Preparation 8: White Ointment Preparation 8: White Ointment EXPERIMENT:
EXPERIMENT: Category:
Category: ointment, official USP ointment, official USP Ingredients Ingredients:: white wax white wax white petrolatum white petrolatum Synonym
Synonym: Salve: Salve Chrisma Chrisma Simple ointment Simple ointment Unguentum simplex Unguentum simplex Description:
Description: white semisolid preparation that white semisolid preparation that isis insoluble in water
insoluble in water
Method of preparation:
Method of preparation: fusion methodfusion method Computations:
Computations:
Packaging:
Packaging: 10 gram ointment jar, glassine paper10 gram ointment jar, glassine paper Label:
Label: red (external)red (external) POST-LAB:
POST-LAB: Ointment Ointment
-semi-solid preparation intended for external -semi-solid preparation intended for external application to skin and mucous membranes application to skin and mucous membranes Methods of preparation:
Methods of preparation:
LevigationLevigation
-mechanical incorporation performed by -mechanical incorporation performed by trituration in a mortar or
trituration in a mortar or on a slab with spatulaon a slab with spatula and an ointment
and an ointment tile (porcelain/glass)tile (porcelain/glass)
-drug material is levigated with the vehicle or a -drug material is levigated with the vehicle or a miscible liquid component (propylene glycol, miscible liquid component (propylene glycol, mineral oil) to form a concentrate
mineral oil) to form a concentrate
-concentrate is diluted GEOMETRICALLY w/ the -concentrate is diluted GEOMETRICALLY w/ the remainder of the base
remainder of the base
FusionFusion
-use of heat -use of heat -heat 1
-heat 1stst the substance w/ the substance w/ the HIGH MELTINGthe HIGH MELTING
POINT using water bath POINT using water bath
-then add soft and oleginous material -then add soft and oleginous material
Ointment bases: Ointment bases:
Hydrocarbon bases (oleaginous bases)Hydrocarbon bases (oleaginous bases)
-usually petrolatum modified
-usually petrolatum modified waxes/liquidwaxes/liquid petrolatum
petrolatum
-not water-washable, occlusive, anhydrous, -not water-washable, occlusive, anhydrous, insoluble in water
insoluble in water
Ex: synthetic ester, benzoinated lard, olive oil, Ex: synthetic ester, benzoinated lard, olive oil, cottonseed oil, lanolin derivatives
cottonseed oil, lanolin derivatives
Absorption basesAbsorption bases
-hydrophilic -hydrophilic
-can absorb water -can absorb water
-anhydrous material or hydrous bases -anhydrous material or hydrous bases -non
-non water-washablwater-washablee
Ex: hydrophilic petrolatum, wool f
Ex: hydrophilic petrolatum, wool fat (anhydrousat (anhydrous lanolin), aquaphor, aquabase, polysorb
lanolin), aquaphor, aquabase, polysorb
Water-removable basesWater-removable bases
-oil-in-water bases -oil-in-water bases -water-washable -water-washable
-most commonly used type of ointment base -most commonly used type of ointment base Ex: Hydrophilic ointment, USP, dermvase, Ex: Hydrophilic ointment, USP, dermvase,
velvachol, univase, Galen’s cream, petrolatum velvachol, univase, Galen’s cream, petrolatum rose water ointment
rose water ointment
Water-soluble basesWater-soluble bases
-water-washab
-water-washable; le; greaselessgreaseless
Ex: polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol Ex: polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol ethanol ethanol Uses: Uses: EmollientEmollient
Protection against escape of moistureProtection against escape of moisture
(occlusive dressing) (occlusive dressing)
Used as a vehicleUsed as a vehicle
Preparation 9: Zinc Oxide Ointment Preparation 9: Zinc Oxide Ointment EXPERIMENT:
EXPERIMENT: Category:
Category: medicated ointment, official USP medicated ointment, official USP Ingredients
Ingredients:: Zinc oxide Zinc oxide
Mineral oil (density: 0.8498) Mineral oil (density: 0.8498) White ointment
White ointment
Method of preparation:
