Telecommunications Engineering I - Modulation, Multiplexing and Multiple Access

(1)

Dkcturk jatks Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs Kjfbjkkrbjf B my @argeO koedebjkj 5;9

Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs

Kjfbjkkrbjf B

@arge Okoedebjkj

5;;

Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs

Kjfbjkkrbjf B

Gaiudetbaj

(2)

Dkcturk jatks Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs Kjfbjkkrbjf B my @argeO koedebjkj

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss =

5;8

Vlet bs gaiudetbaj1

• Vk levk e dawkr-hrkqukjcy sbfjed, sucl es vabck,

gusbc ar iete mbts.

• Ylbs bs ceddki tlk gaiudetbjf sbfjed (—bjtkddbfkjt

sbfjed‗).

• Bh wk wejt ta trejsgbt tlbs avkr ebr ar wbrk, wk jkki

e hrkqukjcy tlet wbdd prapefetk (trevkd tlraufl) tlbs

gkibug.

• Ylk sbfjed bs cerrbki aj e cerrbkr wevk.

• Sagklaw wk cagmbjk tlk gaiudetbjf sbfjed wbtl

tlk cerrbkr wevk ta harg e gaiudetki sbfjed.

5;6

Vlet bs gaiudetbaj

• Bike bs ta clejfk ajk ar gark ah tlk wevkharg peregktkrs

– egpdbtuik, plesk, hrkqukjcy

bj e reiba-hrkqukjcy cerrbkr, bj rkspajsk ta tlk sbfjed wk wejt ta trejsgbt.

• Bj atlkr waris, wk supkrbgpask ar cagmbjk ajk sbfjed aj ejatlkr.

• Ylk trbco bs law ta ia tlbs sa tlet tlk arbfbjed sbfjed cej mk rkcavkrki et tlk rkckbvkr.

• Edsa iksbrk

– gbjbged cast/cagpdkxbty, – gbjbged pawkr westefk,

– gexbgug quedbty ah tlk rkcavkrki sbfjed,

– gbjbgug susckptbmbdbty ta bjtkrhkrkjck (kdkctrbced jabsk eji bjtkrhkrkjck).

(3)

5;<

Yypks ah gaiudetbaj

• Ylkrk erk gejy ibhhkrkjt typks ah gaiudetbaj0

– Egpdbtuik gaiudetbaj (EG) clejfks tlk egpdbtuik ah e lbfl hrkqukjcy cerrbkr bj rkspajsk ta tlk daw-hrkqukjcy gaiudetbjf sbfjed?

– Hrkqukjcy gaiudetbaj (HG) clejfks tlk hrkqukjcy ah e lbfl hrkqukjcy cerrbkr bj rkspajsk ta tlk daw-hrkqukjcy gaiudetbjf sbfjed?

– ^lesk gaiudetbaj (^G) clejfks tlk plesk ah e lbfl-hrkqukjcy cerrbkr bj rkspajsk ta tlk daw-lbfl-hrkqukjcy gaiudetbjf sbfjed?

• Edsa tlkrk erk gejy atlkr cagmbjetbajs (usueddy ah

egpdbtuik eji plesk), wlbcl fbvk lbflkr tlrauflput

(iete retk) har ibfbted iete systkgs.

5;2

Avkrvbkw ah gaiudetbaj

(4)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss 9

58>

Kegpdk

585

!ajckpt ah gaiudetbaj

• Ylk sbfjed bs cerrbki aj e cerrbkr wevk.

• Sagklaw wk cagmbjk tlk gaiudetbjf sbfjed wbtl

tlk cerrbkr wevk ta harg e gaiudetki sbfjed.

• Ylkrk erk gejy typks, kf. HG, AHIG (uski bj

wbrkdkss jktwaros), UEG (ibfbted gaiudetbaj), ktc.

• Ylk gaiudetbaj les ta accur et tlk trejsgbttkr.

• Fkttbjf tlk gaiudetbjf (euiba) sbfjed meco aut ah tlk

(5)

58=

Gaiudetbaj typks

• Egpdbtuik Gaiudetbaj (EG) bs wlkrk wk clejfk tlk_{egpdbtuik ah tlk cerrbkr eccaribjf ta tlk gaiudetbjf sbfjed.} • Hrkqukjcy Gaiudetbaj (HG) bs wlkrk wk clejfk tlk

hrkqukjcy ah tlk cerrbkr eccaribjf ta tlk gaiudetbjf sbfjed. • ^lesk Gaiudetbaj (^G) bs wlkrk wk clejfk tlk plesk ah tlk

cerrbkr eccaribjf ta tlk gaiudetbjf sbfjed.

583

"G# $G eji %G

(6)

589

Vly edd tlk ibhhkrkjt typks1

• EG usks sbgpdk kdkctrajbcs.

– [ski sbjck kerdy 52>>‒s, ehtkr tkdkfrepl kre. – EG uski har ejedaf tkrrkstrbed

• HG bs jat es susckptbmdk ta jabsk.

– Kdkctrajbcs bs e mbt g ark cagpdbcetki (kspkcbeddy bj rkckbvkr). – HG uski har setkddbtk (mkceusk bt‒s dkss ehhkctki my tlk etgasplkrk),

sagk tkdkgktry systkgs (rkgatk cajtrads).

• ^G wes jat uski gucl ujtbd wk jkkiki bt har ibfbted trejsgbssbaj.

• Ibfbted gaiudetbaj usks e cagmbjetbaj ah EG eji ^G ta fkt lbfl mbtretks.

– Ykcljadafy bs gucl gark cagpdkx tlej sbgpdk EG ar ^G.

58;

"gpdbtuik gaiudetbaj

• Vk edsa jkki ta tlbjo ah tlk rkckbvkr, wlkj wk

iksbfj tlk trejsgbttkr.

• Mesbceddy, tlk rkckbvkr jkkis ta strbp ewey tlk lbflkr

hrkqukjcy (cerrbkr) et ]H, eji dkevk tlk euiba (EH).

• Vlet bh wk gudtbpdy tlk gaiudetbjf euiba my tlk

reiba hrkqukjcy cerrbkr1

• Ylk rkckbvkr wbdd jkki ta ojaw tlk cerrbkr hrkqukjcy,

sa wk eii e mbt ah tlet bj ta tlk wevkharg.

(7)

588

"gpdbtuik gaiudetbaj &

Getlkgetbceddy

• Dkt tlk cerrbkr mk

• Ylk gaiudetbaj bs g(t).

– Ylbs bs usueddy euiba, caudi mk vbika ar iete.

• Ya geok tlk Egpdbtuik Gaiudetki (EG) wevkharg, gudtbpdy eji eii

• Jatk0 Ylk cagpajkjt perts ah tlbs, g(t)sbjςct eji Ecsbjςct

• Jatk wlet tlk kquetbaj bs iabjf.

586

"gpdbtuik gaiudetbaj & 'befreg

(8)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss <

58<

"gpdbtuik gaiudetbaj & Vevkhargs

Vevkhargs cagmbjki har stejieri egpdbtuik gaiudetbaj

Jatk0 Vk levk uski cerrbkr wevkharg sbjςct.

Gejy rkhkrkjcks usk e casbjk wevk bjstkei. Bt iaks jat gettkr, `ust clejfks tlk getls e mbt.

582

"gpdbtuik gaiudetbaj & Vevkhargs

• Jatk law tlk cerrbkr bs e lb flkr hrkqukjcy.

– Bt bs edweys sbjk (ar casbjk)

• Vk levk slawj tlk gaiudetbaj es e sbjk wevk.

– Sbjk (ar casbjk) bs AO har e tkst sbfjed.

• Mut bj prectbck, gaiudetbaj bs jat sbjk mut e cagpdkx

_{sbfjed dbok vabck, vbika, ar e iete strkeg (5‒s eji >‒s}

rkprkskjtki my lbfl eji daw vadtefks, b.k., squerk

wevk)

(9)

56>

"gpdbtuik gaiudetbaj & Vevkhargs

Cerrbkr wbtl sbjfdk-tajk gaiudetbaj

565

Kjvkdapk

(10)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss 5>

56=

"gpdbtuik gaiudetbaj & "jedysbs

• Vk jkki ta ojaw e hkw tlbjfs emaut tlbs EG-wevkharg. • Vlet erk tlk hrkqukjcy cagpajkjts tlet wk kji up wbtl1

– Ylbs bs bgpartejt har tlk clejjkd mejiwbitl, sa skvkred clejjkds cej ca-kxbst eji jat bjtkrhkrk wbtl kecl atlkr.

• Vk waudi dbok ta mk emdk ta waro aut tlk peregktkrs ah tlk wevkharg

• Edsa wk waudi dbok ta ojaw law gucl pawkr tlk trejsgbttkr jkkis.

• Vk stert aur ejedysbs wbtl e pdebj sbjk wevk tkst sbfjed.

563

"G(ejedysbs

(11)

569

"G(ejedysbs

56;

"G(ejedysbs

(12)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss 5=

568

"G(ejedysbs

EG wevkharg slawbjf M es gexbgug ah kjvkdapk, eji E es gbjbgug

566

"jedysbs

(13)

56<

"jedysbs

Law ia wk waro aut tlk Eceji Eg1

562

"jedysbs

(14)

5<>

Khhkct ah gaiudetbaj bjik

Lbflkr », egpdbtuik clejfk gark prajaujcki. Clejfbjf gaiudetbaj bjikx

5<5

$rk)ukjcy ejedysbs

• Vlet erk tlk hrkqukjcy cagpajkjts ah tlbs

EG wevkharg1

• Ylbs bs bgpartejt ta ojaw, sbjck bt tkdds us

law wbik tlk clejjkd jkkis ta mk.

• Ar kqubvedkjtdy, law gejy clejjkds wk cej

hbt bj e fbvkj spkctrug eddacetbaj.

(15)

5<=

$rk)ukjcy ejedysbs

5<3

$rk)ukjcy ejedysbs

(16)

5<9

Yrbfajagktrbc hargudes

5<;

$rk)ukjcy ejedysbs

(17)

5<8

$rk)ukjcy ejedysbs

5<6

*pkctrug suggery

(18)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss 5<

5<<

Kegpdks

5<2

%awkr

(19)

52>

%awkr

Jatk0 ^awkr ikpkjis aj tlk squerk ah tlk gaiudetbaj bjikx._Bh_{» 7 >, tlkrk bs ajdy cerrbkr (ah caursk).}

525

Khhbcbkjcy

Jatk0 Vlkj » 7 >, tlk khhbcbkjcy bs zkra. Ylk pawkr bs cagpdktkdy bj tlk cerrbkr (eji tlkrk bs ja gaiudetbaj, jat vkry uskhud bj bjhargetbaj trejshkr).

