is unemployment increasing or decreasing in your country ? A. Unemployment is decreasing in my country.

Q. In theory, is there enough food for the whole population of the world ?

A. Yes, in theory, there's enough food for the whole population of the world.

Q. What do children do if they want to avoid going to school ? A. Children pretend to be ill if they want to avoid going to school. Q. If you kept on being late for work, would you get into trouble ? A. Yes, if you kept on being late for work, you'd get into trouble.

Q. What else could you get into trouble for ?

A. You could also get into trouble for stealing money.

Q. Have you ever tried to avoid someone because you were in trouble with them ?

A. Yes, I've tried to avoid my boss because I was in trouble with him. Q. What would you do if you needed to use a computer and you didn’t have your own ?

A. If I needed to use a computer and I didn’t have my own, I would borrow a computer from my friend.

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v. to rise =

to go up

v. to fall (2) =

to go down

rose risen

n. the cost of living

= how much it costs for rent, food, clothes etc. Q. Does smoke usually rise or fall ?

A. Smoke usually rises.

Q. Are prices rising or falling at the moment ? A. Prices are rising at the moment.

Q. Is the cost of living higher in the USA or your country ? A. The cost of living is higher in the USA than my country. Q. Is the cost of living rising or falling in your country ? A. The cost of living is rising in my country.

Q. What is the verb form of : a. to rise ?

b. to fall ?

Q. What is the verb form of to rise ?

A. The verb form of to rise is rise rose risen. Q. What is the verb form of to fall ?

A. The verb form of to fall is fall fell fallen.

v. to set n. sunrise n. sunset

set set

eg. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Q. About what time did the sun rise this morning ? A. The sun rose at about 7 o'clock this morning.

Q. Does the sun set earlier in winter than in summer ? A. Yes, the sun sets earlier in winter than in summer. Q. What kind of people often get up at sunrise ? A. Postmen often get up at sunrise.

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Q. Do you get beautiful sunsets in your country ? A. Yes, we get beautiful sunsets in my country.

24 Unit 3

transitive and intransitive verbs

adj. transitive adj. intransitive

When a verb can have an object it is called a transitive verb.

When a verb cannot have an object it is called an intransitive verb. To take is a transitive verb.

eg. Jane took her dog to the vet. subject transitive verb object To rise is an intransitive verb. eg. Unemployment is rising.

subject intransitive verb NO object

There are some transitive verbs which have a similar meaning to intransitive verbs.

Transitive:

Intransitive:

v. to raise

to rise

v. to drop

to fall

eg. The glass fell (on the floor). subject intransitive verb NO object. I dropped the glass (on the floor). subject transitive verb object.

The student raised his hand to ask a question. subject transitive verb object

The sun rose (at six o’clock this morning). subject intransitive verb NO object.

Q. What is the difference between to raise and to rise ? A. To raise is a transitive verb and to rise is an intransitive verb. Q. Why do students raise their hands in a class ?

A. Students raise their hands in a class to ask a question. Q. What usually happens when a glass falls on the floor ? A. A glass usually breaks when it falls on the floor.

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Q. Does an intransitive verb have an object ? A. No, an intransitive verb doesn't have an object.

Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to : a. raise ?

b. drop ?

Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to raise? A. To rise has a similar meaning to raise.

Q. What is the intransitive verb with a similar meaning to drop? A. To fall has a similar meaning to drop.

NB. Because intransitive verbs do not take an object, it is not possible to make the

passive voice with them.

Active: Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. subject verb object

Passive: Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare subject to be + verb object (agent)

Active: I fell off my bicycle. subject verb no object Passive: not possible 25 Unit 3

phr v. to pick something up

If you pick something up, you take it from the floor.

Q. If you dropped a penny on a dirty street, would you pick it up ? A. No, if I dropped a penny on a dirty street, I wouldn't pick it up.

Q. What about a £1 coin ?

A. Yes, I would pick a £1 coin up.

Q. In what sports can you pick up the ball and run with it ? A. You can pick up the ball and run with it in rugby.

phr v. to pick someone up phr v. to drop someone off

If you pick someone up, you go and collect them to take them somewhere.

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If you drop someone off, you take them to a place and leave them there.

Q. Did your parents use to drop you off at school or did you go on your own ?

A. I used to go on my own.

Q. If you are at your home-town station or airport, who usually picks you up ?

A. My parents usually pick me up.

phr v. to pick (out)

If you pick something (out), you choose one thing from many. Q. Pick a number from one to ten ?

A. Six.

Q. Do you take a long time to pick out new clothes when you go shopping ?

A. Yes, I usually take a long time to pick out new clothes when I go shopping.

v. to exist n./adj. human n. human being

If something exists it is a real or true thing in the world. eg. Religious people believe that God exists.

Q. Did human beings exist 10 million years ago ? A. No, human beings didn't exist 10 million years ago. Q. Did this building exist 50 years ago ?

