1. In this course we have discussed the dilemma of balancing the limits 1. In this course we have discussed the dilemma of balancing the limits to
to grgrowowth th wiwith th ththe e ririghght t to to dedevevelolop. p. CrCrititicicalally ly asassesess ss ththe e ririghght t toto d
deevveelloop p ccoonncceeppt t iin n tthhe e ccoonntteexxt t oof f gglloobbaal l eennvviirroonnmmeennttaal l aanndd deve
developmlopmentaental l govegovernanrnance. ce. Use Use and and go go beyobeyond nd the the liteliteraturature re listlisteded below to analyze the conditions under which this concept can be used below to analyze the conditions under which this concept can be used to empower developing countries.
to empower developing countries.
Many in the developing world have argued that global institutions in Many in the developing world have argued that global institutions in thethe post-colonial era have been
post-colonial era have been skewskewed against their ed against their interests, the econoicinterests, the econoic order was un!air and pre"udicial to the ability o! developing countries to order was un!air and pre"udicial to the ability o! developing countries to develop# $he concept o! a
develop# $he concept o! a right to developent %rst sur!aced at theright to developent %rst sur!aced at the international lev
international level in the early 1el in the early 1&'0s# &'0s# $he debate ha$he debate has been divisives been divisive between the (orth and the
between the (orth and the )outh, rather than increasing understanding o! )outh, rather than increasing understanding o! the relationship between huan rights and
the relationship between huan rights and developent *+bhawoh, 011#developent *+bhawoh, 011# conse.uences o! the near universal ebrace o! the arket econoy and conse.uences o! the near universal ebrace o! the arket econoy and ine.uality within an era o! globalisation has proved to be
ine.uality within an era o! globalisation has proved to be institutionalisedinstitutionalised through !or
through !oral and in!oral rules at the global al and in!oral rules at the global level, this is carried out bylevel, this is carried out by rules on trade, developent investent
rules on trade, developent investent and environental easurand environental easureses */dobana# eveloping countries have attepted to counter
*/dobana# eveloping countries have attepted to counter thisthis ine.uality through the (+2 and right to developent# $hey have thus ine.uality through the (+2 and right to developent# $hey have thus argued in !avour o! a new econoic order and the right
argued in !avour o! a new econoic order and the right to develop# $heto develop# $he /( 3eneral ssebly adopted a 5esolutio
/( 3eneral ssebly adopted a 5esolution on the 5ight to n on the 5ight to evelop inevelop in 1&86# roponents o! this third generation o! rights
1&86# roponents o! this third generation o! rights ephasi7e that theseephasi7e that these rights will rein!orce eisting huan rights, enhance their
rights will rein!orce eisting huan rights, enhance their e9ectiveness ande9ectiveness and ade the ore relevant to both
ade the ore relevant to both governents and individuals# :owever,governents and individuals# :owever, doinant discourse have been proli!erate and it is .uestionable to what doinant discourse have been proli!erate and it is .uestionable to what etent this concept o! a right to develop
etent this concept o! a right to develop has realistically had whenhas realistically had when environental degradation and survivalist discourses abound,
environental degradation and survivalist discourses abound, sharingsharing ecospace has iplications !or the right to developent *3upta and ouw, ecospace has iplications !or the right to developent *3upta and ouw, 014#
014#
;ithin the anthropocene there is a great acceleration in
;ithin the anthropocene there is a great acceleration in our population,our population, production,
production, consuption, urbconsuption, urbani7ation and tani7ation and trade# rade# $he liits o! t$he liits o! the arth<she arth<s ecospace has apli%ed hence the (orth-)outh debate, but also the ecospace has apli%ed hence the (orth-)outh debate, but also the rich-poor debate on the right to develop,
poor debate on the right to develop, as one group<s developent ayas one group<s developent ay coe at the cost o!
