In Quest of the Dates of the Vedas
A comprehensive study of the Vedic and the Indo-European flora, fauna and climate over the last 10,000 years in light of the information emerging from the disciplines of archaeology, archaeo-botany, geology, genetics and linguistics
by Premendra Priyadarshi
Partridge Publishers. Published September 2, 2014
http://www.amazon.com/Quest-Dates-Vedas-Comprehensive-Indo- European/dp/1482834251/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1424606756&sr=8-1&keywords=In+quest+of+the+dates+of+the+vedas
See Preface at : http://aryaninvasionmyth.wordpress.com/2014/09/29/in-quest-of-the-dates-of-the-vedas-preface/ Word-Index Acacia arabica 276 Acacia catechu 64, 67 Acacia, pre-Harappan 92 Aegilops tauschii 56 Ahar, iron at 41 ahī (cow) 352
ahi-dviṣ (mongoose) philology 84 ahi-phena (opium) 280
aihwatundi 155fn
AIT 128-9; horse in 134
aja (goat) 350
ajagara (python) 83,323
akwa (horse), absent in Hittite 130
Allchin, on horse Harappan 136 alligator 300
Altai, past climate 25
Altyn Depe Indus seal 97; Indus inscriptions at 114
Amarakosha, willow 173 āmlā 104fn
amulet 37; amulet of zebu Ur 117
Anatolia hypothesis 129-30; Anatolian origin 196 Anatolian, farming words lost in 131
Anau horse 123; Marshall on 139 ancient DNA, goat, France 343
Ancient DNA, horse 164; in Spain 162
Ancient DNA, Indian (human) West Asia 100 Andronovo culture, date of 109, genesis of 112 Andronovo posterior to Pirak 125
Andronovo pottery 40 ant (vamra) philology 259
Anthony, David, claim by 134-5; retracted 135
Apis 327
apple, IE cognates 282
apuṣpā, apuṣpī RV 241
Aq Kupruk, caballus horse 139; goat at 340 aquatic animals in YV 83
Arab horse origin 143, 144,147,148; ribs 149 Arabia, horse statue 166
araṇī (fire-stick) 256
araṇya, grassland in RV 153; habitat of horse 153; as forest 153. Aratta 119
aravinda, cognates 281
arid region 88
aridity, and zebu 118; in China 168; in steppe 110; NW India 169 Arkaim 110, 115, 125
Artemisia 190, 191,193; as incense 193
artemisinin for malaria 190
artisans, Indus 115, migration of 116
Arundo grass-reed 92
Aryan arrival, absence of DNA evidence 19 Aryan farmers 128
Ash-tree, see Fraxinus.
Asparagus 246
aspen 73-4, 248-; horses’ dislike for 255
aspen, cognates 253; and aśva 253; and aśvattha 254; etymology 254; aspen, habitat 254; a. in northern route 254; medicinal properties 257
ass, philology of 154 Assyria, bull cult in 118
aśvattha 70,73,74, leaves of 70 aśvattha, home of Goddess 240
aśvattha, -pen for horse-sacrifice 255; in TS 256; confusion identification in S.Br. 257; abode
of mother Goddess 257
aśvinī kumaras 76,191; and poplar 253 Aśvins RV 253
Atharva-Veda 89, date of 64,89
Australia, Indian migration to 22,96
avaka grass YV 49, 50 Avesta, date of 85
Azzaroli 121-2,124,127
babhru 31,84, 298-9
Bactria, oldest horse of 123 Badam, Inamgaon 137 Bagor, horse at 138
balano (Gk.) oak 209
balbaja grass RV, YV 60, 61, AV 64
Bali, Indian migration to 96 Baltic, absence of oak 198
Baluchistan, desertion of 90; forest 95 banyan 74
baraqat (Arabic word) 265
bargad tree 222 barkara 348 barley cultivation 55 Baudhayana Śrautasūtra 119 bdellium 93, sea-trade of 93 beans 59, AV 64, hyacinth 59
beaver 31; cognates 299; in YV 83; 2000 BC skeleton 31,298; at Gufkral 85; at Burzahom 85; bee 326-7
beech 226; distribution 224,227; expansion 226; home of 223
beech, absent Baltic languages 198; cognates in Germanic 218; philology 210,229 beech-line 224,225
Begash 107; horse at 167 Bellwood, Peter 11;
bent 174
berry terracotta Harappa 241 betel-nut 207-8
betula philology 196 Betula, see birch.