A. Yes, this building existed 50 years ago. Q. Do you think that aliens really exist ? A. Yes, I think that aliens really exist.

Q. Is there any evidence to prove that aliens really exist ? A. No, there isn't any evidence to prove that aliens really exist.

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Dinosaurs don’t exist any more because they are extinct. Q. Do dinosaurs still exist ?

A. No, dinosaurs don't exist any more. Q. Why not ?

A. Because they are extinct. Q. Are human beings extinct ? A. No, human beings aren't extinct.

Q. About how many years ago did dinosaurs exist ? A. Dinosaurs existed about 60 million years ago.

Q. Which famous bird became extinct in the 19th Century ? A. The dodo became extinct in the 19th Century.

Q. Do you believe that human beings will become extinct in the future ?

A. Yes, I believe that human beings will become extinct in the future. Q. What evidence is there to prove that dinosaurs really existed ? A. Sceletons and fossils prove that dinosaurs really existed.

n. danger expr. in danger of + gerund

Q. What kind of people put their lives in danger when they work ? A. Firemen put their lives in danger when they work.

Q. If you smoke cigarettes, what illness are you in danger of getting ?

A. If you smoke cigarettes, you're in danger of getting lung cancer. 26 Unit 3

Q. Which animals are in danger of becoming extinct ? A. Tigers and pandas are in danger of becoming extinct.

Q. What colour is usually used to warn people about possible danger ?

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n. thief (pl. thieves) n. burglar phr.v. to break into

n. break-in

A thief is anyone who steals things.

A burglar is a thief who steals from houses. A burglar breaks into a house.

Q. What do we call people who steal things ? A. We call people who steal things thieves.

Q. What kind of thief breaks into houses and steals things ? A. A burglar breaks into houses and steals things.

Q. Has your house ever been broken into by a burglar ? A. No, my house has neven been broken into by a burglar. Q. What do you think should be the proper punishment for burglars?

A. I think imprisonment should be the proper punishment for burglars. Q. Why would someone break into:

a. a bank ?

b. an art gallery ?

Q. Why would someone break into a bank ?

A. Someone would break into a bank to steal money. Q. Why would someone break into an art gallery ?

A. Someone would break into an art gallery to steal famous paintings.

v. to protect (from) n. protection

n. alarm n. alarm clock phr v. to go off

We use alarms to protect our houses from burglars. When an alarm starts, we say it goes off.

Q. How do people protect their homes from burglars ? A. People protect their homes from burglars by using an alarm. Q. Who try to protect us from criminals ?

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Q. What is the best protection against insect bites ? A. Insect repellent is the best protection against insect bites.

Q. Do you think that we should try to protect animals which are in danger of becoming extinct ?

A. Yes, I think that we should try to protect animals which are in danger of becoming extinct.

Q. Are there any protected animals in your country ? A. Yes, tigers are protected in my country.

Q. What time did your alarm clock go off this morning ? A. My alarm clock went off at 7 o'clock this morning.

Q. Why do people have smoke alarms in their homes ?

A. People have smoke alarms in their homes to warn them about fire. Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we :

a. drive a car ?

b. ride a motorbike ?

Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we drive a car ? A. We use a seatbelt to protect ourselves when we drive a car.

Q. What do we use to protect ourselves when we ride a motorbike ? A. We use a helmet to protect ourselves when we ride a motorbike.

v. to burn* n. fire

adj. burnt

People burn wood, coal and gas to keep warm. Q. What do we burn on a fire ?

A. We burn wood or coal on a fire. Q. Do you have a fire at home ? A. Yes, I have a fire at home. Q. What kind is it ?

A. It's an electric fire. Q. Have you ever a. burnt yourself ?

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b. your dinner ?

Q. Have you ever burnt yourself ? A. No, I've never burnt myself.

Q. Have you ever burnt your dinner ? A. No, I've never burnt my dinner.

27 Unit 3

v. to sunbathe n. sunbathing n. suntan

n. sunburn

Q. Do you like sunbathing ? A. Yes, I like sunbathing.

Q. Do you get a suntan easily ? A. Yes, I get a suntan easily.

Q. If you spend too long in the sun, what are you in danger of getting ?

A. If you spend too long in the sun, you're in danger of getting sunburn. Q. Have you ever had sunburn ?

A. No, I've never had sunburn.

v. to peel adj. raw

We need to peel a banana before eating it. If something is raw, it is uncooked.

Q. Which vegetables need peeling before we eat them ? A. Potatoes need peeling before we eat them.

Q. Which vegetables can be eaten raw ? A. Carrots and broccoli can be eaten raw. Q. Have you ever eaten raw :

a. fish ? b. meat ?

Q. Have you ever eaten raw fish ? A. Yes, I have eaten raw fish.

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Q. Have you ever eaten raw meat ? A. No, I've never eaten raw meat. Q. Why might your skin peel ?

A. Your skin might peel if you were sunburnt.

Q. What kind of birds wake people up by singing at sunrise ? A. Larks wake people up by singing at sunrise.

Q. Are some big shops protected by video cameras ? A. Yes, some big shops are protected by video cameras.

Q. What would you do if the fire alarm went off in this school ? A. If the fire alarm went off in this school, I would look for the nearest exit.

Q. What do we use to protect our skin from being damaged by the sun ?

A. We use suntan lotion to protect our skin from being damaged by the sun.

adj.

delicious

adj.

disgusting

n./adj.

fat

adj.

greasy

Q. Give me an example of food you think is delicious. A. I think fried chicken is delicious.

Q. Give an example of food you think is disgusting. A. I think pasta is disuisting.

Q. What kind of habits do you think are disgusting ? A. I think spitting in the street is disguisting.

Q. Is the food from your country greasy ? A. No, the food from my country isn't greasy. Q. What kind of food has a lot of fat ? A. Chocolate has a lot of fat.

Q. What kind of animals are often very fat ? A. Seals are often very fat.

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n. diet to be/go on a diet n./adj. vegetarian

n. vitamin n. calorie*

A diet can be special food you eat to lose weight or it can be the kind of food

you eat generally

Q. Do you have a healthy diet ? A. Yes, I have a healthy diet.

Q. Have you ever been on a diet ? A. No, I've never been on a diet. 28 Unit 3

Q. What vitamins do we get from fruit ? A. We get vitamin C from fruit.

Q. What does a vegetarian avoid eating ? A. A vegetarian avoids eating meat.

Q. What kind of food is very high in calories ? A. Chocolate is very high in calories.

Q. Why might someone go on : a. a low-calorie diet ?

b. a high-calorie diet ?

Q. Why might someone go on a low-calorie diet ? A. Someone might go on a low-calorie diet to lose weight. Q. Why might someone go on a high-calorie diet ?

A. Someone might go on a high-calorie diet to put on weight.

v. to make sense

If something makes sense we understand it or believe that it is right or practical.

eg. If you don’t have much money it makes sense to buy food at a market.

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If a sentence doesn’t make sense we can’t understand it because it is wrong.

eg. The sentence ‘Coffee me good milk.’ doesn’t make sense. The sentence ‘I like white coffee.’ makes sense.

The sentence ‘I was so tired that I stayed up all night.’ doesn’t make sense.

The sentence ‘I was so tired that I went to bed very early.’ makes sense. Q. Can you understand something if it doesn’t make sense ?

A. No, I can't understand something if it doesn’t make sense. Q. Do you think it makes sense to study English at home ? A. Yes, I think it makes sense to study English at home.

Q. Does it make sense to come to school if you don’t want to learn? A. No, it doesn't make sense to come to school if you don’t want to learn. Q. Do you think it makes sense to get insurance when you travel abroad ?

A. Yes, I think it makes sense to get insurance when you travel abroad. Q. Do these sentences make sense ?

a. I am go there.

A. No, that sentence doesn't make sense. b. I hate running out of milk.

A. Yes, that sentence makes sense.

c. I had a really nice holiday because the weather was too hot. A. No, that sentence doesn't make sense.

v. to communicate n. communication n./adj. satellite

To communicate means to share information with or give information to someone.

There are many forms of communication. eg. speaking, phone, fax, e mail, letters etc.

Q. Tell me some ways humans communicate with each other ? A. Humans communicate with each other by speaking, phote, fax and email.

Q. What is the most common form of communication ? A. The most common form of communication is speaking.

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Q. How do people communicate with each other without using words ?

A. People communicate with each other without using words by using sign language.

Q. Is satellite television common in your country ? A. Yes, satellite television is common in my country. Q. When are satellite communications needed ?

A. Satellite communications are needed to make international phone calls.

adj. clear adv. clearly

If something is clear, it is easy to see or understand.

If you speak clearly, it is easy for someone to understand you.

Q. When would you try to speak slowly and clearly to someone ? A. You would try to speak slowly and clearly to someone if they were deaf or elderly.

Q. What kind of people have to have very clear voices ? A. Actors ans singers have to have very clear voices.

Q. Can you see clearly what is written on the board ? A. No, I can't see clearly what's written on the board.

Q. Do you think that the grammar in this book is explained clearly ? A. Yes, I think the grammar in this book is explained clearly.

29 Unit 3

unless

Unless is a linking word. We use it to make conditional sentences, so it is similar

to ‘if’. Look at these two sentences:

I will call the police if you do not stop shouting. I will call the police unless you stop shouting.

Both sentences have the same meaning. (‘Unless you stop’ = ‘if you do not stop’).

NB. In the first sentence the verb is positive, while in the second sentence it is negative.