Typical Soil Values

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Typical Values of the Coefficient of Volume Compressibility, m_v (after Carter 1983)

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average Heavy over-consolidated boulder clays, stiff

weathered rocks and hard clays

Very low

compressibility 0.05

Boulder clays, marls, very stiff tropical red clays

Low

compressibility 0.05 0.1 0.075

Firm clays, glacial outwash clays, lake

deposits, weathered marls, firm boulder clays, normally consolidated clays at depth and firm tropical red clays

Medium

Normally consolidated alluvial clays such as estuarine and delta deposits, and sensitive clays

High

Highly organic alluvial clays and peats Very high _{compressibility} 1.5

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991. m_v (x10-3m2/kN)

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Typical Values of Compressibility Index, C_c (after Holtz and Kovacs 1981)

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average

Normally consolidated medium sensitive clays 0.2 0.5 0.35

Chicago silty clay (CL) 0.15 0.3 0.225

Boston blue clay (CL) 0.3 0.5 0.4

Vicksburg Buckshot clay (CH) 0.5 0.6 0.55

Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH) 1 3 2

Canadian Leda clays (CL-CH) 1 4 2.5

Mexico City clay (MH) 7 10 8.5

Organic clays (OH) 4

Peats (Pt) 10 15 12.5

Organic silt and clayey silts (ML-MH) 1.5 4 2.75

San Francisco Bay Mud (CL) 0.4 1.1 0.75

San Francisco Old Bay clays (CH) 0.7 0.9 0.8

Bangkok clay (CH) 0.4

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

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Typical Values of the Coefficient of Consolidation, c_v (after Carter and Bentley 1991)

Boston blue clay (CL) 6 18 12

Organic silt (OH) 0.6 3 1.8

Glacial lake clays (CL) 2 2.7 2.35

Chicago silty clay (CL) 2.7 2.7 2.7

Swedish medium sensitive clays (CL-CH)

1. laboratory 0.1 0.2 0.15

2. field 0.2 1 0.6

San Francisco Bay Mud (CL) 0.6 1.2 0.9

Mexico City clay (MH) 0.3 0.5 0.4

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991.

Comparison of c_v Obtained From Various Methods (after Robinson and Allam, 1996)

(kPa) Logarithm-of-time method

Square-root-of-time method

Early stage log t method Red earth 25-50 1.46 1.72 1.93 50-100 2.03 2.52 2.84 100-200 2.31 3.15 3.60 200-400 2.57 3.44 3.96 400-800 2.55 3.78 4.04 Brown soil 25-50 1.20 1.40 1.71 50-100 0.95 1.19 1.20 100-200 0.90 1.07 1.11 200-400 0.66 0.70 0.86 400-800 0.41 0.46 0.43

Black cotton soil 25-50 1.60 2.07 3.07

50-100 0.97 1.16 1.51 100-200 0.63 0.79 1.09 200-400 0.36 0.50 0.64 400-800 0.18 0.20 0.25 Illite 25-50 0.52 0.71 0.79 50-100 0.42 1.00 1.05 100-200 0.69 1.00 1.15 200-400 0.99 1.45 1.62 Reference Ladd and Luscher, 1965

Lowe, Zaccheo, and Feldman, 1964 Wallace and Otto, 1964

Terzaghi and Peck, 1967

Leonards and Girault, 1961 Holtz and Broms, 1972 Soil c_v (m2/yr) Soil c_v (m2/yr) Range of Pressure σ'

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400-800 1.31 1.84 2.03 Bentonite 25-50 0.02 0.04 0.05 50-100 0.01 0.03 0.04 100-200 0.01 0.02 0.03 200-400 0.01 0.01 0.01 400-800 0.00 0.01 0.01 Chicago clay 12.5-50 7.92 14.35 14.51 25-50 6.34 7.54 9.93 50-100 4.32 5.49 6.37 100-200 1.00 1.49 1.57 200-400 1.44 1.39 1.55 400-800 1.91 2.03 2.34 800-1600 2.24 2.72 2.87

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Reference Reference

Ladd and Luscher, 1965

Lowe, Zaccheo, and Feldman, 1964 Wallace and Otto, 1964

Terzaghi and Peck, 1967

Leonards and Girault, 1961 Holtz and Broms, 1972

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Typical Values of Cα/Cc (after Carter and Bentley 1991)

Organic silts 0.035 0.06 0.0475

Amorphous and fibrous peat 0.035 0.085 0.06

Canadian muskeg 0.09 0.1 0.095

Leda clay (Canada) 0.03 0.06 0.045

Post-glacial Swedish clay 0.05 0.07 0.06

Soft blue clay (Victoria, B.C.) 0.026 0.026 0.026

Organic clays and silts 0.04 0.06 0.05

Sensitive clay, Portland, ME 0.025 0.055 0.04

San Francisco Bay Mud 0.04 0.06 0.05

New Liskeard (Canada) varved clay 0.03 0.06 0.045

Mexico City clay 0.03 0.035 0.0325

Hudson River silt 0.03 0.06 0.045

New Haven organic clay silt 0.04 0.075 0.0575

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties , Pentech Press, London, 1991.