coe at the cost o! the other group<s aspirations and rights *3upta, 014#the other group<s aspirations and rights *3upta, 014# $he renewed relevance o! the right to develop in
$he renewed relevance o! the right to develop in the anthropocene hasthe anthropocene has led to new debates regarding who can develop and how= whether
led to new debates regarding who can develop and how= whether resour
resources *!ossil !uel>!orest ay or ay ces *!ossil !uel>!orest ay or ay not be used not be used *the issue o!*the issue o! stranded resour
stranded resources and assets who can ces and assets who can eit greenhouse gases and whoeit greenhouse gases and who cannot# $his shrinking ecospace has iplications on the global dialogue= cannot# $his shrinking ecospace has iplications on the global dialogue= the shrinking ecospace is
the shrinking ecospace is negotiated in opposition to negotiated in opposition to rights# articularlyrights# articularly with regards to esission levels, growth tra"ectories, valorisation and the with regards to esission levels, growth tra"ectories, valorisation and the right to developent *3upta and
right to developent *3upta and ouw, 014#ouw, 014#
eveloping countries have !avoured a right to developent over the last eveloping countries have !avoured a right to developent over the last !our decades, and although this has now been adopted, it
!our decades, and although this has now been adopted, it reainsreains contested by +ndustrialised Countries# central coponent o! this contested by +ndustrialised Countries# central coponent o! this approach to developent is the
approach to developent is the huan rights approach to developenthuan rights approach to developent assistance# $his calls !or
assistance# $his calls !or the regulation o! international developentthe regulation o! international developent cooperation and o?cial developent assistance by
o! international huan rights law# )uch a !raework would regulate the delivery o! developent assistance, the priorities that it should address, the obligations o! both donors and recipients, and the processes !or
evaluating developent assistance *+bhawoh, 011# lthough
+ndustialised Countries<s have voluntarily coited to providing resources to C<s over the last si decades and have continuously reiterated the need to do so, they have not et their own targets# *3upta, 010 +t has also raised the issue o! whether the new liberal or neo liberal paradig and ad hoc governance processes can actually address the key @sharing< issues that are increasingly becoing iportant#
hindrance to oveent !orward is the political and ideological
anoeuvring that underlies the discourse on the right to developent# $he di?culties ipleenting the right to developent are also due to
vague de%nitions, weak en!orceent echaniss, a lack o! political will, and consensus aong stakeholders to en!orce this right# +t has been conceded by proponents that despite hal! a century o! debate, realising the right to developent to have a eaning!ul contribution has not yet coe to !ruition *+bawoh, 011#
5ights discourses do set out to !urther ore cople and soeties
contradictory agendas these can be progressive and reactionary, it gives a language o! rights to the @third world< yet this was done through the belied that it would speed econoic developent in the )outh#
5ights discourses can be used to !urther a ore progressive and
reactionary agenda, huan rights is conceived o! as holistic, interrelated and indivisible# 5ights ust be realised siultaneously within social,
political and econoic spheres# $he right to developent pertains to counities, nations and regions given that it is an entitleent to both the individual and the collective, developent can be claied as a huan rights entitleent by both o! these# $his represents a paradig shi!t and a ove away !ro the doinant ;estern liberal orientation and provides a distinctly non-;estern counitarian rights agenda *+bawoh, 011#
espite a lack o! oveent in the rights to developent, it has provided an attitude shi!t and opportunities to iprove global, national and local governance, institutions and practices#
3upta *014 suggests that 3overnance !or sharing our ecospace calls !or scalar analysis o! glocal probles, critical and constructive relational
analysis o! changing but persistent (orth-)outh and rich-poor probles= sustainability not securiti7ation !raing to deal with ecospace and the right to develop= a global constitution and rule o! law within which other governance processes operate and inclusive developent as a way to counter the doinant neo-liberal, hegeonic !raes # $his discourse could act as a oveent towards this#
;ord CountA 866
Bibliography and References
Bernstein, )# *00 Liberal nvironentalis and 3lobal nvironental 3overnance, 3lobal nvironental olitics, *A 1-16
Bierann, D#, E# bbott, )# ndresen, E# BFckstrand, )# Bernstein, M#
Betsill, :# Bulkeley, B# Cashore, G# Clapp, C# Dolke, # 3upta, G# 3upta, # M# :aas, # Gordan, (# Eanie, $# EluvHnkovH-2ravskH, L# Lebel, # Liveran, G# Meadowcro!t, 5#B# Mitchell, # (ewell, )# 2berthIr, L# 2lsson, # attberg, 5# )Hnche7-5odrJgue7, :# )chroeder, # /nderdal, )# C# Kieira, C# Kogel, and 2# 5# oung *01# $rans!oring governance and institutions towards 3lobal )ustainabilityA Eey +nsights !or )ocial )cience 5esearch, Current 2pinion in nvironental )ustainability, 4*1A 1-60
3upta, G# *014# )haring our cospace# vailableA
httpA>>www#oratiereeks#nl>upload>pd!>D-40weboratieN3upta#pd!# Last accessed nd eceber 014#
3upta, G# nd ouw, (# *014 $he 5ight to evelop in the Contet o!