(20)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss =>

52=

!ajcdusbajs

• EG bs jat biked hrag skvkred pabjts ah vbkw

– E dat ah pawkr bs westki bj tlk cerrbkr

• wlbcl cerrbks ja bjhargetbaj? • tlk sbikmejis erk wlet wk rkeddy jkki

– Ylk mejiwbitl bs twbck tlk lbfl kst gaiudetbjf

hrkqukjcy.

523

'au+dk(sbik+eji

,egpdbtuik-gaiudetbaj

• Spkctrug har hbxki hrkqukjcy sbfjed g(t) et

hrkqukjcy ς

g

wbdd mk et ς

c

- ς

g

.

(21)

529

'*.("G

52;

*bjfdk(sbik+eji "G

• [SM (ar DSM) edsa teoks ewey tlk atlkr

sbikmeji.

• Dkevks ajdy ajk sbikmeji.

• Lerikr ta fkjkretk0 cej usk daw-pess hbdtkrbjf

ah ISM, ar kdsk plesk slbht gktlai.

• Ahtkj usk vkstbfed sbikmeji – —vkstbfk‗ ah

cerrbkr ta ebi syjclrajbzetbaj bj ikgaiudetar.

(22)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss ==

528

/erbetbajs aj egpdbtuik gaiudetbaj

ISM- DSM- [SM-EG Gaiudetbaj

526

**.("G gaiudetbaj usbjf hbdtkrbjf

(23)

52<

**.("G gaiudetbaj usbjf plesk slbhtbjf

522

/kstbfbed *bik+eji

,/*.-• Okkp ajk sbikmeji eji e rkgjejt ar vkstbfk ah

tlk atlkr.

• [ski bj ejedaf YX, edsa ibfbted YX bj [S (mut

jat Eustredbe/Kurapk, wlbcl usks AHIG)

(24)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss =9

=>>

"G gaiudetbaj verbejts & "G# '*.#

**.

=>5

Artlafajed $rk)ukjcy 'bvbsbaj

Gudtbpdkbjf

,A$'G-• Ejatlkr verbejt tlet usks matl sbjk eji casbjk

et tlk segk tbgk.

• Xkry khhbcbkjt bj mejiwbitl

• [ski bj ibfbted YX bj Eustredbe/Kurapk (mut

jat bj [S)

• [ski bj wbrkdkss jktwaros eji EISD

gaikgs.

(25)

Dkcturk jatks Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs Kjfbjkkrbjf B my @argeO koedebjkj =>=

Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs

Kjfbjkkrbjf B

"jfdk gaiudetbaj

=>3

"jfdk gaiudetbaj

• EG les ibseivejtefk ah susckptbmbdbty ta bjtkrhkrkjck.

• Vlet kdsk tlej egpdbtuik cej mk clejfki1

• Hrkqukjcy eji plesk ah e wevkharg.

• Ylksk gktlais erk ceddki ejfdk gaiudetbaj.

• Gast caggaj kxegpdk bj prectbck bs hrkqukjcy

gaiudetbaj (HG).

• ^lesk gaiudetbaj (^G) ahtkj uski bj ibfbted

caggujbcetbajs

(26)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss =8

=>9

$rk)ukjcy gaiudetbaj

• Mesbc bike bs sbgpdk0 very tlk hrkqukjcy ah tlk cerrbkr

e dbttdk mbt kbtlkr wey (pdus ar gbjus)

• Egpdbtuik clejfks erk bfjarki.

• Ikhbjk bjstejtejkaus hrkqukjcy es ς

_b

(t), tlkj clejfk

tlk wevkharg eccaribjf ta

=>;

'khbjbtbaj> %lesk gaiudetbaj

^G sbfjed har gaiudetbaj g(t) bs

Cagperk wbtl

wlkrk ϛ bs `ust e plesk ejfdk. Bh bt bs hbxki, wk `ust wrbtk ϛ. Mut bh bt clejfks avkr tbgk, wk wrbtk bt es ϛ(t).

(27)

=>8

'befreg> %lesk gaiudetbaj

^lesk gaiudetbaj

=>6

$rk)ukjcy eji plesk

Hrkqukjcy gaiudetbaj eji plesk gaiudetbaj erk sbgbder.

Hrkqukjcy kqueds retk ah clejfk ah plesk

Getlkgetbceddy,

(28)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss =<

=><

'khbjbtbaj> $rk)ukjcy gaiudetbaj

• Hrkqukjcy gaiudetbaj eji plesk gaiudetbaj erk sbgbder. • Vk lei kerdbkr

wlkrk bjstejtejkaus hrkqukjcy bsς_b(t)

• Sa tlk hrkqukjcy bs tlk pert bj tlk squerk mrecokts, bk.ς_c+ o _hg(t)

• HG 7 Clejfk tlk hrkqukjcy ςbj tlk cerrbkr kquetbaj.

=>2

$rk)ukjcy gaiudetbaj

Jaw rkgkgmkr tlet hrkqukjcy kqueds retk ah clejfk ah plesk,

ar turjki erauji plesk bs tlk bjtkfred ah hrkqukjcy,

Sa hrag

wk caudi bjtkfretk tlk ςb(t) pert.

(29)

=5>

$rk)ukjcy gaiudetbaj

=55

Ybgk wevkhargs

(30)

=5=

$G & "jedysbs

har e sbjfdk-tajk sbjusabi gaiudetbaj

Ylk HG sbfjed mkcagks

wbtl

HG sbfjed har gaiudetbaj g(t) bs

Jatk0 Ylbs bs ajdy har e sbjfdk-tajk gaiudetbaj. Bj rkedbty tlk gaiudetbaj bs e cagpdkx sbfjed, mut har ejedysbs wk usk e sbjfdk tkst tajk.

=53

$G & "jedysbs

Sbjfdk-tajk HG sbfjed

(31)

=59

$G & "jedysbs

Sbjfdk-tajk HG sbfjed

Hrkqukjcy cagpajkjts cej mk hauji bj tkrgs ah Mksskd hujctbajs ta mk

YlkMksskd hujctbaj@o (ν) bs uski, wlkrk o bs tlk hrkqukjcy

cagpajkjt eji ν bs tlk ikvbetbaj retba ar tlk gaiudetbaj bjikx.

=5;

$G & "jedysbs

• [sk Mksskd temdks ar cagputkr eji waro aut

tlk egpdbtuiks ah tlk hrkqukjcy cagpajkjts.

• Freplbced bjtkrprktetbaj0 irew e dbjk et tlk

gaiudetbaj bjikx aj tlk Mksskd hujctbaj pdat

eji rkei ahh egpdbtuiks ah lergajbcs.

• ]kgkgmkr tlet lergajbcs erk aj kbtlkr sbik

ah tlk cerrbkr, bk., bt bs syggktrbced.

(32)

=58

.ksskd hujctbajs ah tlk hbrst obji

@

_j

,

ν

-Gaiudetbaj bjikxν =56

.ksskd hujctbajs @

_j

,

ν

-Gaiudetbaj Bjikx ν

(33)

Dkcturk jatks Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs Kjfbjkkrbjf B my @argeO koedebjkj =5<

Kegpdk

∝

Khhkct ah

ν

ν75 =52

Kegpdk

∝

Khhkct ah

ν

ν7=

(34)

==>

Kegpdk

∝

Khhkct ah

ν

ν79

==5

$G & "jedysbs

Law bs tlk pawkr ibstrbmutki bj tlk sbikmejis1

^awkr bs prapartbajed ta tlk gefjbtuik ah tlk cagpajkjt squerki.

(35)

Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs

Kjfbjkkrbjf B

'bfbted gaiudetbaj

Gaiudetbaj

• Ibfbted gaiudetbaj

– ibfbted iete bs trejsdetki bjta ej ejedaf sbfjed (meskmeji) – ESO, HSO, ^SO

– ibhhkrkjcks bj spkctred khhbcbkjcy, pawkr khhbcbkjcy, ramustjkss

• Ejedaf gaiudetbaj

– slbhts ckjtkr hrkqukjcy ah meskmeji sbfjed up ta tlk reiba cerrbkr

• Gatbvetbaj

– sgeddkr ejtkjjes (k.f., ο /9) – Hrkqukjcy Ibvbsbaj Gudtbpdkxbjf – gkibug clerectkrbstbcs

• Mesbc sclkgks

– Egpdbtuik Gaiudetbaj (EG) – Hrkqukjcy Gaiudetbaj (HG) – ^lesk Gaiudetbaj ( ^G)

(36)

Gaiudetbaj eji ikgaiudetbaj

syjclrajb5etbaj ikcbsbaj ibfbted iete ejedaf ikgaiudetbaj reiba cerrbkr ejedaf +esk+eji sbfjed =3==3=33= reiba rkckbvkrreiba rkckbvkr ibfbted gaiudetbaj ibfbted iete _ejedaf gaiudetbaj reiba cerrbkr ejedaf +esk+eji sbfjed

=3==3=33= reiba trejsgbttkrreiba trejsgbttkr

==;

'bfbted gaiudetbaj

• Yrejsgbttbjf ibfbted (mbjery) sbfjeds

• Jkki ta kjcaik > eji 5 strkegs skrbeddy

• Ibstbjfubsl0

– ^essmeji0 gaiudetk ajta e cerrbkr.

(37)

==8

'bfbted gaiudetbaj & Ylkarktbced

dbgbts

• Law ia wk gexbgbzk tlk jugmkr ah mbts pkr

skcaji (omps, Gmps, Fmps)1

• Ikpkjis aj0

– Law wk kjcaik kecl mbt

– Egaujt ah jabsk bj tlk clej jkd (kf., tkdkplajk

dbjk, aptbc hbmkr, reiba)

==6

!lejjkd cepecbty

,9y)ubst(;ertdky-Gexbgug iete retk (cepecbty) ikpkjis aj mejiwbitl.