Method of preparation: mechanical incorporationmechanical incorporation Computations:
Packaging: 10 gram ointment jar, glassine paper Label: red (external)
POST-LAB: Ointment
-also known as salve or chrisma Types: Unmedicated ointments -serve as vehicles -protective -emollient -lubricant Medicated ointments Characteristics of ointments:
Homogenous, smooth, free from grittiness Easily spreadable
Never be dispensed if they have slight evidence
of rancidity or mold Container:
Ointment jars
-available in clear, opal, amber, and green glass, white or green plastic ointment jars
Collapsible tubes
**avoid prolonged exposure exceeding 30 degrees Celsius
Preparation 10: Sulfur Ointment EXPERIMENT:
Category: medicated ointment, official USP Ingredients:
precipitated sulfur mineral ointment white ointment
Synonym: Unguentum sulfuris
Description: yellow, semisolid preparation
Method of preparation: mechanical incorporation >Precipitated sulfur: active ingredient
>Base: white ointment
>Levigating agent: mineral oil **nlt 9.5% and nmt 10.5% sulfur
Computations:
Packaging: 10 gram ointment jar, glassine paper Label: red (external)
POST-LAB:
Steel and iron spatula
-do not use for ointments containing free acids, iodine, mercury or tannin
**Diff. between yellow and white wax
**Collapsible tubes are preferable than ointment jars
Preparation 11: Cinnamon water EXPERIMENT:
Category: non-medicated aromatic water, NF Ingredients:
cinnamon oil purified water
Synonym: Aqua cinnamon Sargon cassia
Casia nare Cassia oil
Description: clear, colorless, saturated aqueous solution w/ cinnamon odor and taste
Method of preparation: direct solution method Computations:
Packaging: 30 mL narrow-mouth amber bottle **store in a light resistant container
Label: white (internal) POST-LAB:
Solution
-homogenous mixture of solid, liquid, gas Types: Aqueous solution Non-aqueous solution hydroalcoholic -elixir oleaginous -oil -oleovitamin ethereal -ether -collodion Aromatic waters
-clear, aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances
-should be free from empyreumatic (smoke-like) -used as flavored and perfumed vehicle
Methods of preparation:
Distillation
-most satisfactory method of preparation -slowest and most expensive method Ex: rose water
Cohobation — repeatedly using the distillate to distill w/ fresh portions of flowers/plant materials to minimize loss of water soluble components] ex: orange/rose flowers
Solution
Direct Solution Method
-repeatedly shaking 2g or 2mL of the volatile substance w/ 1000mL purified water
-set aside mixture for 12 hrs -filter w/ wetted filtered paper
-more convenient than distillation (in terms of time and equipment)
-DO NOT AGITATE WHEN DRAWING OFF AROMATIC WATER IF THE EXCESS VOLATILE OIL IS ALLOWED TO REMAIN
Alternate Solution Method
-most frequently employed where aromatic waters may be prepared by incorporating
the volatile oil with 15 g of talc w/ a sufficient quantity of siliceous earth or pulped filter paper
-Purified water (1000 mL) is added -mixture is agitated for 10 mins -water is filtered
Dispersing agent — increases the surface of volatile substance ensuring more rapid saturation of water and forms an efficient filter bed thus producing a clear solution
Disadvantages
Not permanently stable
Protect from excessive light and heat Deterioration may be due to volatilization Decomposition/mold growth
Cloudy preparation and foul odor
Preparation 12: Concentrated peppermint water EXPERIMENT:
Category: medicated aromatic water, unofficial Ingredients:
Peppermint oil 90% ethyl alcohol Purified talc Purified water
Synonym: Aqua menthos piperitas Aqua mini
Brandy water
Method of preparation: Alternate solution method Computations:
Packaging: 30 mL narrow-mouth amber bottle Label: white (internal)
POST-LAB: Uses
Carminative (GI)
Preparation 13: Calcium Hydroxide Topical Solution EXPERIMENT:
Category: topical solution, official USP Ingredients:
calcium oxide purified water
Synonym: lime water