Betula-Salix in steppe 243 bezoar 342
bhago-, meanings of cognates 229 bhāǵo-s 223
Bhargava, M.L. 25
Bhimbetka, camel 367; horse 145 Bhirrana 21,37,40,87
Bhoja etymology 211 bhṛgu 246-7
bhūrja etymology 212
Bhutan, pig DNA 329
birch (tree) absent Iran 201; disappears fr S.Europe 200; Early Holocene India 26; expansion 198; in Gobi 168, extinct 168; in northern route 197, 199; in NW Indus Valley 177; in steppe 168; post-glacial 25
birch (word) absent in southern languages 201; cognates 195-6; Iran and South Europe 195; loss of meaning 196; Tocharian 200
birch-pine forest 198,242 Black Sea coast 5000 BC 25 black-millet 62, 64
Blapek (linguist) 211
Blastophaga 71
blood-horse 145
Bloomfield, on Vedic climate change 23-24; 189; 249
Blyxa octandra see avaka.
BMAC 109; absence of horse 113,141; aridity 115; migration to west from 115; mirror 112; ruin of 112
BMAC settlements in Indus Valley 101 boar, Uralic word for 103
Bokonyi, S. 32,124; on extinction of Indian horse 145; on Harappa horse 138 Botai, horse 134; imported from outside 160; mare’s milk 160
bottle-gourd in AV 64; in RV 237; juice of 238 Bouckaert, linguistic study of 130
boxwood 235,236
brahma (mulberry) 274
bramble 155fn; cognates 275
brick, burnt-, 36-37,110,112,318; absence of 21,35,36 Bronze Age Belgium, mulberry in 273, 274
Bronze Age Mesopotamia, Indian DNA in 100 Bronze Age migrations to Ukraine 99
Bronze Age trade 93
buffalo 83; in Early Holocene 32
buka Nepali oak 210 bukka (goat) 347-8
bull, Arpachiyah 117; cognates of 351-52 bull-cult Assyria 118
burgundy colour 266-7
burj (Pers.) 196
Burzahom, beaver at 31 caballus etymology of 157 caballus horse, wild 123;
cailā (wood) 232 Calamus rotang 174 Calotropis 277
camel (struz) linguistics 370
camel 86-7, 355-374; Andronovan 356; archaeology of 357-366; Bactrian 357; Bactrian, at Kausambi 364-5; bones 367; domestication 358; dromedary, domestication of 359-60; in Vedas 366; West Asia 360-61
camel, migration, India to East Africa 368 candy 288
cane, Calamus rotang 178
capra 348-9
carp fish 300-301
Caspian (Iranian) horse 123,163
castor 85,299 Castor, see beaver.