Meski aj Jyqubst retk (pudsks bj skcaji ≩ =M), cepecbty bj mbts pkr skcaji usbjf clejjkd mejiwbitl M wbtl G dkvkds pkr sygmad bs

M Mejiwbitl ah tlk clejjkd (Lz)

G Jugmkr ah dkvkds uski har kecl sbfjedbjf kdkgkjt mps Mbts pkr skcaji

(38)

==<

Kegpdk> %Y9 8 %u+dbc wbtclki

Ykdkplajk 9ktwaro

Edsa ceddki —^AYS‗ 7 —^debj Adi Ykdkplajk Systkg‗

Mejiwbitl M ~ 3oLz

Vbtl ajk mbt pkr sbfjeddbjf bjtkrved (—sygmad‗) G 7 =

[sbjf C 7 =M daf=G,

C 7 =∖3>>>∖5 7 8 omps

Ya fkt e lbflkr retk, wk jkki derfkr G (mbts pkr sygmad)

==2

!lejjkd cepecbty 6 jabsk

Gexbgug iete retk (cepecbty) ikpkjis aj jabsk – Slejjaj-Lertdky Dew.

Cepecbty bj mbts pkr skcaji wbtl fbvkj clejjkd mejiwbitl M, SJ] S/J eji usbjf wlbtk jabsk essugptbaj bs

M Mejiwbitl ah tlk clejjkd (Lz)

S Sbfjed ^awkr (V)

J Jabsk ^awkr (V) mps Mbts ^kr Skcaji

(39)

=3>

<bgbt retk bj e jabsy clejjkd

• Fbvkj e jabsy clejjkd wbtl cepecbty C eji bjhargetbaj trejsgbttki et e dbjk retk ], tlkj bh

] 4 C

tlkrk kxbsts e caik wlbcl eddaws tlk pramembdbty ah krrar et tlk rkckbvkr ta mk geik ermbtrerbdy sgedd.

• Ylbs gkejs tlet tlkarktbceddy, bt bs passbmdk ta trejsgbt bjhargetbaj jkerdy wbtlaut krrar up ta jkerdy e dbgbt ah C mbts pkr skcaji.

• Bh ] : C

tlk pramembdbty ah krrar et tlk rkckbvkr bjcrkesks wbtlaut mauji es tlk retk bs bjcrkeski.

• Sa ja uskhud bjhargetbaj cej mk trejsgbttki her mkyaji tlk clejjkd cepecbty. =35

Kegpdk> %Y92%AY

Suppask S/J 7 5>>>, M 7 3 oLz SJ] 7 5>daf5>5>37 3> iM Vlet bs tlk cepecbty1 [sbjf C 7 M daf=(5 + S/J) C 7 3>>>∖daf=(5 + 5>>>) ≌ 3>>> ∖ 5> 7 3>omps

Ylk prkskjck ah jabsk rkiucks tlk cepecbty.

(40)

=3=

'bfbted gaiudetbaj

• Ya kjcaik > ar 5, wk caudi `ust clejfk ajk ah

egpdbtuik, hrkqukjcy ar plesk

• Ajdy jkki = dkvkds.

– Ibfbted Cerrbkr Gaiudetbaj –

Egpdbtuik

– Ibfbted Cerrbkr Gaiudetbaj –

Hrkqukjcy

– Ibfbted Cerrbkr Gaiudetbaj –

^lesk

'bfbted gaiudetbaj

• Gaiudetbaj ah ibfbted sbfjeds ojawj es slbht okybjf • Egpdbtuik Slbht Okybjf (ESO)0

– vkry sbgpdk

– daw mejiwbitl rkqubrkgkjts – vkry susckptbmdk ta bjtkrhkrkjck • Hrkqukjcy Slbht Okybjf (HSO)0

– jkkis derfkr mejiwbitl

• ^lesk Slbht Okybjf (^SO)0 – gark cagpdkx – ramust efebjst bjtkrhkrkjck 5 > 5 t 5 > 5 t 5 > 5 t

(41)

=39

'bfbted cerrbkr gaiudetbaj &

"gpdbtuik

Egpdbtuik gaiudetbaj ah mbjery sbfjed

=3;

'bfbted cerrbkr gaiudetbaj &

$rk)ukjcy

(42)

=38

'bfbted cerrbkr gaiudetbaj & %lesk

^lesk gaiudetbaj ah mbjery sbfjed

=36

'bfbted gudtb(dkvkd gaiudetbaj

• Ya fkt lbflkr tlrauflput, wk caudi kjcaik

skvkred mbts et ajck

• Kjcaik twa mbts tafktlkr (ceddki e

ibmbt)

– es 9 ibstbjct egpdbtuik dkvkds ar

– es 9 ibstbjct hrkqukjcbks ar

– es 9 ibstbjct plesks

(43)

=3<

'bfbted cerrbkr gaiudetbaj & Gudtb(dkvkd "G

Egpdbtuik gaiudetbaj ah gudtb-dkvkd mbjery sbfjed

=32

'bfbted cerrbkr gaiudetbaj & Gudtb(dkvkd $G

(44)

=9>

'bfbted gaiudetbaj

• Kvkj lbflkr tlrauflput, kjcaik gudtbpdk

cagmbjetbajs ah egpdbtuik eji plesk.

• U^SO

–

Uueireturk ^lesk Slbht Okybjf.

– Gudtbpdk plesk ejfdks eddawki

• UEG

–

Uueireturk Egpdbtuik

Gaiudetbaj.

– Clejfks matl plesk eji egpdbtuik.

=95

'bfbted cerrbkr gaiudetbaj & 0%*O

(45)

=9=

'bfbted cerrbkr gaiudetbaj & 0"G

Uueireturk Egpdbtuik Gaiudetbaj

"ivejcki $*O

• Mejiwbitl jkkiki har HSO ikpkjis aj tlk ibstejck mktwkkj tlk cerrbkr hrkqukjcbks

• Spkcbed prk-cagputetbaj evabis suiikj plesk slbhts ⇝

⇝ ⇝

⇝GSO(Gbjbgug Slbht Okybjf)

– mbt skperetki bjta kvkj eji aii mbts, tlk iuretbaj ah kecl mbt_{bs iaumdki} – ikpkjibjf aj tlk mbt veduks (kvkj, aii) tlk lbflkr ar dawkr

hrkqukjcy, arbfbjed ar bjvkrtki bs claskj

– tlk hrkqukjcy ah ajk cerrbkr bs twbck tlk hrkqukjcy ah tlk atlkr

• Kvkj lbflkr mejiwbitl khhbcbkjcy usbjf e Feussbej daw-pess hbdtkr⇝⇝⇝⇝FGSO(Feussbej GSO), uski bj FSG

(46)

Kegpdk ah G*O

iete kvkj +bts aii +bts = 3 = = 3 = 3 t daw hrk)ukjcy lbfl hrk)ukjcy G*O sbfjed +bt kvkj 3 = 3 = aii 3 3 = = sbfjed l j j l veduk (( ? ? l> lbfl hrk)ukjcy j> daw hrk)ukjcy ?> arbfbjed sbfjed (> bjvkrtki sbfjed 9a plesk slbhts4 =9;

Yaweris lbflkr tlrauflput

• ^eco gark eji gark mbts bjta kecl sygmad

bjtkrved

• Ylk “U‒ gkejs Uueireturk – wk cej fkjkretk

tlksk wevkhargs hrag sbjk eji casbjk eiiki

tafktlkr

(47)

"ivejcki %*O

• M^SO(Mbjery ^lesk Slbht Okybjf)0

– mbt veduk >0 sbjk wevk – mbt veduk 50 bjvkrtki sbjk wevk – vkry sbgpdk ^SO

– daw spkctred khhbcbkjcy – ramust, uski k.f. bj setkddbtk systkgs

• U^SO(Uueireturk ^lesk Slbht Okybjf)0

– = mbts caiki es ajk sygmad – sygmad iktkrgbjks slbht ah sbjk wevk – jkkis dkss mejiwbitl cagperki ta

M^SO – gark cagpdkx

• Ahtkj edsa trejsgbssbaj ah rkdetbvk, jat emsadutk plesk slbht0 IU^SO -Ibhhkrkjtbed U^SO == =3 33 3= 0 B 3 = 0 B == 3= =3 33 " t

0ueireturk "gpdbtuik Gaiudetbaj

• Uueireturk Egpdbtuik Gaiudetbaj (UEG)

– cagmbjks egpdbtuik eji plesk gaiudetbaj – bt bs passbmdk ta caik j mbts usbjf ajk sygmad – =j_{ibscrktk dkvkds, j7= bikjtbced ta U^SO}

• Mbt krrar retk bjcrkesks wbtl j, mut dkss krrars cagperki ta cagperemdk ^SO sclkgks

– Kxegpdk0 58-UEG (9 mbts 7 5 sygmad) – Sygmads >>55 eji >>>5 levk

tlk segk pleskψ, mut ibhhkrkjt

egpdbtuik e, sygmads >>>> eji 5>>> levk ibhhkrkjt plesk, mut segk egpdbtuik.

3333 333= 33== =333 0 B 33=3 7 e

(48)

;bkrerclbced gaiudetbaj

• IXM-Y gaiudetks twa skperetk iete strkegs ajta e sbjfdk IXM-Y strkeg • Lbfl ^rbarbty (L^) kgmkiiki wbtlbj e Daw ^rbarbty (D^) strkeg • Gudtb cerrbkr systkg, emaut =>>> ar <>>> cerrbkrs

• U^SO, 58 UEG, 89UEG • Kxegpdk0 89UEG

– faai rkckptbaj0 rksadvk tlk kjtbrk 89UEG cajstkddetbaj

– paar rkckptbaj, gambdk rkckptbaj0 rksadvk ajdy U^SO partbaj – 8 mbt pkr UEG sygmad, = gast

sbfjbhbcejt iktkrgbjk U^SO – L^ skrvbck caiki bj U^SO (= mbt), D^ usks rkgebjbjf 9 mbt U B >> >> 5> 5> >> >>>>5> >5>5>5>5 =92

'bfbted kjcaibjf & .esk+eji

• Meskmeji0 ja cerrbkr es sucl

– Kf., Gejclkstkr uski aj Ktlkrjkt 5>Gmps (mps 7 mbts pkr skcaji).

• Xerbetbajs har lbflkr retks (5>>Gmps, 5Fmps, ...)

• Hujiegkjted pramdkg0 jkki ta iktkct wlkrk e mbt

sterts eji staps.