)haring 2ur arthA 3lobal institutional politics# (oveber 11th 014, Core +ssues in +nternational evelopent Lecture at the /niversity o!
sterda#
3upta, G# *010 @3lobal governanceA developent cooperation<, +n 3upta, G# and (# van de 3ri"p *eds## Mainstreaing Cliate Change in
evelopent CooperationA $heory, ractice and +plications !or the uropean /nion, Cabridge /niversity ress, pp# &&-1
Ibhawoh, B. OThe Right to Development: The Politics and Polemics of Power and ResistanceP *20 '6-104 :uan 5ights Quarterly
!dombana, (G# R$he Third "orld and the Right to Development A #genda for the $e%t &illenni'mR *2000 :uan 5ights Quarterly
! " central position in the analysis and practice of governance has been given to the role of the state in promoting citizenship. #xamples were discussed in the literature and lectures of how governance outcomes may lead to either marginalization or empowerment of social groups. $iscuss one of the examples of governance from lectures % or & to argue which approach 'or combinations thereof( to participatory governance from the
literature is best suited to understand the relevant outcomes and processes.
)ince the 1&&0<s participatory and inclusive approaches have gained iportance in developent# 9orts to iprove urban governance have revolved around decentralisation# $his can take any !ors and its success depends on a variety o! !actors# :owever depoliticisation and a loss o! responsibility can occur by sidelining !oral political actors during a process o! decentralisation# /rban social oveents have played critical roles in trans!oring ways in which cities are anaged by local authorities and the ways they work together with social oveents and other actors# aples o! trans!orative collective action are not
coonplace, partly due to urban dwellers struggle !or iediate
survival# (ational and local political will and coitted urban leadership are essential i! this developent can ove !orward# *Beall and Do, 00& Citi7enship represents a signi%cant conceptual advance within
understandings o! participatory governance and developent and o9ers a eans o! covering the convergence between participatory developent and participatory governance *3aventa, 00 in :ickey and Mohan, 00# +t is argued that citi7enship links to rights-based approaches as it
establishes participation as a political right that can be claied by the ecluded, and provides a political, legal and oral iperative !or !ocusing on people<s agency within developent# $he notion o! citi7enship o9ers a use!ul !or o! analysis within which to situate understandings o!
participation# +t is however .uestionable whether citi7enship provides a re.uireent towards a trans!orative approach to participation#
+ndeed, :ordi"k *00 argues participatory approaches are ost likely to succeedA where they are aied at securing citi7enship rights and
participation !or arginal and subordinate groups# articipatory
budgeting is one !or o! governance innovation in which citi7enship has been prioritised# )he identi%es three levels o! citi7enship , the highest being the developent o! interest and lobby groups and consultative echaniss which reach ordinary inhabitants# +t is argued that this level o! citi7enship is obtained and also !osters a novel approach when utilising a participatory budgeting !raework# $his !raework deands that
authorities and inhabitants !orulate developent plans and budgets in a participatory anner# +t is argued that the bene%ts o! the approach are citi7ens have direct participation in governance= this trans!ors the into citi7ens and raises deocratic awareness# $ransparency eerges !ro this approach, plus in!rastructure and service iproveents have a redistributional !ocus# $his approach has indeed shown success in Bra7il and has also oved into any parts o! )outh erica, bene%ts include increased investent, basic needs have seen iproveent, pro-poor growth has increased along with ta revenues# +t is claied as an
approach which is redistributive, gives a new eaning to citi7enship and is innovative, is supported by the iddle and soe upper classes whilst also linking together the governors and the governed#
:owever, participatory approaches do not work well in all contets there are any divergent outcoes in the eaination o! the interaction
between global and local actors in a particular setting# +n +ndia e;it and Berner *00& .uestion the use!ulness o! participatory approaches due to the vertical power relations that eist# +ndia has a di9erent concept o! @counity< and citi7enship ay then also have a di9erent place than the ;estern ideal, this presents a proble in that divisions eist between