Castro, horse at 124
cat, domestic, in Harappa 137
cattle migration 114, 117; in steppe 167,168 cedar 239
Cedrus 177; arrival in India 233; absent Mehrgarh 233 Cedrus deodara 231,236; pre-Harappan 92
Cental Asia climate mid-Holocene 26 Central Asia, hunter culture 105
chaga (goat) 349-50
Chakrabarti, D.K. 136 chameleon 315
chariot, Harappa 142-3, copper- 120-21; Daimabad 121; bird- 121; Swat 127 charioteering, IA words for 121
Chinese horse DNA 162
cicer (L.) 277 cīḍā tree 231
Clift et al 78
climate change 173; in Bronze Age 22; Bloomfield on 249; early post-glacial 23-26 climate of, 1500 BC India 25; YV 367; Bronze Age 318, 319
Coix grass 50 comb-shell 294 Commiphora wightii 93 common millet 63 conch 292-3 Conus 293 copper 40-41,95 Costantini 177,216 costum (L.) 192 Costus 189
cotton, seed 76; tree 38 cow in Germanic 353 crab 294-5
craniometry, Tarim Basin skulls 98 crime, in Late Harappa 87
crocodile 85-6,300; in YV 83; not in AV 94 Crooke 143, 144 crops in YV 53-4 crow 87 cuckoo 315-16 Cynodon dactylon 65 Cyprinus 300 Daimabad 121
Dalbergia sissoo, see sissoo. Darra-I-Kur, horse at 140 dāru philology 214
date of migration 200 date-palm 75
Datura 278
death, in Late Harappa 22
deer, sambar, Harappa 91, Mohenjo-Daro 82; spotted- 91 Deh Morasi, iron 41
Dennel, Robin 19
deodar, deodara 231,232
Deotare 33,81,95
Dereivka horse 134; date of 135 desert, flood in 34
desertification 87
deva-dāru 231; philology 232; Sushruta 233; for tuberculosis 233 deva-dāru, name’s confusion 236
Dhavalikar 136
dhupa 230
Dikshit, K.N. 87 Dilmun, Arabia 359 disease in late Harappa 22
Divodasa 30
dog in Harappa 137 dolphin 83
domestic horse, origin 159; US report 159 domestication of plants in YV 51
domestication of wheat 55-6 domestication, horse, multiple 164 donkey, African origin 154
drainage system YV 36 draught in Indus 111
dromas (camel) cognates 269
dromedary camel, Central Asia 367; Harappa 361 Dupree, Afghan Neolithic 140
durum 55, at Mehrgarh 56
dūrvā grass 65
Duryodhana, horn of 152 Early Harappa 21
Early Holocene, climate 68,194; ecosystem 32; P-E 175 earth-quake in Himalaya RV 34
east to west migration 163
echidna 312 echinos 313
ecology, influence on language 214 ecosystem, Early Holocene 21
hi 312
einkorn 55; in Levant 56
ekka 142
elephant 88; with horn 152
Eleusine 60-62
elite dominance 128 emmer 55
ephedra 92,185
epiphyte Ficus rel. 256
Epona 156
Equus (etymology) 156
Equus hemionus in RV, YV, AV 154
Equus namadicus 136, date of 136,140; 19th century 143
Equus sivalensis, see sivalensis.
Etruscan tombs 122; arrival 127
etymology aika 119; satta 118; panza 119
Eurocentric 40,56,104,135-6,187,268-9,340-41,343; Meadow 138; Witzel 178,182,227 European horse different 144
Event, 4.2 Kilo 82,218,367 Event, 8.2 Kilo 30,40,64,67,194 Ewart 123,144,146; on sivalensis 146 excavation report, Harappa 142
fagus from phagos 210 Fagus, see beech.
farming 21
fauna RV 45; Sama-Veda 80, YV 81-8 fern 246,261
ferret 313
fever, willow for 174,180
Ficus, charcoal at Mehrgarh 256; in AV 64; infectoria 203; religiosa in TS 256; in Shatapatha Br. 256; not in Early Holocene 261; species 69-74; migration of word 264
figurine, Mehrgarh 110 fig-wasp 71,259
finger millet 8,60,61,62,64 Finno-Ugric 102
fire-worship 38
fir-pine forest Anatolia 243 flax 282; cognates of 268 flood from glaciers RV 34 flora RV 49 fluvial 28 fly (insect) 326 food-gathering 52 food-production, increase in 120 forager 60 forest, open- 21 fortified culture 110 foxtail millet 62-3 foxtail-millet 8; Frachetti 2012, 9,105, 108 Fraxinus 246; philology 195
frog, hibernation RV 33; cognates 297 Gagghar river basin 53,54,55
gallnut 205
Ganga Valley 310; archaeology 21; Neolithic 129
gardabha 154; philology 154 gau, cognates of 353
Gause’s Law Competitive Exclusion 160
gavīdhuka see Coix grass.