• ]kckbvkr jkkis ta okkp treco ah plesk, ta waro aut

wlkrk mbts stert eji kji

• Kjcaibjf gkejs tlet e dajf strbjf ah >‒s ar 5‒s iaj‒t

ceusk rkckbvkr ta dask syjclrajbzetbaj

(49)

=;>

'bfbted kjcaibjf & Gejclkstkr

kjcaibjf

Kjcaiks > es D-L trejsbtbaj Kjcaiks 5 es L-D trejsbtbaj

Gejclkstkr kjcaibjf

=;5

'bfbted kjcaibjf & .esk+eji

• ]kckbvkr jkkis ta okkp treco ah plesk, ta waro

aut wlkrk mbts stert eji kji

• Kjcaibjf gkejs tlet e dajf strbjf ah >‒s ar

5‒s iaj‒t ceusk rkckbvkr ta dask

syjclrajbzetbaj

• ]kckbvki wevkhargs erk jat pkrhkct

• Squerk kifks ojacoki ahh iuk ta clejjkd

hbdtkrbjf khhkcts (cepecbtejck/bjiuctejck)

• Gey edsa levk jabsk caupdki bj

(50)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss ;>

=;=

:kckbvki wevkhargs

Gejclkstkr wevkhargs ehtkr fabjf tlraufl sbgpdk tlkarktbced clejjkd ]kckbvki wevkhargs erk jat pkrhkct.

Squerk kifks ojacoki ahh iuk ta clejjkd hbdtkrbjf khhkcts (cepecbtejck/bjiuctejck)

Gey edsa levk jabsk caupdki bj

=;3

*uggery

• Gaiudetbaj supkrbgpasks gaiudetbaj aj

cerrbkr.

• Ylkrk erk gejy ibhhkrkjt typks ah gaiudetbaj.

• Gaiudetbaj bssuks bjcduik cagpdkxbty ah

trejsgbttkr, cagpdkxbty ah rkckbvkr, mejiwbitl

rkqubrki, bggujbty ta jabsk, ktc.

• Spkctrug ikpkjis aj typk ah gaiudetbaj.

• Squkkzk gark mbts pkr skcaji my kxpdabtbjf

(51)

=;9

Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs

Kjfbjkkrbjf B

Gudtbpdkbjf eji Gudtbpdk

"cckss

=;;

'khbjbtbaj eji passb+bdbtbks

(52)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss ;=

• Gudtbpdkxbjf bj 9 ibgkjsbajs – speck (sb)

– tbgk (t) – hrkqukjcy (h) – caik (c)

• Faed0 gudtbpdk usk ah e slerki gkibug

• Bgpartejt0 fueri specks jkkiki!

Gudtbpdkbjf

s= s3 s5 h t c o= o3 o9 o; o8 o5 h t c h t c clejjkds ob

$rk)ukjcy gudtbpdkbjf

• Skperetbaj ah tlk wladk spkctrug bjta sgeddkr hrkqukjcy mejis • E clejjkd fkts e ckrtebj meji ah tlk spkctrug har tlk wladk

tbgk • Eivejtefks

– ja iyjegbc caaribjetbaj jkckssery

– waros edsa har ejedaf sbfjeds

• Ibseivejtefks – westk ah mejiwbitl bh tlk trehhbc bs ibstrbmutki ujkvkjdy – bjhdkxbmdk o= o3 o9 o; o8 o5 h t c

(53)

=;<

$'G> %rbjcbpdk

Kecl clejjkd cerrbki aj ibhhkrkjt hrkqukjcy

=;2

$'G> !errbkr wevks

(54)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss ;9

=8>

$'G

Cerrbkr et ibhhkrkjt hrkqukjcbks. Gaiudetbaj cej mk ejytlbjf

=85

$'G> *u+(clejjkds

Ja clejjkd avkrdep Clejjkds avkrdep

(55)

=8=

$rk)ukjcy(ibvbsbaj gudtbpdkbjf

=83

$'G systkg

(56)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss ;8

=89

!agpasbtk sbfjed

=8;

Kegpdk> *tkrka $G

(57)

=88

*tkrka trejsgbttkr

=86

*tkrka $G spkctrug

(58)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss ;<

=8<

*tkrka $G rkckbvkr

=82

*u+cerrbkr systkg

(59)

=6>

*u+cerrbkr systkg

=65

:'* eji :.'*

(60)

=6=

*u+sbibery !aggujbcetbajs "utlarbty

,*!"- skrvbcks

=63

!agpdktk $G trejsgbttkr

(61)

=69

!agpdktk $G rkckbvkr

=6;

Artlafajed $'G eppraecl

(62)

=68

Artlafajed $'G eppraecl ? plesk

)ueireturk

=66

Artlafajed $rk)ukjcy 'bvbsbaj

Gudtbpdkbjf

(63)

=6<

A$'G

• Gudtbpdy eji bjtkfretk.

– Cdaco syjclrajbzetbaj jat slawj.

• Bh kqued⇝_{fkt e derfkr praiuct} • Bh jat kqued ⇝_{daw (bikeddy zkra)}

praiuct

• Bh edd bjput hrkqukjcbks erk artlafajed, tlky wbdd ybkdi zkra har edd daced hrkqukjcbks jat kqued ta tlk daced ajk.

• Ylus sbfjeds cej mk rkcavkrki, eji cej cakxbst.

AHIG rkcavkry h t c o= _o3 _o9 _o; _o8 o5

Ybgk ibvbsbaj gudtbpdkbjf

,Y'G-• E clejjkd fkts tlk wladk spkctrug har e ckrtebj egaujt ah

tbgk

• Eivejtefks

– ajdy ajk cerrbkr bj tlk gkibug et ejy tbgk – tlrauflput lbfl kvkj

har gejy uskrs

• Ibseivejtefks

– prkcbsk syjclrajbzetbaj jkckssery

(64)

h

Y'G eji $'G

• Cagmbjetbaj ah YIG eji HIG

• E clejjkd fkts e ckrtebj hrkqukjcy meji har e ckrtebj egaujt ah tbgk

• Kxegpdk0 FSG

• Eivejtefks

– mkttkr pratkctbaj efebjst teppbjf (kevksirappbjf) – pratkctbaj efebjst hrkqukjcy

skdkctbvk bjtkrhkrkjck • mut0 prkcbsk caaribjetbaj rkqubrki t c o= o3 o9 o; o8 o5

*peck 'bvbsbaj Gudtbpdkbjf> !kdd structurk

• Bgpdkgkjts speck ibvbsbaj gudtbpdkx (SIG)

– mesk stetbaj cavkrs e ckrtebj trejsgbssbaj erke (ckdd)

• Gambdk stetbajs caggujbcetk ajdy vbe tlk mesk stetbaj • Eivejtefks ah c kdd structurks

– lbflkr cepecbty, lbflkr j ugmkr ah usk rs – dkss trejsgbssbaj pawkr jkkiki – gark ramust, ikckjtredbzki

– mesk stetbaj ikeds wbtl bjtkrhkrkjck, trejsgbssbaj erke ktc. daceddy

• ^ramdkgs

– hbxki jktwaro jkkiki har tlk mesk stetbajs

– lejiavkr (clejfbjf hrag ajk ckdd ta ejatlkr) jkckssery – bjtkrhkrkjck wbtl atlkr ckdds

• Ckdd sbzks hrag 45>> g bj cbtbks ta, k.f., 3; og aj tlk caujtry sbik (FSG) -kvkj dkss har lbflkr hrkqukjcbks

(65)

$rk)ukjcy rkusk

• Hrkqukjcy rkusk ajdy wbtl e ckrtebj ibstejck mktwkkj tlk mesk stetbajs • Stejieri gaikd usbjf 6 hrkqukjcbks0

• Hbxki hrkqukjcy essbfjgkjt0

– ckrtebj hrkqukjcbks erk essbfjki ta e ckrtebj ckdd – pramdkg0 ibhhkrkjt trehhbc daei bj ibhhkrkjt ckdds • Iyjegbc hrkqukjcy essbfjgkjt0

– mesk stetbaj claasks hrkqukjcbks ikpkjibjf aj tlk hrkqukjcbks edrkeiy uski bj jkbflmar ckdds

– gark cepecbty bj ckdds wbtl gark trehhbc

– essbfjgkjt cej edsa mk mesk i aj bjtkrhkrkjck gkesurkgkjts

h hN h= hE hM hC hI hE hM h hN h=

$rk)ukjcy rkusk

h= hM hE hM h= h= hM hE hM hE h= hM h= hE hE hE hE hE h hN h= hE hM hC hI hE hM h hN h= hE hN hC hI hM hM h= h= h= hM hE hM hE hM hE l= lM lE f= fM fE l= lM lE f= fM fE f= fM fE E ckdd cdustkr I ckdd cdustkr E ckdd cdustkr wbtl E skctar ejtkjjes

(66)

!aik ibvbsbaj gudtbpdkbjf

,!'G-• Kecl clejjkd les e ujbquk caik

• Edd clejjkds usk tlk segk spkctrug et tlk segk tbgk

• Eivejtefks

– mejiwbitl khhbcbkjt

– ja caaribjetbaj eji syjclrajbzetbaj jkckssery

– faai pratkctbaj efebjst bjtkrhkrkjck eji teppbjf

• Ibseivejtefks

– verybjf uskr iete retks

– gark cagpdkx sbfjed rkfkjkretbaj

• Bgpdkgkjtki usbjf sprkei spkctrug tkcljadafy

o= o3 o9 o; o8 o5 h t c

9atk> !kdd +rketlbjf

• CIG systkgs0 ckdd sbzk ikpkjis aj currkjt daei • Eiibtbajed trehhbc eppkers es jabsk ta atlkr uskrs

• Bh tlk jabsk dkvkd bs taa lbfl ckdd sbzk bs ikcrkeski (bj atlkr waris —kxckss uskrs‗ erk irappki aut ah ckdd.

(67)

=<8

*u+deykrs ah 'ete <bjo <eykr

• Bh wk levk e ikibcetki dbjo (ar clejjkd) mktwkkj tlk skjikr eji tlk rkckbvkr, tlkj wk ajdy jkki iete dbjo cajtrad, e gkclejbsg wlbcl pravbiks e dbjo wbtl rkdbemdk caggujbcetbaj.

• Aj tlk atlkr leji, bh wk usk k.f. aur ckdduder plajk ta cajjkct ta ejatlkr plajk, tlk clejjkd bs jat ikibcetki eji wk jkki sagk gktlai ta rksadvk ecckss ta tlk slerki gkibe

• Vk cej cajsbikr tlk iete dbjo deykr es twa sumdeykrs.

– Ylkuppkr sumdeykrbs rkspajsbmdk har iete dbjo cajtrad, eji

– tlkdawkr sumdeykrbs rkspajsbmdk har rksadvbjf ecckss ta tlk slerki gkibe.

• Bh tlk clejjkd bs ikibcetki, wk ia jat jk ki tlk dawkr sumdeykr.

cajtrad Gudtbpdk-ecckss cajtrad jktwaro dbjo plysbced

…

=<6

<<! eji G"!