people not only in ters o! caste but also incoe, gender and ethnicity # $his reacts to :ordi"k<s proposition o! citi7enship, participation and
governance as there eist any barriers to these due to lack o! hori7ontal obilisation o! the poor# +ndeed, the counity based organisations,
unicipal agencies, donors and (32<s cannot avoid becoing ebroiled within the cultural and counity based status .uo# $hese grassroots strategies tend to be une.ual as they are based on personalised, in!oral and vertical relationships# s deonstrated in e ;it and Berner *00&, these relations are critical !or survival as the poor operate in an
environent characteri7ed by unreliable institutions, negligent or predatory governent agents, and ultiple but unsecure sources o! household incoe# 5elations o! patronage and reciprocity that o9er
security are aintained, these relations o! patronage can be seen through relations o! the poor with brokersA interediaries usually with a higher level o! political or non political power# $hey have access to governent agencies, establish institutional links !or eployent, provide loans and eergency support# )ince access by the poor is hindered by illiteracy, lack o! in!oration and con%dence, patronage prevails along with their power and inSuence# +n a participatory contet, these relations still eist and serve those in power, it allows !or counity based organisations to block progress, control or capture bene%ts aied at the poor# $his
and (32s cannot easily escape the logic o! patronage and o!ten
theselves becoe part o! a syste o! vertical dependency relations# +ndeed, in the participatory approach internal contradictions such as these are @glossed over<# 5oy *00 .uestions the notion, asking who decides which people are involved and what role they play# +t is a utopian notion where in reality it is .uestionable as to whether participatory approaches include the ecluded# +t is a notion which has set itsel! against urocentric notions, but the participatory developent itsel! has been iported#
2ppression and discriination will still eist as this was the basis in the pre civil society# articipatory approaches could lead to a rolling back o! the state and a withdrawal o! coitent !ro wel!are and developent# $he participatory budgeting approach here ay be coended, in that it
doesn<t siply allow grassroots participation but brings together the state and it<s citi7ens in an instruental way# :owever this approach has proven that it ay only work well in hoogenous societies, with societal
divisions, it ay be less easy !or such pro-poor approaches to give the ecluded a voice in the process o! developent# )hatkin *00' echoes this notion o! @convergence< in his perspective it is necessary to account better !or local agency and divergent outcoes# ctor-centred
perspectives need to be !urther considered in urban analysis# 5ather than attepting to %nd odels where developing countries converge in their path to developent, a shi!t is needed to eaine the interactions
between global and local actions and institutions within particular settings#
;ordsA &&
Bibliography and References
Beall G# and )# Do *00& @)haping city DuturesA /rban lanning, 3overnance and olitics<, +n Beall G# and )# Do *eds (ities and Development , 5outledgeA London#, pp# 01-0
e ;it, G# and Berner, # *00& @rogressive atronageT Municipalities, (32s, Counity-Based 2rgani7ations, and the Liits to )lu wellerRs powerent<,Development and (hange, 40*A &'-&4'
:ickey, )# and 3# Mohan *00 @5elocating articipation within a 5adical olitics o! evelopent<, Development and (hange, 6*A '-6
5oy, +# *00 <evelopent and its iscontentsA Civil society as the new leicon<,
)ociety !or +nternational evelopent, 46*1A 80-8'
:ordi"k M## *00 @articipatory 3overnance in eruA ercising Citi7enship<,
)hatkin, 3# *00'# @3lobal cities o! the )outhA erging perspectives on growth and
ine.uality<# Cities, 4*1A 1U1#
- 5oy, +# *00 <evelopent and its iscontentsA Civil society as the new leicon<,
)ociety !or +nternational evelopent, 46*1A 80-8'
).*ar+et,driven development has been discussed as providing new opportunities for inclusive development. -n the other hand! it can be seen as creating the very conditions that for social exclusion and unsustainable development. $iscuss the potential of mar+et,driven development for inclusive development and how the advantages and disadvantages of building relationships with the private sector should be conceptualized. Reect in your answer on the di/erent scale levels at which this collaboration can be approached and how the chosen scalar level inuences the types of instruments and strategies that are suggested.
