English

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ENGLISH GRAMMER

BACK BONE

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Definition of Grammar Definition of Grammar

The definition of grammar is as The definition of grammar is as follows:

follows:

Grammar applies rules for Grammar applies rules for

standard use of words and how standard use of words and how their component parts combine to their component parts combine to form sentences.

form sentences. A grammar is A grammar is

also a system for classifying and also a system for classifying and analyzing the elements of

analyzing the elements of

language including inflections, language including inflections, functions, rules and relations in functions, rules and relations in the sentence.

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ALPHABETS

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WORDS

The group of alphabets The group of alphabets

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THE SENTENCE

A GROUP OF WORDS THAT A GROUP OF WORDS THAT MAKE COMPLETE SENSE MAKE COMPLETE SENSE

GROUP OF WORDS GROUP OF WORDS :-The east in rises the The east in rises the sun.

sun.

SENTENCE:-The sun rises in the The sun rises in the east.

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STRUCTURE OF A SENTENCE

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THE SENTENCE

RULES

:---1.

1. The fThe first irst word word of a of a sentesentence alnce alwayways begis begins wns with a ith a capitcapital leal letter.tter. 3.

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THE PHRASE

The group of words that make The group of words that make

sense but not complete sense. sense but not complete sense.

At ten o’clock , At ten o’clock , for two hours , for two hours , in the west , in the west , in the east , in the east , by day , by day , by night , by night , at night , at night , on a table. on a table.

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VERB

The sentence has a The sentence has a

in it; but a phrase hasn’t. in it; but a phrase hasn’t.

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VERB

The sentence has a The sentence has a

in it; but a phrase hasn’t. in it; but a phrase hasn’t.

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EXAMPLE

SENTENCE:

I will be giving you a presentation. I will be giving you a presentation. PHRASE:

PHRASE:

For an hour. For an hour.

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EXAMPLE

SENTENCE:

I will be

I will be givinggiving you a presentation.you a presentation.

PHRASE: PHRASE: For an hour. For an hour. VERB VERB HAS NO VERB HAS NO VERB

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EXAMPLE

SENTENCE:

I will be

I will be givinggiving you a presentation.you a presentation.

PHRASE: PHRASE: For an hour. For an hour. VERB VERB HAS

HAS NO NO VERBVERB

A

A verbverb is a word which says something about a is a word which says something about a subject.subject.

VERB

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARESDECLARES

SOMETHING. SOMETHING.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

DECLARATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT

A SENTENCE THAT DECLARESDECLARES EXAMPLE:>>EXAMPLE:>>

SOMETHING.

SOMETHING. 1.1. TheThe boys were swimmingboys were swimming in thein the

river. river. 2.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A A SENTENCE CAN ASK A QUESTION.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A

A SENTENCE CAN ASK A EXAMPLE:>>EXAMPLE:>>

QUESTION.

QUESTION. 1.1. WhoWho has broken the glass?has broken the glass? 2.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSESEXPRESSES A COMMAND, A REQUEST OR A COMMAND, A REQUEST OR A DESIRE.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

A SENTENCE THAT

A SENTENCE THAT EXPRESSESEXPRESSES EXAMPLE:>>EXAMPLE:>>

A

A COMMANDCOMMAND, A, A REQUESTREQUEST OROR 11. Peter,. Peter, shut the door.shut the door.

A

A DESIRE.DESIRE. 2.2. Please bringPlease bring me a glass of water.me a glass of water.

3.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN SOME STRONG OR SUDDEN FEELING.

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KINDS OF SENTENCES

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS

A SENTENCE CAN EXPRESS EXAMPLE:>>EXAMPLE:>>

SOME

SOME STRONGSTRONG OROR SUDDENSUDDEN 1.1. How beautifulHow beautiful this rose is!this rose is! FEELING.

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PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT

PREDICATE

THE

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PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT

PREDICATE

WHAT IS

WHAT IS SAID ABOUT

SAID ABOUT

THE

SUBJECT.

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PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT

SUBJECT PREDICATEPREDICATE

The cow

is grazing in the field.

we are talking about

cow

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PARTS OF A SENTENCE

SUBJECT

SUBJECT PREDICATEPREDICATE

The cow

The cow is grazing in the field.

is grazing in the field.

we say about cow

that it

that it is

is

grazing in

the field.