• Ylk uppkr sumdeykr tlet bs rkspajsbmdk har hdaw eji krrar cajtrad bs ceddki tlk dafbced dbjo cajtrad (DDC) deykr. • Ylk dawkr sumdeykr tlet bs gastdy rkspajsbmdk har

gudtbpdk-ecckss rksadutbaj bs ceddki tlk gkibe gudtbpdk-ecckss cajtrad (GEC) deykr.

– Vlkj jaiks ar stetbajs erk cajjkctki eji usk e caggaj dbjo, ceddki e gudtbpabjt ar mraeicest dbjo, wk jkki e gudtbpdk-ecckss pratacad ta

caaribjetk ecckssta tlk dbjo.

• Vlkj twa ar gark ikvbcks erk cajjkctki ta tlk segk dbjo (gudtbpdk ecckss), iete dbjo deykr pratacads erk jkckssery ta iktkrgbjk wlbcl ikvbck les cajtrad avkr tlk dbjo et ejy fbvkj tbgk.

(68)

=<<

Gudtbpdk ecckss pratacads

• Vlkj lasts caggujbcetk avkr e slerki gkibug, e pratacad bs jkkikisa tlet tlk sbfjeds skjt my gudtbpdk skjikrs ia jat bjtkrhkrket tlk rkckbvkrs.

• Gkibug ecckss pratacads cej mk cdessbhbki0

– clejjkdbzetbaj ar clejjkd pertbtbajbjf, – rejiag ecckss, eji

– cajtraddki ecckss ar teobjf turjs.

=<2 <<! G"!

%; > G"!> 'bhhkrkjt jaiks gust febj ecckss ta tlk slerki gkibug ,har bjstejck e wbrkdkss clejjkd- bj e

cajtraddki heslbaj ,atlkrwbsk tlkrk wbdd +k caddbsbajs-H

$'G" Y'G" !'G" !*G"

"ssbfjbjf clejjkds bjhrk)ukjcyiagebj "ssbfjbjf tbgk sdats bjtbgkiagebj "ssbfjbjf caik sk)ukjcks bjcaikiagebj "ssbfjbjf trejsgbssbaj appartujbtbks bj

tbgkiagebj aj e stetbstbced +esbs

*agk ecckss gktlais>

(69)

,G"!-Dkcturk jatks Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs Kjfbjkkrbjf B my @argeO koedebjkj

=2>

!lejjkdb5etbaj ,!lejjkd

pertbtbajbjf-• Clejjkdbzetbaj bs e gudtbpdk-ecckss gktlai bj

wlbcl tlk evebdemdk mejiwbitl ah e dbjo bs

slerki bj

tbgk,

hrkqukjcy, ar tlraufl

caik,

mktwkkj ibhhkrkjt stetbajs.

• Bj tlbs skctbaj, wk ibscuss tlrkk clejjkdbzetbaj

pratacads0 HIGE, YIGE, eji CIGE.

=25

Gudtbpdk "cckss

,G"-• Gejy tkdkcaggujbcetbajs systkgs erk pabjt-ta-pabjt. • Lawkvkr gejy erk slerki.

– Mkst kxegpdk bs gambdk plaj k systkg (ckdd-plajk, leji-plajk)

• Law ia gejy uskrs slerk tlk segk systkg1 • Edtkrjetbvks0

– Hrkqukjcy Ibvbsbaj Gudtbpdk Ecckss (HIGE).

• Sbgpdkst.

• Cej usk har ejedaf ar ibfbted.

– Ybgk Ibvbsbaj Gudtbpdk Ecckss (YIGE).

• Ibfbted trejsgbssbaj rkqubr ki.

– Caik Ibvbsbaj Gudtbpdk Ecckss (CIGE).

(70)

=2=

"jedafy

• Ej ejedafy ta tlk pramdkg ah gudtbpdk ecckss

bs e raag (clejjkd) bj wlbcl pkapdk wbsl ta

caggujbcetk wbtl kecl atlkr.

• Ya evabi cajhusbaj, pkapdk caudi

teok turjs

spkeobjf

(tbgk ibvbsbaj), spkeo et

ibhhkrkjt

pbtclks

(hrkqukjcy ibvbsbaj), ar spkeo bj

ibhhkrkjt dejfuefks

(caik ibvbsbaj).

=23

$rk)ukjcy 'bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

,$'G"-• Vlkrk trejsgbssbaj eji rkckptbaj hrag kecl uskr bs

fbvkj e ibhhkrkjt hrkqukjcy.

• Kecl ikvbck les bt‒s awj hrkqukjcbks (ajk har

updbjo

, ajk har

iawjdbjo

).

• Fkafreplbc erke ibvbiki up bjta ckdds, sa hrkqukjcbks

cej mk rk-uski.

• Jkki ta pdej ckdds cerkhuddy sa ja

(71)

=29

$rk)ukjcy('bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

,$'G"-• Bj Hrkqukjcy-Ibvbsbaj Gudtbpdk Ecckss (HIGE), tlk evebdemdk mejiwbitl bs ibvbiki bjta hrkqukjcy mejis.

• Kecl stetbaj bs eddacetki e meji ta skji bts iete.

• Bj atlkr waris, kecl meji bs rkskrvki har e spkcbhbc stetbaj, eji bt mkdajfs ta tlk stetbaj edd tlk tbgk.

• Kecl stetbaj edsa usks e mejipess hbdtkr ta mauji tlk trejsgbttkr hrkqukjcbks.

• Ya prkvkjt stetbaj bjtkrhkrkjcks, tlk eddacetki mejis erk skperetki hrag ajk ejatlkr my sgedd fueri mejis.

=2;

$rk)ukjcy('bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

(72)

,$'G"-Dkcturk jatks Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs Kjfbjkkrbjf B my @argeO koedebjkj

=28

$'G"

Clejjkd spkctrug ibvbiki bjta hrkqukjcy mejis • kecl stetbaj essbfjki hbxki hrkqukjcy meji

• ujuski trejsgbssbaj tbgk bj hrkqukjcy mejis fa bidk • kxegpdk0 8-stetbaj DEJ, 5,3,9 levk pecokt, hrkqukjcy mejis

=,;,8 bidk h r k ) u k j c y + e j i s $'G ce+dk =26

Ybgk('bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

,Y'G"-• Bj tbgk-ibvbsbaj gudtbpdk ecckss (YIGE), tlk

stetbajs slerk tlk

mejiwbitl ah tlk clejjkd bj tbgk

.

• Kecl stetbaj bs eddacetki e tbgk sdat iurbjf wlbcl bt

cej skji iete.

• Kecl stetbaj

trejsgbts

bts iete

bj essbfjki tbgk sdat

.

• Mesk-stetbaj jkkis ta skji syjclrajbzetbaj sbfjed ta

uskrs.

• ^assbmdk pramdkg0 wlkrk wk jkki rked-tbgk

trejsgbssbaj (vabck/vbika), wk gust favkrj

gexbgug webt tbgk har aur sdat ta cagk erauji

efebj.

(73)

=2<

Ybgk('bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

,Y'G"-=22

Y'G"

• ecckss ta clejjkd bj "raujis"

• kecl stetbaj fkts hbxki dkjftl sdat (dkjftl 7 sbjfdk pecokt cej mk trejsgbttki iurbjf e sdat tbgk) bj kecl rauji • ujuski sdats fa bidk

• kxegpdk0 8-stetbaj DEJ, 5,3,9 levk pecokt, sdats =,;,8 bidk

5

5 33 99 55 33 99

C(sdat hregk

(74)

3>>

*yjclrajb5etbaj

• Ylk gebj pramdkg wbtl YIGE dbks bj eclbkvbjf syjclrajbzetbaj mktwkkj tlk ibhhkrkjt stetbajs.

• Kecl stetbaj jkkis ta ojaw tlk mkfbjjbjf ah bts sdat eji tlk dacetbaj ah bts sdat.

• Ylbs gey mk ibhhbcudt mkceusk ah prapefetbaj ikdeys bjtraiucki bj tlk systkg bh tlk stetbajs erk sprkei avkr e derfk erke. • Ya cagpkjsetk har tlk ikdeys, wk cej bjskrt fueri tbgks. • Syjclrajbzetbaj bs jargeddy eccagpdbslki my levbjf sagk

syjclrajbzetbaj mbts (jargeddy rkhkrrki ta es prkegmdk mbts) et tlk mkfbjjbjf ah kecl sdat.

3>5

9atk> Y'G" vsH Y'G

• Vk edsa jkki ta kgplesbzk tlet edtlaufl YIGE eji YIG cajckptueddy skkg tlk segk, tlkrk erk ibhhkrkjcks mktwkkj tlkg.

• YIG bs e plysbced deykr tkcljbquk tlet cagmbjks tlk iete hrag sdawkr clejjkdseji trejsgbts tlkg my usbjf e hestkr clejjkd.

• Ylk prackss usks e plysbced gudtbpdkxkr tlet bjtkrdkevks iete ujbts hrag kecl clejjkd.

• YIGE, aj tlk atlkr leji, bs ej ecckss gktlai bj tlk iete dbjo deykr.

• Ylk iete dbjo deykr bj kecl stetbaj tkdds bts plysbced deykr ta usk tlk eddacetki tbgk sdat.

(75)

3>=

!aik 'bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

,!'G"-• Vk sprkei tlk trejsgbssbaj aut avkr e wbik

hrkqukjcy rejfk.

• Ykcljbquk bs ceddki sprkei spkctrug.

• Bt bs gucl gark cagpdbcetki tlej HIGE eji

YIGE

• Caik ibvbsbaj gudtbpdk ecckss (CIGE) mkdajfs ta

tlk hegbdy ah clejjkdbzetbaj ar clejjkd pertbtbajbjf

pratacads.

• CIGE eji bts

gaibhbcetbajs

erk

caggaj bj

wbrkdkss DEJ eji ckdduder tkcljadafbks

.

3>3

!aik 'bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

,!'G"-• Caik ibvbsbaj gudtbpdk ecckss (CIGE) bs e clejjkd ecckss gktlai utbdbzki my verbaus reiba caggujbcetbaj.

• CIGE kgpdays sprkei-spkctrug tkcljadafy eji e spkcbed caibjf sclkgk (wlkrk kecl trejsgbttkr bs essbfjki e caik) ta eddaw gudtbpdk uskrs ta mk gudtbpdkxki avkr tlk segk plysbced clejjkd.

• CIGE bs e harg ah sprkei-spkctrug sbfjedbjf, sbjck tlk gaiudetki caiki sbfjed les e gucl lbflkr mejiwbitl tlej tlk iete mkbjf caggujbcetki.