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Typical Values of Unit Weights (γ_sat and γ_dry) (after Carter and Bentley 1991) Lower Limit Upper Limit Average Lower Limit Upper Limit Average Sands and gravels

very loose 16.67 17.65 17.16 12.75 13.73 13.24 loose 17.65 18.63 18.14 13.73 14.71 14.22 medium dense 18.63 20.59 19.61 14.71 17.65 16.18 dense 19.61 21.57 20.59 16.67 19.61 18.14 very dense 21.57 22.56 22.06 19.61 21.57 20.59 Poorly-graded sands 16.67 18.63 17.65 12.75 14.71 13.73 Well-graded sands 17.65 22.56 20.10 13.73 21.57 17.65

well-graded sand/gravel mixtures 18.63 22.56 20.59 14.71 21.57 18.14

Clays

unconsolidated muds 15.69 16.67 16.18 8.83 10.79 9.81

soft, open-structured 16.67 18.63 17.65 10.79 13.73 12.26

typical, normally consolidated 17.65 21.57 19.61 12.75 18.63 15.69 boulder clays (overconsolidated) 19.61 23.54 21.57 16.67 21.57 19.12

Red tropical soils 16.67 20.59 18.63 12.75 17.65 15.20

Carter, M and Bentley, S. P., Correlations of Soil Properties, Pentech Press, London, 1991. Soil

γ_sat γ_dry

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Representative Values of Modulus of Elasticity of Soil, Es (Das, 2002)

Soft clay 1800 3500 2650

Hard clay 6000 14000 10000

Loose sand 10000 28000 19000

Dense sand 35000 70000 52500

Range of Values: Modulus of Elasticity, E (McCarthy, 1998)

Sand, loose 9000 25000 17000

Sand, dense 45000 80000 62500

Sand, silty 7000 21000 14000

Sand and gravel, loose 45000 145000 95000

Sand and gravel, dense 90000 180000 135000

Silt 2400 20000 11200 Loess 15000 50000 32500 Clay, soft 500 5000 2750 Clay, medium 4000 10000 7000 Clay, firm 7000 20000 13500 Clay, sandy 25000 40000 32500 Soil Es (kPa) Soil Es (kPa)

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Representative Values of Poisson's Ration, ν (Das, 2002)

Loose sand 0.2 0.4 0.3 MediumSand 0.25 0.4 0.325 Dense sand 0.3 0.45 0.375 Silty sand 0.2 0.4 0.3 Soft clay 0.15 0.25 0.2 Medium clay 0.2 0.5 0.35

Range of Values: Poisson's Ratio, ν (McCarthy, 1998)

Sand, loose 0.1 0.3 0.2

Sand, dense 0.3 0.4 0.35

Silt 0.3 0.4 0.35

Loess 0.2 0.4 0.3

Clay, saturated 0.4 0.5 0.45

Clay, partially saturated 0.3 0.4 0.35

Clay, with sand and silt 0.2 0.4 0.3

Soil ν

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Typical Values of Undrained Shear Strength, c_u (after Day, 2006)

Very soft 12 Soft 12 25 18.5 Medium 25 50 37.5 Stiff 50 100 75 Very stiff 100 200 150 Hard 200

Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook , McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006. Clay

c_u (kPa)

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Typical Values of Void Ratio, e (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)

Compacted caliche 0.227 0.667 0.447

Silty sand 0.242 0.333 0.2875

Sandy clay 0.379 1.303 0.841

Beach sand 0.636 0.833 0.7345

Compacted Boston blue clay 0.485 0.652 0.5685

Vicksburg buckshot clay 0.576 0.985 0.7805

Ottawa sand 0.591 0.636 0.6135 Sand-Franklin Falls 0.75 0.848 0.799 Sand-Scituate 0.485 0.621 0.553 Sand-Plum Island 0.652 0.697 0.6745 Sand-Fort Peck 0.561 0.606 0.5835 Silt-Boston 0.742 3.97 2.356 Loess 0.652 0.764 0.708 Lean clay 0.394 0.53 0.462 Sand-Union Falls 0.439 0.645 0.542 Silt-North Carolina 0.636 0.879 0.7575

Sand from dike 0.652 1.152 0.902

Sodium-Boston blue clay 0.47 2.697 1.5835

Calcium kaolinite 1.212 1.682 1.447

Sodium montmorillonite 2.333 3.97 3.1515

Sand (dam filter) 0.455 0.773 0.614

Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook , McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006.