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PARTS OF SPEECH

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THE PARTS OF SPEECH THE PARTS OF SPEECH Every name is called a

Every name is called a NOUNNOUN,, As

As fieldfield andand fountainfountain,, streetstreet andand towntown In place of noun the

In place of noun the PRONOUNPRONOUN standsstands As

As hehe andand sheshe can clap their handscan clap their hands The

The ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE describes a thing,describes a thing, As

As magicmagic wand andwand and bridalbridal ringring The

The VERBVERB means action, something done -means action, something done -To

To readread, to, to writewrite, to, to jump jump, to, to runrun How things are done, the

How things are done, the ADVERBSADVERBS tell,tell, As

As quicklyquickly,, slowlyslowly,, badlybadly,, wellwell The

The PREPOSITIONPREPOSITION shows relation,shows relation, As

As inin the street, or the street, or atat the stationthe station CONJUNCTIONS

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EXAMPLE

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TENSES

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TYPES OF TENSES

SIMPLE PRESENT

SIMPLE PAST

SIMPLE FUTURE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PAST CONTINUOUS

FUTURE CONTINUOUS

PRESENT PRFECT

PAST PERFECT

FUTURE PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS

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SIMPLE & PERFECT TENSES

SIMPLE TENSES

Simple present

Simple present BillBill walkswalks his dog.his dog. Simple Past

Simple Past BillBill walkedwalked his dog.his dog. Simple future

Simple future BillBill will walkwill walk his dog.his dog. PERFECT TENSES

PERFECT TENSES

Present Perfect

Present Perfect BillBill has walkedhas walked his dog.his dog. Past Perfect

Past Perfect BillBill had walkedhad walked his dog.his dog. Future Perfect

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CONTINUOUS TENSES

Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense BillBill is walkingis walking his dog.his dog. Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense BillBill was walkingwas walking his dog.his dog. Future Continuous Tense

Future Continuous Tense BillBill will be wwill be walkinalkingg his dog.his dog. PERFCT CONTINUOUS

PERFCT CONTINUOUS

Present Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Tense BillBill has been walkinghas been walking hishis dog.

dog. Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Tense BillBill had been walkinghad been walking hishis dog.

dog. Future Perfect Continuous

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

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ACTIVE VOICE

Active voice

In most English sentences with an action verb,

In most English sentences with an action verb, the subjectthe subject performs the action denoted by the

performs the action denoted by the verbverb.. These examples show that the

These examples show that the subjectsubject isis doing doing the verbthe verb action.

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PASSIVE VOICE

One can change the normal

One can change the normal word order of many activeword order of many active sentences (those with a

sentences (those with a direct objectdirect object) so that the subject is) so that the subject is no longer

no longer activeactive, but is, instead, being, but is, instead, being acted uponacted upon by theby the verb - or

verb - or passive. passive.

Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.

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ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

1.

1. Move Move the the active active sentence's sentence's direct direct object object into into thethe sentence's

sentence's subject subject slotslot

2. Place the

2. Place the active sentence's subject active sentence's subject into a into a phrase beginning wiphrase beginning with theth the preposition

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ACTIVE TO PASSIVE

3.

3. Add Add a a form form of of thethe auxiliary verbauxiliary verb bebe to the main verb and change to the main verb and change thethe main verb's form

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PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice To change a passive voice sentence into an active voice sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above.

sentence, simply reverse the steps shown above. 1.

1. Move Move the the passive passive sentence's sentence's subject subject into into thethe active

active sentence's sentence's direct direct object object slotslot

2.

2. Remove Remove the the auxiliary auxiliary verbverb bebe from the main verb and change from the main verb and change mainmain verb's form if needed

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PASSIVE TO ACTIVE

•• 3. Place the passive sentence's object of 3. Place the passive sentence's object of the prepositionthe preposition by

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NARRATION

Direct Speech / Quoted Speech

Saying exactly what someone has said is called direct

speech (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks

appears within quotation marks

("...") and should be word for word.

For example:

She said, "Today's lesson is

She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."

on presentations."

or

"Today's lesson is on presentations," she said.

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NARRATION

Indirect Speech / Reported Speech

Indirect speech (sometimes called reported speech),

doesn't use quotation marks to enclose what the person

said and it doesn't have to be word for

said and it doesn't have to be word for word.

word.

When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is

because when we use reported speech, we are

because when we use reported speech, we are usually

usually

talking about a time in the past (because obviously the

person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs

therefore usually have to be in the past too.