(76)

3>9

!aik('bvbsbaj Gudtbpdk "cckss

,!'G"-• Caik-ibvbsbaj gudtbpdk ecckss (CIGE) wes bjvkjtki

skvkred ikceiks efa.

• ]kckjt eivejcks bj kdkctrajbcs levk hbjeddy geik bts

bgpdkgkjtetbaj kcajagbceddy passbmdk.

• CIGE ibhhkrs hrag HIGE mkceusk ajdy

ajk clejjkd accupbks tlk kjtbrk mejiwbitl ah tlk dbjo.

• Bt ibhhkrs hrag YIGE mkceusk edd stetbajs cej

skji

iete

sbgudtejkausdy

? tlkrk bs

ja tbgkslerbjf

.

*prkei spkctrug tkcljb)uk

• ^ramdkg ah reiba trejsgbssbaj0 hrkqukjcy ikpkjikjt heibjf cej wbpk aut jerraw meji sbfjeds har iuretbaj ah tlk bjtkrhkrkjck • Sadutbaj0 sprkei tlk jerraw meji sbfjed bjta e mraei meji sbfjed

usbjf e spkcbed caik

– pratkctbaj efebjst jerraw meji bjtk rhkrkjck

• Sbik khhkcts0

– cakxbstkjck ah skvkred sbfjeds wbtlaut iyjegbc caaribjetbaj – tep-praah

• Edtkrjetbvks0 Ibrkct Skqukjck (IS), Hrkqukjcy Lappbjf (HL) iktkctbaj et iktkctbaj et rkckbvkr rkckbvkr bjtkrhkrkjck bjtkrhkrkjck sprkeisprkei sbfjed

sbfjed sbfjedsbfjed

sprkei sprkei bjtkrhkrkjck bjtkrhkrkjck h h h h p paawwkkr r ppaawwkkrr

(77)

3>8

prkei pkctrug

• Vlet cej mk febjki hrag epperkjt westk ah

spkctrug1

–

Bggujbty

hrag verbaus objis ah

jabsk

eji

gudtbpetl ibstartbaj

– Cej mk uski har

lbibjf

eji

kjcryptbjf

sbfjeds

–

Skvkred uskrs

cej bjikpkjikjtdy usk tlk

segk

lbflkr mejiwbitl wbtl vkry dbttdk bjtkrhkrkjck

Khhkcts ah sprkeibjf eji

iksprkeibjf wbtl bjtkrhkrkjck

i%2ih h b-i%2ih h bb-skjikr i%2ih h bbb-i%2ih h bv-rkckbvkr h v-uskr sbfjed +raei+eji bjtkrhkrkjck jerraw+eji bjtkrhkrkjck i%2ih

(78)

*prkeibjf eji hrk)ukjcy skdkctbvk heibjf

hrk)ukjcy clejjkd )uedbty = M E  N C jerraw +eji sbfjed fueri speck M M M M M hrk)ukjcy clejjkd )uedbty = sprkei spkctrug jerraw+eji clejjkds

sprkei spkctrug clejjkds sprkei spkctrug clejjkds

3>2

*prkei spkctrug

• Bjstkei ah trejsgbttbjf aj ajk ar e hkw hrkqukjcbks, tlk gaiudetar ikdbmkretkdy trbks ta usk e gucl wbikr clejjkd mejiwbitl.

• Bt bs uski0

– gbdbtery caggujbcetbajs,

– ckdduder caggujbcetbajs (wlkrk tlk tkrg CIGE bs uski), – bjtkrhkrkjck-prajk kjvbrajgkjts

• Ywa gebj typks0

– Hrkqukjcy Lappbjf eji – Ibrkct Skqukjck

(79)

35>

*prkei spkctrug & Vly1

• Gbdbtery usk0 Vejt ta

– Okkp aur trejsgbssbajs skcrkt hrag kjkgy.

– Stap kjkgy `eggbjf aur trejsgbssbajs wbtl lbfl-pawkr ]H.

• Cbvbdbej usk0 Vejt ta

– Gbjbgbzk khhkct ah bjtkrhkrkjck hrag atlkrs. – Gbjbgbzk aur bjtkrhkrkjck aj atlkrs.

– Slerk mejiwbitl wbtl atlkrs (bjstkei ah YIGE ar HIGE).

• Gambdk caggujbcetbajs erk e mbf i rbvkr.

355

*prkei(spkctrug gudtbpdk ecckss

• Ylk arbfbjs ah sprkei spkctrug erk bj gbdbtery hbkdi eji jevbfetbaj systkgs. • Ykcljbquks ikvkdapki ta caujtkrect bjtkjtbajed `eggbjflevk edsa pravki

subtemdk har caggujbcetbaj tlraufl ibspkrsbvk clejjkds bj ckdduder eppdbcetbajs. • Bj CIGE kecl uskr bs essbfjki e ujbquk caik skqukjck bt usks ta kjcaik bts

bjhargetbaj-mkerbjf sbfjed.

• Ylk rkckbvkr, ojawbjf tlk caik skqukjcks ah tlk uskr, ikcaiks e rkckbvki sbfjed ehtkr rkckptbaj eji rkcavkrs tlk arbfbjed iete.

• Ylbs bs passbmdk sbjck tlk crass-carrkdetbajs mktwkkj tlk caik ah tlk iksbrki uskr eji tlk caiks ah tlk atlkr uskrs erk sgedd.

• Sbjck tlk mejiwbitl ah tlk caik sbfjed bs claskj ta mk gucl derfkr tlej tlk mejiwbitl ah tlk bjhargetbaj-mkerbjf sbfjed, tlk kjcaibjf pracksskjderfks (sprkeis) tlk spkctrug ah tlk sbfjed eji bs tlkrkhark edsa ojawj es sprkei-spkctrug gaiudetbaj.

• Ylk rksudtbjf sbfjed bs edsa ceddki e sprkei-spkctrug sbfjed, eji CIGE bs ahtkj ikjatki es sprkei-spkctrug gudtbpdk ecckss (SSGE).

'khbjbtbaj ah crass(carrkdetbaj hujctbaj> ( )

∕

∝ 7 ∝ √ ↝ 7 5 > 5 dbg J j o j j J xy x y J o ]

(80)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss <>

35=

!arrkdetbaj

• Kecl uskr bj e CIGE systkg usks e ibhhkrkjt caik ta gaiudetk tlkbr sbfjed.

• Claasbjf tlk caiks uski ta gaiudetk tlk sbfjed bs vkry bgpartejt bj tlk pkrhargejck ah CIGE systkgs.

• Ylk mkst pkrhargejck wbdd accur wlkj tlkrk bs faai skperetbaj mktwkkj tlk sbfjed ah e iksbrki uskr eji tlk sbfjeds ah atlkr uskrs.

• Ylk skperetbaj ah tlk sbfjeds bs geik mycarrkdetbjftlk rkckbvki sbfjed wbtl tlk daceddy fkjkretki caik ah tlk iksbrki uskr.

• Bh tlk sbfjed getclks tlk iksbrki uskr's caik tlkj tlk veduk ah carrkdetbaj hujctbaj wbdd mklbfleji tlk systkg cej kxtrect tlet sbfjed.

• Bh tlk iksbrki uskr's caik lesjatlbjf bj caggajwbtl tlk sbfjed tlk carrkdetbaj slaudi mk es cdask ta zkra es passbmdk (tlus kdbgbjetbjf tlk sbfjed).

• Bh tlk caik bs carrkdetki wbtl tlk sbfjed et ejy tbgk ahhskt atlkr tlej zkra, tlk carrkdetbaj slaudi mk es cdask ta zkra es passbmdk.

• Ylbs bs uski ta rk`kct gudtb-petl bjtkrhkrkjck (apkretbaj bs rkhkrrki ta es euta-carrkdetbaj).

353

*yjclrajaus !'G"

• Bj fkjkred, CIGE mkdajfs ta twa mesbc cetkfarbks0 syjclrajaus (artlafajed caiks) eji esyjclrajaus (pskuiarejiag caiks).

• Syjclrajaus CIGE kxpdabts getlkgetbced prapkrtbks ah artlafajedbty mktwkkj vkctars rkprkskjtbjf tlk iete strbjfs.

– Har kxegpdk, mbjery strbjf "5>55" bs rkprkskjtki my tlk vkctar (5, >, 5, 5). • Xkctars cej mk gudtbpdbki my teobjf tlkbr iat praiuct, my suggbjf tlk praiucts ah

tlkbr rkspkctbvk cagpajkjts.

– Kxegpdk0 bh u7(e,m) eji v7(c,i), tlk iat praiuct u⋋v 7 e*c + m*i. • Bh tlkiat praiuct bs zkra, tlk twa vkctars erk sebi ta mkartlafajedta kecl atlkr • Bh vkctarseejimerk artlafajed, tlkj

(81)

359

*yjclrajaus !'G"

• Kecl uskr bj syjclrajaus CIGE usks e caik

artlafajed ta tlk atlkr uskrs' caiks ta

gaiudetk tlkbr sbfjed.

• Artlafajed caiks levk e crass-carrkdetbaj

kqued ta zkra? bj atlkr waris, tlky ia

jat

bjtkrhkrk wbtl kecl atlkr.

– K.f. 89 mbt Vedsl caiks erk uski ta kjcaik tlk

sbfjed ta skperetk ibhhkrkjt uskrs.

– Sbjck kecl ah tlk 89 Vedsl caiks erk artlafajed ta

ajk ejatlkr, tlk sbfjeds erk clejjkdbzki bjta 89

artlafajed sbfjeds.

35;

"syjclrajaus !'G"

• Sbjck bt bs jat getlkgetbceddy passbmdk ta crketk skqukjcks tlet erk artlafajed har ermbtrerbdy rejiag stertbjf pabjts, ujbquk pskuia-rejiag ar pskuia-jabsk (^J) skqukjcks erk uski bj Esyjclrajaus CIGE systkgs. • E ^J caik bs e mbjery skqukjck tlet eppkers rejiag mut cej mk rkpraiucki

bj e iktkrgbjbstbc gejjkr my bjtkjiki rkckbvkrs.

• Ylksk ^J caiks erk uski ta kjcaik eji ikcaik e uskr's sbfjed bj Esyjclrajaus CIGE bj tlk segk gejjkr es tlk artlafajed caiks bj syjclrajaus CIGE.

• Ylksk ^J skqukjcks erk stetbstbceddy ujcarrkdetki, eji tlk sug ah e derfk jugmkr ah ^J skqukjcks rksudts bj Gudtbpdk Ecckss Bjtkrhkrkjck (GEB) tlet bs eppraxbgetki my e Feussbej jabsk prackss.