Description: clear, colorless, alkaline solution Use: astringent and employed in dermatological situations
Method of preparation: simple solution Computations:
Packaging: flint bottle Label: red (external) POST-LAB:
Solutions
-liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent -mixture of mutually miscible solvents
-homogenous mixture of 2 or more substances Relative terms of Solubility
Descriptive Term Parts of Solvent
Required for 1 Part of Solute Very soluble <1 Freely soluble 1-10 Soluble 10-30 Sparingly soluble 30-100 Slightly soluble 100-1000 Very slightly soluble 1000-10,000 Practically insoluble or
insoluble
>10000
Methods of preparation:
Simple solution
-dissolving the solute in a suitable solvent Ex: NaCl solution, strong iodine solution
Solution by chemical reaction
-prepared by reacting two or more solute w/ each other in a suitable solvent
Ex: aluminum subacetate solution, magnesium citrate solution, sulfurated lime solution
Solution by distillation
-if the solute is a volatile oil
Solution by extraction
-drug or pharmaceutical necessities of vegetable or animal origin
-also called EXTRACTIVES
Different methods of extraction:
Maceration
-submerging the solute -no specific temperature
Percolation
-submerging the solute using a percolator
Digestion
-with the aid of gentle heat
Infusion
-“blanching”
-addition of hot water [like tea bags]
Decoction
-boiling for 15 minutes Preparation 14: Strong Iodine Solution EXPERIMENT:
Category: topical solution, official USP Ingredients:
iodine crystals purified water
potassium iodide — used as a SOLUBILIZING agent Synonym: Lugol’s solution
liquor iodi
aqueous iodine solution
Description: deep brown color w/ iodine flavor Use: antiseptic, germicidal, fungicidal
Method of preparation: simple solution ***VERY SLIGHTLY SOLUBLE
Packaging: 15 mL narrow-mouth amber bottle Label: red (external)
POST-LAB: 100 mL
-4.5-5.5 g iodine -9.5-10.5 g KI
* 1g I dissolves in 2950 mL H2O
Strong iodine solution — solution of polyiodies in excess iodide
-antigotriogenic
Usual dose: 0.3 mL/3x a day
Preparation 15: Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution EXPERIMENT:
Category: oral solution, official USP Ingredients:
magnesium carbonate syrup
lemon oil
anhydrous citric acid talc
potassium bicarbonate purified water
Synonym: Lemonada purgante Magnesi citralis
Citrate of magnesia Use: saline cathartic
Method of preparation: solution by chemical reaction
Computations:
Packaging:
Label: white (internal) POST-LAB:
Magnesium citrate oral solution
-colorless to slightly yellow clear effervescent liquid -sweet, acidulous taste
-lemon flavor
-prone to GROWTH OF MOLDS
-any mold spores must be killed during production for stability
Preparation 16: Simple syrup EXPERIMENT: Category: simple syrup Ingredients: sucrose purified water Synonym: syrupus sirup, syrup
Description: clear solution of sucrose in purified water
Use: sweetening agent sweet vehicle
basis for many flavored and medicated syrup Method of preparation: percolation
Computations:
Packaging: 100 mL flint bottle Label: white(internal)
1. Weigh ingredients 2. Set-up percolator
3. Place moistened cotton into the neck of the percolator [to control flow rate (in drops); 20 drops/ minute] Once achieved, clip rubber tubing
4. Add sucrose then place circular filter paper over it. Marbles may be placed to keep the filter paper on top of the sucrose
5. Pour water gently and cover the set up w/ watch glass
6. Let the set up stand for 2 days
7. Release syrup into the erlenmeyer flask 8. Transfer to suitable container
POST-LAB: Syrup
-concentrated aqueous solution containing sugar usually SUCROSE (a disaccharide) or any sugar substitute
Polyols
-added to retard crystallization of sucrose -increases solubility of sucrose
ex: glycerine, sorbitol Types of syrup:
Simple syrup
-clear, concentrated, sweet, aqueous,
hypertonic solution with STRIATIONS (higher the concentration, more striations)
-concentration: 85% w/v or 65% w/w -specific gravity: 1.313