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NARRATION

For example: For example:

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NARRATION

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a

tense: (the tense on the left changes

tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the to the tense on the right):right): Direct

Direct speech speech Indirect Indirect speechspeech Present simple

Present simple Past simplePast simple She

She said, said, "It's "It's cold." cold." She She said said it it was was cold.cold. Present continuous

Present continuous Past continuousPast continuous She

She said, said, "I'm "I'm teaching teaching She She said said she she was was teaching teaching EnglishEnglish English

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NARRATION

Present perfect simple

Present perfect simple Past perfect simplePast perfect simple She

She said, said, "I've "I've been been on on the the She She said said she she had had been been onon web

web since since 1999." 1999." the the web web since since 1999.1999. Present

Present perfect perfect Past Past perfect perfect continuouscontinuous continuous

continuous

She said she had been She said she had been She

She said, said, "I've "I've been been teaching teaching teaching teaching English English for for sevenseven English

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NARRATION

Past simple

Past perfect

She

She said,

said, "I

"I taught

taught online

online

She

She said

said she

she had

had taught

taught

yesterday."

online yesterday.

online

yesterday.

Past continuous

Past perfect continuous

She

She said,

said, "I

"I was

was teaching

teaching

She

She said

said she

she had

had been

been

earlier."

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NARRATION

Past perfect

She

She said,

said, "The

"The lesson

lesson had

had

NO

NO CHANGE

CHANGE -

- She

She said

said the

the

already

already started

started when

when he

he

lesson

lesson had

had already

already started

started

arrived.

arrived. "

"

when

when he

he arrived.

arrived.

Past perfect continuous

She

She said,

said, "I'd

"I'd already

already been

been NO

NO CHANGE

CHANGE -

- She

She said

said

teaching

teaching for

for five

five minutes."

minutes."

she'd

she'd already

already been

been teaching

teaching

for five minutes.

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NARRATION

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech

Indirect speech

will

would

She

She said,

said, "I'll

"I'll teach

teach

She

She said

said she

she would

would teach

teach

English

English online

online tomorrow."

tomorrow."

English

English online

online tomorrow.

tomorrow.

can

could

She

She said,

said, "I

"I can

can teach

teach

She

She said

said she

she could

could teach

teach

English

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NARRATION

must

had to

She

She said,

said, "I

"I must

must have

have a

a

She

She said

said she

she had

had to

to have

have

computer

computer to

to teach

teach English

English

a

a computer

computer to

to teach

teach English

English

online."

online.

online."

online.

may

might

She

She said,

said, "May

"May I

I open

open a

a

She

She asked

asked if

if she

she might

might open

open

new

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NARRATION

Note - There is no

Note - There is no change to; could, would, should, might

change to; could, would, should, might

and ought to.

Direct speech

Indirect speech

"I

"I might

might go

go to

to the

the cinema",

cinema",

He

He said

said he

he might

might go

go to

to the

the

he

he said.

said.

cinema.

You can use the

You can use the present tense

present tense in reported speech if you

in reported speech if you

want to say that s

want to say that something is

omething is still true

still true i.e. my name has

i.e. my name has

always been and will always be Lynne

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so:-NARRATION

NARRATION

Direct

Direct speech

speech

Indirect

Indirect speech

speech

"My name is Lynne"

"My name is Lynne" ,,

She said her name

was

she said.

Lynne.

or

She said her name

is

Lynne.

You can also use the present tense if

You can also use the present tense if you are talking about a

you are talking about a

future event.

Direct speech (exact quote)

Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact)

Indirect speech (not exact)

"Next

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NARRATION

•• Time change

Time change

•• If the reported sentence contains an expression of time,

If the reported sentence contains an expression of time,

you must change it to

you must change it to fit in with the time of

fit in with the time of reporting.

reporting.

•• For example we need to change words like

For example we need to change words like here

here and

and

yesterday

yesterday if they have different meanings at the time and

if they have different meanings at the time and

place of reporting.

Today

+

+ 24

24 hours

hours -

- Indirect

Indirect speech

speech

"Today's

"Today's lesson

lesson is

is on

on

She

She said

said yesterday's

yesterday's lesson

lesson

presentations."

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NARRATION

Expressions of time if reported on a

Expressions of time if reported on a different day

different day

this (evening)

››

that (evening)

today

››

yesterday ...

these (days)

››

those (days)

now

››

then

(a week) ago

››

(a week) before

last weekend

››

the previous weekend

here

››

there

next (week)

››

the following (week)

tomorrow

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NARRATION

Reporting Verbs

Reporting Verbs Said, told

Said, told andand asked asked are the most common verbs used inare the most common verbs used in indirect speech.

indirect speech. We use

We use asked asked to report questions:-to report questions:-For example

For example: I : I asked asked Lynne what time the lesson started.Lynne what time the lesson started. We use

We use told told with an object.with an object. For example

For example: Lynne: Lynne told told me she felt tired.me she felt tired. There are many other verbs we can us

There are many other verbs we can use apart from said, told ande apart from said, told and asked.

asked.

These These

include:-accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged, accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologized, begged, boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, i

boasted, complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered,nvited, offered, ordered, promised, replied, suggested and thought