• Bh edd ah tlk uskrs erk rkckbvki wbtl tlk segk pawkr dkvkd, tlkj tlk verbejck (tlk jabsk pawkr) ah tlk GEB bjcrkesks bj ibrkct prapartbaj ta tlk jugmkr ah uskrs.

• Bj atlkr waris, ujdbok syjclrajaus CIGE, tlk sbfjeds ah atlkr uskrs wbdd eppker es jabsk ta tlk sbfjed ah bjtkrkst ejibjtkrhkrksdbfltdy wbtl tlk iksbrki sbfjed bj prapartbaj ta jugmkr ah uskrs.

(82)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss <=

358

%rackssbjf febj

• Edd hargs ah CIGE usk sprkei spkctrug prackssbjf febj(sprkeibjf hectar) ta eddaw rkckbvkrs ta pertbeddy ibscrbgbjetk efebjst ujwejtki sbfjeds.

• Sbfjeds kjcaiki wbtl tlk spkcbhbki ^J skqukjck (caik) erk rkckbvki, wlbdk sbfjeds wbtl ibhhkrkjt caiks (ar tlk segk caik mut e ibhhkrkjt tbgbjf ahhskt) eppker es wbikmeji jabsk rkiucki my tlk prackss febj.

• Sbjck kecl uskr fkjkretks GEB (Gudtbpdk Ecckss Bjtkrhkrkjck) , cajtraddbjf tlk sbfjed strkjftlbs ej bgpartejt bssuk wbtl CIGE trejsgbttkrs.

• ESyjclrajausCIGE, YIGE ar HIGE rkckbvkr cej bj tlkarycagpdktkdy rk`kct ermbtrerbdy strajf sbfjeds usbjf ibhhkrkjt caiks, tbgk sdats ar hrkqukjcy clejjkds iuk ta tlk artlafajedbty ah tlksk systkgs.

• Ylbs bs jat truk harEsyjclrajausCIGE? rk`kctbaj ah ujwejtki sbfjeds bs ajdy pertbed.

• Bh ejy ar edd ah tlk ujwejtki sbfjeds erk gucl strajfkr tlej tlk iksbrki sbfjed, tlky wbdd avkrwlkdg bt.

• Ylbs dkeis ta e fkjkred rkqubrkgkjt bj ejy Esyjclrajaus CIGE systkg ta eppraxbgetkdy getcl tlk verbaus sbfjed pawkrdkvkds es skkj et tlk rkckbvkr (Jker-her pramdkg).

• Bj CIGE ckdduder, tlk mesk stetbaj usks e hest cdaski-daap pawkr cajtrad sclkgk ta tbfltdy cajtrad kecl gambdk's trejsgbt pawkr.

356

prkei pkctrug clerectkrbstbcs ah !'G"

• Gast gaiudetbaj sclkgks try tagbjbgbzk tlk mejiwbitlah tlbs sbfjed sbjck mejiwbitl bs edbgbtki rksaurck.

• Lawkvkr, sprkei spkctrug tkcljbquks usk e trejsgbssbaj mejiwbitl tlet bs

skvkred arikrs ah gefjbtuik frketkrtlej tlk gbjbgug rkqubrki sbfjed mejiwbitl.

• Ajk ah tlk bjbtbed rkesajs har iabjf tlbs wes pramdkgetbced gbdbtery eppdbcetbajs bjcduibjf fubiejck eji caggujbcetbaj systkgs.

• Ylksk systkgs wkrk iksbfjki usbjf sprkei spkctrug mkceusk ah bts skcurbty ejirksbstejck ta `eggbjf.

• Esyjclrajaus CIGE les sagk dkvkd ah prbvecy mubdt bj mkceusk tlk sbfjed bs sprkei usbjf e pskuiarejiag caik? tlbs caik geoks tlk sprkei spkctrug sbfjeds eppkerrejiagar levkjabsk-dbok prapkrtbks.

• E rkckbvkrcejjat ikgaiudetktlbs trejsgbssbaj wbtlaut ojawdkifk ah tlk pskuiarejiag skqukjck uski ta kjcaik tlk iete.

• CIGE bs edsarksbstejt ta `eggbjf.

• E `eggbjf sbfjed ajdy les e hbjbtk egaujt ah pawkr evebdemdk ta `eg tlk sbfjed.

– Ylk `eggkr cej kbtlkr sprkei bts kjkrfy avkr tlk kjtbrk mejiwbitl ah tlk sbfjed ar `eg ajdy pert ah tlk kjtbrk sbfjed.

(83)

35<

!lerectkrbstbcs ah !'G"

• CIGE cej edsa khhkctbvkdy rk`kct jerrawmeji bjtkrhkrkjck.

• Sbjck jerrawmeji bjtkrhkrkjck ehhkcts ajdy e sgedd partbaj ah tlk sprkei spkctrug sbfjed, bt cej kesbdy mk rkgavki tlraufl jatcl hbdtkrbjf wbtlaut gucl dass ah bjhargetbaj.

• Cajvadutbaj kjcaibjf eji bjtkrdkevbjf cej mk us ki ta essbst bj rkcavkrbjf tlbs dast iete.

• CIGE sbfjeds erk edsa rksbstejt ta gudtbpetl heibjf.

– Sbjck tlk sprkei spkctrug sbfjed accupbks e derfk mejiwbitl ajdy e sgedd partbaj ah tlbs wbdd ujikrfa heibjf iuk ta gudtbpetl et ejy fbvkj tbgk.

– Dbok tlk jerrawmeji bjtkrhkrkjck tlbs wbdd rksudt bj ajdy e sgedd dass ah iete eji cej mk avkrcagk.

• Ejatlkr rkesaj tlet CIGE bs rksbstejt ta gudtbpetl bjtkrhkrkjck bs mkceusk tlk ikdeyki vkrsbajsah tlk trejsgbttki pskuiarejiag caiks wbdd levk paar carrkdetbajwbtl tlk arbfbjed pskuiarejiag caik, eji wbdd tlus eppker es ejatlkr uskr, wlbcl bs bfjarki et tlk rkckbvkr.

• Bj atlkr waris, es dajf es tlk gudtbpetl clejjkd bjiucks et dkest ajk clbp ah ikdey, tlk gudtbpetl sbfjeds wbdd errbvk et tlk rkckbvkr sucl tlet tlky erkslbhtki bj tbgk my et dkest ajk clbphrag tlk bjtkjiki sbfjed.

• Ylk carrkdetbaj prapkrtbks ah tlk pskuiarejiag caiks erk sucl tlet tlbs sdbflt ikdey ceusks tlk gudtbpetl ta eppker ujcarrkdetkiwbtl tlk bjtkjiki sbfjed, eji bt bs tlus bfjarki.

E sprkeibjf caiksprkeibjf caik essbfjki ta kecl stetbaj bs edsa ceddki clbp skqukjckclbp skqukjck.

352

!lerectkrbstbcs ah !'G"

• Sagk CIGE ikvbcks usk e reok rkckbvkr, wlbcl kxpdabts gudtbpetl ikdey cagpajkjts ta bgpravk tlk pkrhargejck ah tlk systkg.

– E reok rkckbvkr cagmbjks tlk bjhargetbaj hrag skvkred carrkdetars, kecl ajk tujki ta eibhhkrkjt petl ikdey, praiucbjf e strajfkr vkrsbaj ah tlk sbfjed tlej e sbgpdk rkckbvkr wbtl e sbjfdk carrkdetar tujki ta tlk

petl ikdey ah tlk strajfkst sbfjed.

• Hrkqukjcy rkusk bs tlk embdbty ta rkusk tlk segk reiba clejjkd hrkqukjcy et atlkr ckdd sbtks wbtlbj e ckdduder systkg.

– Bj tlk HIGE eji YIGE systkgs hrkqukjcy pdejjbjf bs ahperegaujt bgpartejck.

– Ylk hrkqukjcbks uski bj ibhhkrkjt ckdds jkki ta mk pdejjki cerkhuddy bj arikr ta kjsurk tlet tlk sbfjeds hrag ibhhkrkjt ckdds ia jat bjtkrhkrk wbtl kecl atlkr.

– Bj e CIGE systkg tlk segk hrkqukjcy cej mk uski bj kvkry ckdd mkceusk clejjkdbzetbaj bs iajk usbjf tlk pskuiarejiag caiks.

(84)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss <9

3=>

*prkei spkctrug & .esbc bike

• Cajvkjtbajed trejsgbssbaj0

– ta trejsgbt aj ajk clejjkd, eji – rkckbvk aj tlk segk clejjkd, ah caursk.

• Suppask wk stert trejsgbttbjf aj e clejjkd ceddki CL9. • Ylkj ehtkr e slart tbgk, swep ta CL6.

• Ylkj swep ta CL53, tlkj CL5, tlkj hbjeddy meco ta CL9. • Sa tlk trejsgbttkr laps aj clejjkds 9, 6, 53, 5, 9, 6, 53, 5, ... • Amvbausdy tlk rkckbvkr les ta haddaw tlbs skqukjck.

• Ylk skt (9,6,53,5) bs ceddki tlk lapskt.

3=5

*prkei spkctrug & .esbc bike

• Yx eji ]x jkki ta (e) ojaw tlk lapskt, eji (m) ojaw

wlkrk/wlkj ta stert.

– Ylbs bs tlk syjclrajbzetbaj bssuk.

• Bh ej bjtkrckptar ah aur ]H trejsgbssbaj iaks jat ojaw tlk stert eji skqukjck, bt waudi mk ibhhbcudt ta kevksirap. • Edsa, ejatlkr Yx/]x pebr caudi usk tlk segk clejjkds, bj e

ibhhkrkjt arikr.

• Bh wk usk e derfk jugmkr ah clejjkds (kf., 62 bj Mduktaatl), kvkj bh twa caggujbcetbjf pebrs leppkj ta caddbik, tlk egaujt ah bjtkrhkrkjck bs sgedd (5 bj 62).

• Lap retk iktkrgbjks pkrhargejck, cagpdkxbty (kf., Mduktaatl 58>> laps/skc)

(85)

3==

*prkei spkctrug & .esbc bike

• Ylk ectued skqukjck bs pskuia-rejiag.

• Ylet bs, bt ajdy daaos rejiag, mut rkpkets ehtkr e derfk jugmkr ah laps.

• Systkg `ust ikscrbmki bs SS-HL (Hrkqukjcy Lappbjf). • Lap retk bs —rkdetbvkdy‗ sdaw (tlausejis pkr skcaji) • Ejatlkr eppraecl bs Ibrkct Skqukjck (SS-IS).