-self preserving
*60-80% concentration makes it self-preserving *lower than 60% concentration: prone to microbial growth
*greater than 85% concentration: can CRYSTALLIZE the sucrose present
Flavored/non-medicated syrup
-aromatic and pleasantly flavored substance -intended as a vehicle
-does not contain any active ingredient -helpful in pediatric patients
Examples:
>Glycyrhizza syrup — mask bitter taste of alkaloids
>Chocolate syrup — serve as flavorant >Cherry syrup
Medicated syrup
-aqueous solution of sucrose that contains PHARMACEUTICALLY ACTIVE INGREDIENTS and has a THERAPEUTIC EFFECT
Examples: >Ipecac syrup
>Ferrous sulfate syrup Methods of preparation:
Solution without the aid of heat
-mixing ingredients in a large vessel Advantage/s:
avoids heat induced conversion suited for heat sensitive ingredients Disadvantage/s:
Slowest and most time consuming method Example: Ferrous sulfate syrup
Solution with the aid of heat
-rapid method because of heat
-can only be used for heat stable substances Advantage/s:
Fast method Disadvantage/s:
Excessive heating will cause INVERSION **Inversion — a hydrolytic reaction
-sucroseglucose + fructose
-sweeter syrup with tendency to FERMENT + MICROBIAL GROWTH -caramelization [overheating; >100 C] Examples: >Acacia syrup >Cocoa syrup >Syrup, USP Percolation
-a PERCOLATOR or a COLUMN is used -flow rate of water: 20 drops/minute
*percolator — allow the passage of water slowly thru a bed of crystalline sucrose and will
eventually dissolve the sugar Examples:
>Simple syrup
Addition of sucrose to medicated liquid
-simple admixture of a sugar
-usually a FLUIDEXTRACT or a TINCTURE -NOT self-preserving
Example: >Senna syrup
Preparation 17: Chocolate syrup EXPERIMENT: Category: non-medicated syrup Ingredients: Cocoa powder Sucrose Liquid glucose Glycerin Sodium chloride Vanillin Sodium benzoate purified water
Synonym: Cacao syrup chocolate flavored syrup
Description: viscous, dark brown syrup w/ the odor and taste of cocoa
Use: flavored vehicle
Method of preparation: solution with the aid of heat Computations:
Packaging: 15 mL amber bottle Label: white (internal)
Procedure:
1. Triturate sucrose, mix cocoa powder
2. In a beaker, dissolve liquid glucose, vanillin, sodium benzoate and sodium chloride in 8 mL purified water
3. Add glycerine to the solution 4. Mix cocoa mixture to the solution 5. Heat to boiling for 3 mins. Cool. 6. Add enough water
POST-LAB:
Boiled for >3 mins?
Inversion will take place [especially the sucrose] *Cocoa containing NMT 12% non-volatile ether soluble extractives or fats having a minimum tendency to separate
Sodium benzoate and glycerine -PRESERVATIVES
-prevents bacterial and mold growth when sucrose concentration is low
Preparation 18: Acacia Mucilage EXPERIMENT: Category: mucilage Ingredients: Acacia Benzoic acid Purified water
Synonym: Mucilage of acacia Mucilage of acaciae
Mucilage of gum arabic Mucilage de gomme
Description: thick, adhesive liquid with light brown color
Use: demulcent suspending agent
employed as an excipient in making pills and troches
emulsifying agent for cod liver oil and other substances
Packaging: 15 mL flint bottle Label: white (internal)
Procedure:
1. Dissolve benzoic acid in 4 mL purified water by the direct heating method 2. Triturate acacia powder
3. Add benzoic acid solution to the acacia powder
4. Mix by trituration
5. Add water to make 15 mL preparation 6. Strain using cheese cloth (if necessary) POST-LAB:
Mucilage
-thick, viscid, adhesive liquid prepared by dispersing gum in water
-extracting the mucilaginous principle from vegetable substance with water
-prone to decomposition
-must never be made in large quantities Uses: suspending agent in suspensions emulsifying agent in emulsions
excipient in tablet formation demulcent
Preservative — must be added to prolong shelf life Natural gum: acacia, tragacanth, karaya, ghatti Synthetic gum: methycellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose