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Typical Values of Permeability, k (after Lambe and Whitman, 1969)

Compacted caliche 5.0E-09 1.0E-07 5.3E-08

Silty sand 7.0E-09 3.0E-08 1.9E-08

Sandy clay 2.5E-10 2.8E-04 1.4E-04

Beach sand 8.0E-02 2.0E-01 1.4E-01

Compacted Boston blue clay 3.5E-09 3.2E-08 1.8E-08

Vicksburg buckshot clay 3.0E-10 1.2E-09 7.5E-10

Ottawa sand 6.0E-10 7.0E-10 6.5E-10

Sand-Franklin Falls 9.0E-04 1.2E-03 1.1E-03

Sand-Scituate 4.0E-03 9.5E-03 6.8E-03

Sand-Plum Island 1.8E-02 2.8E-02 2.3E-02

Sand-Fort Peck 1.8E-03 2.8E-03 2.3E-03

Silt-Boston 1.0E-08 2.0E-06 1.0E-06

Loess 4.0E-09 5.2E-09 4.6E-09

Lean clay 2.0E-09 2.8E-08 1.5E-08

Sand-Union Falls 4.3E-02 1.0E-01 7.2E-02

Silt-North Carolina 5.7E-07 8.0E-05 4.0E-05

Sand from dike 1.4E-04 1.7E-03 9.2E-04

Sodium-Boston blue clay 1.7E-10 1.0E-07 5.0E-08

Calcium kaolinite 2.1E-06 1.2E-05 7.1E-06

Sodium montmorillonite 1.8E-08 1.8E-08 1.8E-08

Sand (dam filter) 1.6E-03 1.0E-01 5.1E-02

Day, Robert W., Foundation Engineering Handbook , McGraw-Hill, New York, 2006. Typical Values of Permeability, k

Clean gravel 1.0E+00 1.0E+00

Gravel, clean coarse sand 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 5.5E-01

Graded sand, fine sand 1.0E-03 1.0E-01 5.1E-02

Silty sand, silt 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 5.1E-04

Dense silt, clayey silt 1.0E-07 1.0E-05 5.1E-06

Clay, silty clay 1.0E-07 1.0E-07 3.2E-02

Spangler, Merlin G. and R.L. Handy, Soil Engineering , Fourth Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, New York, 1982. Soil k Soil k (cm/s) (cm/s)

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Typical Values of Permeability, k

Lower Limit Upper Limit Average River deposits

Rhone at Genissiat 4.00E-01

Small streams, eastern Alps 2.00E-02 1.60E-01 9.00E-02

Missouri 2.00E-02 2.00E-01 1.10E-01

Mississippi 2.00E-02 1.20E-01 7.00E-02

Glacial deposits

Outwash plains 5.00E-02 2.00E+00 1.03E+00

Esker, Westfiels, Mass. 1.00E-02 1.30E-01 7.00E-02 Delta, Chicopee, Mass. 1.00E-04 1.50E-02 7.55E-03

Till 1.00E-04

Wind deposits

Dune sand 1.00E-01 3.00E-01 2.00E-01

Loess 1.00E-03

Loess loam 1.00E-04

Lacustrine and marine offshore deposits

Very fine uniform sand 1.00E-04 6.40E-03 3.25E-03 Bull's liver, Sixth Ave. N.Y. 1.00E-04 5.00E-03 2.55E-03 Bull's liver, Brooklyn 1.00E-05 1.00E-04 5.50E-05

Clay 1.00E-07

Lambe, T. William, and Whitman, Robert V., Soil Mechanics, SI version , Wiley, New York, 1969. Typical Values of Permeability, k

Clean gravel 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 5.5E+00

Clean sand, sand and gravel

mixtures 1.0E-03 1.0E+00 5.0E-01

Fine sands, silts 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 5.1E-04

Sand-silt-clay mistures, glacial tills 1.0E-07 1.0E-04 5.0E-05

Homogeneous clays 1.0E-07

McCarthy, David F., Essentials of Soil Mechanics and Foundations: Basic Geotechnics , Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall, 1998. (cm/s) (cm/s) Soil k Soil k

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