– Skvkred laps pkr mbt.

– Gucl lbflkr retk (G l aps/skc).

– Gark cagpdbcetki systkg & syjclrajbzetbaj gark ikgejibjf. – SS-IS bs uski bjCIGEgambdk.

• Eivejtefk ah SS0 khhbcbkjt usk ah ]H spkctrug.

3=3

$rk)ukjcy ;appbjf prkei pkctrug

,$;**-• Sbfjed bs mraeicest avkr skkgbjfdy rejiag skrbks ah reiba hrkqukjcbks

– E jugmkr ah clejjkds eddacetki har tlk HL sbfjed

– Vbitl ah kecl clejjkd carrkspajis ta mejiwbitl ah bjput sbfjed

• Sbfjed laps hrag hrkqukjcy ta hrkqukjcy et hbxki bjtkrveds

– Yrejsgbttkr apkretks bj ajk clejjkd et e tbgk – Mbts erk trejsgbttki usbjf sagk kjcaibjf sclkgk

(86)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss <8

$rk)ukjcy ;appbjf prkei pkctrug

,$;**-• Ibscrktk clejfks ah cerrbkr hrkqukjcy

– skqukjck ah hrkqukjcy clejfks iktkrgbjki vbe pskuia rejiag jugmkr skqukjck

• Ywa vkrsbajs – Hest Lappbjf0

skvkred hrkqukjcbks pkr uskr mbt – Sdaw Lappbjf0

skvkred uskr mbts pkr hrkqukjcy • Eivejtefks

– hrkqukjcy skdkctbvk heibjf eji bjtkrhkrkjck dbgbtki ta slart pkr bai – sbgpdk bgpdkgkjtetbaj

– usks ajdy sgedd partbaj ah spkctrug et ejy tbgk • Ibseivejtefks

– jat es ramust es ISSS – sbgpdkr ta iktkct

$rk)ukjcy ;appbjf prkei pkctrug

,$;**-uskr iete sdaw lappbjf ,E +bts2lap-hest lappbjf ,E laps2+bt-3 = t+ 3 = = t h h= hM hE t ti h h= hM hE t ti t+> +bt pkrbai t i> iwkdd tbgk

(87)

3=8

*prkei spkctrug ( $rk)ukjcy

;appbjf

,$;-$rk)ukjcy ;appbjf prkei pkctrug

,$;**-gaiudetar uskr iete lappbjf sk)ukjck gaiudetar jerraw+eji

sbfjed sprkei_trejsgbt

sbfjed trejsgbttkr trejsgbttkr rkckbvki sbfjed rkckbvkr rkckbvkr ikgaiudetar iete hrk)ukjcy syjtlksb5kr lappbjf sk)ukjck ikgaiudetar hrk)ukjcy syjtlksb5kr jerraw+eji sbfjed

(88)

Gaiudetbaj, gudtbpdkxbjf eji gudtbpdk ecckss <<

3=<

'*** ( 'brkct(k)ukjck prkei(

*pkctrug

• Ylkrk erk mesbc tkcljbquks ta sprkei tlk mejiwbitl0

– Ibrkct Skqukjck Sprkei Spkctrug (ISSS) eji – Hrkqukjcy Lappbjf Sprkei Spkctrug (HLSS).

• Ibrkct-skqukjck sprkei-spkctrugtrejsgbssbajs gudtbpdy tlk iete mkbjf trejsgbttki my e "jabsk" sbfjed.

• Ylbs jabsk sbfjed bs epskuiarejiagskqukjck ah5eji∝5veduks, et e hrkqukjcygucl lbflkrtlej tlet ah tlk arbfbjed sbfjed, tlkrkmysprkeibjf tlk kjkrfyah tlk arbfbjed sbfjed bjta e guclwbikr meji.

• Ylk rksudtbjf sbfjed rkskgmdkswlbtk jabsk.

• Lawkvkr, tlbs jabsk-dbok sbfjed cej mk uski ta kxectdy rkcajstruct tlk arbfbjed iete et tlk rkckbvbjf kji, mygudtbpdybjf bt my tlk segk pskuiarejiag skqukjck(mkceusk 5 Ö 5 7 5, eji ∝5 Ö ∝5 7 5). • Ylbs prackss, ojawj es "ik-sprkeibjf", getlkgetbceddy cajstbtutks e

carrkdetbajah tlk trejsgbttki ^J skqukjck wbtl tlk ^J skqukjck tlet tlk rkckbvkr mkdbkvks tlk trejsgbttkr bs usbjf.

3=2

'*** ( 'brkct(k)ukjck prkei(*pkctrug

• Ylk rksudtbjf khhkct ah kjlejcbjf

sbfjed ta jabsk retba

aj tlk clejjkd bs ceddki

prackssbjf febj

.

• Ylbs khhkct cej mk geik derfkr my kgpdaybjf e dajfkr

^J skqukjck eji gark clbps pkr mbt.

• Bh ej ujiksbrki trejsgbttkr trejsgbts aj tlk segk

clejjkd mut wbtl e ibhhkrkjt ^J skqukjck (ar ja

skqukjck et edd), tlk ik-sprkeibjf prackss rksudts bj

ja prackssbjf febj har tlet sbfjed.

• Ylbs khhkct bs tlk mesbs har tlk

caik ibvbsbaj gudtbpdk

ecckss

(

CIGE

) prapkrty ah

ISSS

, wlbcl eddaws

gudtbpdk trejsgbttkrs ta slerk tlk segk clejjkd wbtlbj

tlk dbgbts ah tlk

crass-carrkdetbaj

prapkrtbks ah tlkbr

^J skqukjcks.

(89)

33>

Bike ah sprkei spkctrug

335

'brkct k)ukjck prkei *pkctrug

,'***-• Kecl mbt bj arbfbjed sbfjed bs rkprkskjtki my

gudtbpdk mbts bj tlk trejsgbttki sbfjed

• Sprkeibjf caik sprkeis sbfjed ecrass e wbikr

hrkqukjcy meji

– Sprkei bs bj ibrkct prapartbaj ta jugmkr ah mbts

uski

• Ajk tkcljbquk cagmbjks ibfbted bjhargetbaj

strkeg wbtl tlk sprkeibjf caik mbt strkeg

usbjf kxcdusbvk-A]

(90)

33=

Kegpdk> 'brkct k)ukjck prkei

*pkctrug

9atk>Kxcdusbvk-A]

'brkct k)ukjck prkei *pkctrug

,'***-• \A] ah tlk sbfjed wbtl pskuia-rejiag jugmkr (clbppbjf skqukjck) – gejy clbps pkr mbt (k .f., 5=<) rksudt bj lbflkr mejiwbitl ah tlk sbfjed • Eivejtefks

– rkiucks hrkqukjcy skdkctbvk heibjf

– bj ckdduder jktwaros • mesk stetbajs cej usk tlk

segk hrkqukjcy rejfk • skvkred mesk stetbajs cej

iktkct eji rkcavkr tlk sbfjed • saht lejiavkr

(saht clejfbjf hrag ajk ckdd ta ejatlkr) • Ibseivejtefks

– prkcbsk pawkr cajtrad jkckssery

uskr iete clbppbjf sk)ukjck rksudtbjf sbfjed 3 = 3==3= 3=3==3 = 3= \A] \A] 3==3= 3==33= 3 =3 7 7 t+ tc t+> +bt pkrbai tc> clbp pkrbai

(91)

339

prkei spkctrug ( 'brkct k)ukjck

,'-'brkct k)ukjck prkei pkctrug

,'***-F uskr iete clbppbjf sk)ukjck gaiudetar reiba cerrbkr sprkei spkctrug

sbfjed trejsgbtsbfjed

trejsgbttkr trejsgbttkr ikgaiudetar rkckbvki sbfjed reiba cerrbkr F clbppbjf sk)ukjck dawpess hbdtkrki sbfjed rkckbvkr rkckbvkr bjtkfretar praiucts ikcbsbaj iete segpdki sugs carrkdetar

(92)

338

'*** systkg

L Gudtbpdy .%*O sbfjed#

_s

i ,t - 8E i ,t - cas,Mώh c t

-+y

c

_,

t

_{- ?=# (= ta fkt}

s ,t - 8E i ,t -c ,t - cas,Mώh _ct -E8 egpdbtuik ah sbfjed h _c_{8 cerrbkr hrk)ukjcy} i _{,t- 8 ?=# (=}

L "t rkckbvkr# bjcagbjf

sbfjed gudtbpdbki +y

c

_,

t

-L *bjck#c ,t - c ,t -7=# bjcagbjf sbfjed bs rkcavkrki 336

'brkct(*k)ukjck Gudtbpdk "cckss

• Ibrkct Skqukjck – CIGE

’ Bj IS-CIGE

tlk gaiudetki bjhargetbaj-mkerbjf sbfjed (tlk

iete sbfjed) bs ibrkctdy gaiudetki my e ibfbted

(ibscrktk-tbgk, ibscrktk-veduki) caik sbfjed.

• Ylk iete sbfjed cej mk kbtlkr ejedaf ar ibfbted?

bj gast cesks bt bs ibfbted.

• Bj tlk cesk ah e ibfbted sbfjed tlk iete

gaiudetbaj bs ahtkj agbttki eji tlk

iete

sbfjed bs ibrkctdy gudtbpdbki my tlk caik

sbfjed

eji tlk rksudtbjf sbfjed gaiudetks tlk

]H cerrbkr.

(93)

Dkcturk jatks Ykdkcaggujbcetbajs Kjfbjkkrbjf B my @argeO koedebjkj 33<

'***(!'G"

332 > hc hc > hc hc hc hc Vedsl Caik Sprkei Caibjf eji Bjtkrdkevbjf Meskmeji Bjhargetbaj Mbts Vedsl Caik Carrkdetar Ikbjtkrdkevbjf eji Ikcaibjf Meskmeji Bjhargetbaj Mbts 52,= omps 2,8 omps clbp retk clbp retk 52,= omps 2,8 omps clbp retk (MV) Spurbaus Sbfjeds -553 iMg (5,=3 GLz)

Ylkrged J absk Kxtkrjed B jtkrhkrkjck Bjtkrhkrkjck hrag uskrs wbtlbj tlk segk ckdd Bjtkrhkrkjck hrag atlkr ckdds wbtlbj tlk systkg clbp retk (MV) clbp retk (MV) 5>

OLz mejiwbitl clbp retk (MV) 5> OLz mejiwbitl

]kckptbaj Yrejsgbssbaj