)tiglit7 *006 .uestion whether arket driven developent is necessarily wel!are enhancing, he recognises the iportance o! a arket econoy but it is probleatic in that there is a belie! in arket !undaentalis and the approach taken is that one si7e %ts all, this does not capture the
copleities o! developent# :e suggests ore ephasis needs to be placed on the role o! governent rather than siply @un!ettered
prooting developent and protecting the poor, a cliate !or business and "ob creation and a construction o! physical and institutional
in!rastructure are necessary# (arayan *00& concurs with this idea, and ephasises that this is contet speci%c which leads us to take a ore inclusive approach and eaine developent easures at the society level# $he issue is that there has been hegeony in support !or one econoic perspective, the arket econoy ay have worked to soe etent !or ;estern countries, but a di9erent approach ay be necessary !or di9erent country contets# $rickle down has not worked and )tiglit7 *006 believes that arkets have not produced e?cient outcoes# $he connections between econoic and cultural attitudes have a place within this debate which is echoed by ouw *011 in that the !actors a9ecting wellbeing are dependent on ultiple pathways, institutions and culture# $here are structural processes which interact with capital Sows and the
proble is not the aount o! resources but how systes and institutions appropriate the# $his is ephasised on the global and national level, ouw *011 also goes on to highlight the access, control and
prioritisation to capital is also counity contet speci%c# i9erent people interact with econoic icroprocesses and acrostructures and regies in their .uest !or wellbeing *ouw, 011# $his also takes into consideration the contet o! counity and individual level which is less highlighted by )tiglit7 *006 although he doe highlight the di?culty in o! knowing how !ar the arket approach is e9ective due to the vast
di9erences in history, circustances and details in policy# $his points towards the need !or a ore inclusive approach towards arket based approaches# +ndeed in the success stories, the success!ul developing countries have adapted policies to their own situation#
$here are di9erent views about the origins o! poverty and ine.uality# Luck is one !actor, another is the reward !or hard work# $his view is taken by (arayan *00& who operates on the !raework that there is an
interaction between the initiative people have to ove out o! poverty and the opportunity they have to do so# t odds with )tiglit7 *006 then who believes that there is a single inded approach and less concern !or non econoic values, (arayan *00& provides a concern !or econoic
e?ciency, but also a concern with non-econoic values such as social "ustice, the environent, cultural diversity and consuer protection,
(arayan *00& !raes his arguent in that at the local level and this ay be the key in looking at developent issues !ro a arket approach whilst also reaining inclusive# (arayan *00& also highlights the
constraints o! local level political and econoic institutions and also the contetual constraints to initiatives and epanding econoic opportunity at the local level# eranent assets need to be built to reach everyone and reduce vulnerability# conoic prosperity thus then needs to be !ocused on at a local level as the local business cliate is very di9erent !ro that o! large businesses, (arayan *00& calls !or liberalisation !ro below and reducing the role o! governent regulation# $his will epand access to the arket# +n!rastructure in counications and roads is a necessary intervention# $his di9ers soewhat to )tiglit7< *006 view o! necessary governental intervention# $his notion is siilar to that o! da )ith<s invisible hand, in that i! arkets are there, they ay
engender a distribution o! incoe# (arayan *00& assues that given the opportunity, people will take the initiative= this approach is probleatic as barriers to people taking the initiative given the opportunity are not
discussed#
ll three o! these approaches take an inclusive approach in understanding the di9erent contets within which poverty and ine.uality takes place# :owever a cobination o! understanding is needed in that the high level governance o! institutions are not placing consideration on the very local level understanding o! poverty, whilst the botto-up developent
approaches outlined here avoid an approach which integrates the local contet setting along with the global contet which reduces the
enhanceent o! wel!are through arkets# $he coon thee throughout is that there is no one si7e %ts all solution, but applying this within all
scales o! understanding is indeed a cople task#
;ord CountA '64
Bibliography and References0
(arayan, #, L# ritchett and )# Eapoor *00& @Chapter 1 @$he Moving out o! overty )tudyA n 2verview< +n (arayan, ritchett and Eapoor *eds
ouw, (#5#M# and B# 3ilore *011 @;ellbeing in $heory and in ractice<, +n ouw and Baud *eds Local 3overnance and overty in eveloping (ations, (ew orkA 5outledge, pp# 1'-1
)tiglit7, G# *006 Chapter 1 @nother world is possible<, and chapter @$he proise o! developent< +n &aing -lobaliation wor , LondonA enguin Books# pp# -4 and pp# -60
. 2he arguments set by 3en! 3tiglitz and #steva4#scobar about the idea of development studies may incorporate new notions and concepts useful for the discipline of International $evelopment 3tudies. 5lease elaborate on each author6s main contribution to the theoretical discourse on development as well as point out one
or more of shortcomings in their conceptualizations of poverty and underdevelopment.
+n @evelopent as Dreedo<, )en<s notion o! developent as capability enhanceent has broadened out to developent as !reedo# )en
distinguished between %ve !ors o! !reedos *political= econoic
!acilities= transparency guarantees= social opportunities and protective security# $hese epansions o! !reedos are not only the priary end but also the principal eans o! developent# )en argues ore precisely, to ove beyond the poverty reduction goal o! developent to the reoval o! @un!reedos that leave people with little choice and little opportunity o! eercising their reasoned agencyR as the overarching ob"ective# Bringing with it new notions and concepts o! developent# 3iven that it is agency oriented, people can develop theselves according to their own values, it allows people to ove beyond the dichotoy o! the state versus the
arket in advancing developent# +n it<s reoval o! @un!reedos< there are any di9erent points o! entry and soace !or action# $here are also ultiple pathways to achieve developent as a ultidiensional and a culturally sensitive approach# ttention is shi!ted away !ro incoe *eans to ends *!reedos# $his then re.uires a new ethodology o! easuring wellbeing that shi!ts beyond the oney-etric, national-level categories# +ncoe poverty is criticised as a easure, evidence also
suggests that capability deprivation is eperienced di9erently to incoe thus the capability approach is able to capture a di9erent diension o! poverty# $here is however, abiguity about eactly how to apply )en<s approach epirically# $he policy outcoes work within political, econoic and social spheres, liited resources ay result in liited ipact o! such policies#
)en does not identi!y a set o! capabilities, it is a value "udgeent that needs to be ade eplicitly, through a process o! public debate *)en 1&&&a# lkire *00 has argued the lack o! speci%cation was deliberate in order to allow roo !or choice across societies and ensure the
relevance o! the approach to di9erent persons and cultures# +t is necessary to consider the .uestion, to what etent can actors have a voice within their own developent processT )en<s notion is about the enhanceent o! the potential o! people to eancipate theselves *see )en 1&&&a# Dreedo and deocracy are ephasised, but still, are open to a wide range o! interpretations# ven in deocracy, there can be
tension accepting pluralistic views# ccording to $ully *01 countries
have their own idea o! deocracy and huan rights, and the way in which ;estern deocracy has been spread is hypocritical# $his approach also represents eternal assessents, which could place developent as a process initiated and ipleented by outside !orces and actors#
$he central thee within )tiglit7<s *006 arguent is o! globalisation= it has brought both growth and instability# +nitially it was hoped that globalisation would increase the global outcoe, however there is a growing nuber o! people in poverty# )oe countries have advanced better than others, there are unbalanced outcoes within and between countries= this is due to the rules o! the gae being set by the advanced
industrial countries# $he proble is not globalisation, but the way that it has been anaged# conoic globalisation has outpaced political globalisation= there is a chaotic, uncoordinated syste o! governance# ;ealth is created but not shared, and there is no voice in shaping the process *)tiglit7, 006A8#
though )tiglit7 points out these structural ine.ualities, he suggests no concrete easures with which to change the rules o! the gae, however siply identi%ying this issue ay bring the issue to the !ore and create awareness o! power ibalances and the liitations o! ultilateral institutions#
scobar ephasises that the notion o! developent itsel! is Sawed as the discourse has been produced under conditions o! une.ual power# +t is rendered as a technical proble which de-politicises is although according to scobar, it is a political pro"ect# :e suggests a post-developent approach needs to be taken, in which sel! deterination is iplicit= culture should have a stronger place in de%ning ters such as poverty, developent and growth# grassroots approach should thus be taken# $his approach is probleatic in that it ephasises social oveents with no consideration o! the internal power dynaics within cultures# $his is inconsistent with its own deconstructionist approach# $he sub"ects within developent still reain as passive within the process o! developent# ;ordsA 6&
Bibliography and 5e!erences
lkire, )# *00 @iensions o! :uan evelopent<, ;orld evelopent 0 *A181-0
scobar, # *1&&# ncountering evelopentA $he Making and /naking o! the $hird ;orld# rincetonA rinceton /niversity ress Leynseele, # nd 3oe7, # *014 ;orkshop 4A
ost-evelopent# )epteber 6th 014, Core +ssues in +nternational evelopent Lecture at the /niversity o! sterda#
5uggeri, C# )aith, 5# V )tewart, D# *00 oes it Matter that we do not gree on the e%nition o! overtyT Coparison o! Dour pproaches, 2!ord evelopent )tudies, 1A, 4-'4, 2+A
10#1080>16008100001116&8
)en, # *001# evelopent as !reedo *nd ed## 2!ord (ew orkA 2!ord /niversity ress
)tiglit7, G# *006 Chapter 1 @nother world is possible<, and chapter @$he proise o! developent< +n Making 3lobali7ation work, LondonA enguin Books# pp# -4 and pp# -60
$ully, G# *01# $wo ways o! reali7ing "ustice and deocracyA linking
artya )en and linor 2stro# Critical 5eview o! +nternational )ocial and olitical hilosophy, 16*, 0-#