genetic diversity, horse 166 gharial, Harappa 88
ghoṅghā 293
Ghundai, iron 41 Gimbutas 159
Giosan et al 78; Sarasvati geology 35 giraffe 380
glaciers, Himalayan 21; water trapped in 28 glans as oak 208-9
glass, synthetic at Indus 116; not in RV 116; in Shatapatha Br. 117; volcanic 117
Gmelina 257
goat 339-51; archaeology 339-41; burial, Mehrgarh 339; DNA data manipulation 343-4 goat lineage C northern route 344
Goat-Cult Neolithic 140
Gobi, last willow forest 175 goddess, with horn 152, Goddess, sahuḍaśṛṅgikā 152
Gossypium 76
grape 57-8, Harappa 57, Swat Valley 57 grape-pips 57
grape-vine 184
grassland 89; in RV 153; Early Holocene 21; Thar 81,82,95 grass-reed 178,181 Greek horses 163 grey ware 111 gṛha etymology 43-4 grinding-stone, absence of 108 gulgulu, AV 93 Gupta, S.P., horse 138 Hakra-ware 40 handmade pottery 38,39,40
Harappa horse, Upinder Singh 137;
Harappa, culture 35; end of 87; foreign settlers in 100-101 Harappa, Populus in 248
Harappan animals 318 hedgehog 312; and pig 331 Hellenthal, G. 19 hemionus, Turkmenistan 123; Hemphill 98 Herodotus 299 Himalayan horses 154 hiraṇa, cognates 354 hiraṇyamaya vetasa 176 honey 326-7
horn, ornamental 151; of horse 150
horse (ekwa), philology 155-6; loss of cognates in Hittite 156; loss from Slavic 156-7 horse bad omen in Harappa 11,154; as food in RV 152; taboo in Indus-Valley 11 horse bone, Malvan 136; Harappa 159; 1500 BC 149; rare in Kurgans 168
horse breeds: Etruscan 122,124,126; Oriental 122, 124; Kazakh 122; daft 122; draught 122; Przewalskii 122; Mongolian 122; steppe 122; Vyatka 122; Akhal Teke 122; European 123;
sivalensis, 10,11, 123, 124; BMAC 123; Oldest of Bactria 123; Marwari 123,127; Anau 123;
Bhutia 124; Spiti 124; Kathiawari 127; of Thar 127; Dereivka 134
horse, domestication in Europe 165; Afghanistan 139; horse, Dereivka 10; draught type 148 horse habitat 152-3,169; in Harappa and early India 137-8; hunting of 105; Indian country-bred 139; Javanese 144, 145; Sulu 144,145
horse, glacial period extinction 136
horse, lumbar vertebrae 136; -jaw, Marshall 139 Hulas 72
human migration, DNA study 19-22
humped bull, in West Asia 117, Susa 118, Tell Agrab 118 hunter society of steppe 105
hunter-gatherers 95
hydra 298
hyena YV 83; as food Greece 331 Iberian ancient horse 162
ichneumon YV 83
Inamgaon, sivalensis horse 137 incense 230; plant 192; -wood 237 incised coarse ware 112
Indian migration Central Asia 98, Syria 100
Indo-Aryan, enclaves of 99,104; language in steppe 102,104; loan words 115; Margiana 118; migration to West Asia 100; Mittani 118; vocabulary dispersal 99; West Asia 102
Indo-Iranian in Siberia 97-98
Indra 28
Indus trade with steppe 108
Indus Valley Civilization, abandoning of 22 Indus Valley, BMAC settlers in 101
invasion vs. language-conversion 11, 13
iron 40, 41; AV 94; YV 95; in Bronze Age India 41 iron, Chanhu Daro 41
Iron-Age 42 iron-ore 42 J2b migration 20 jackal 323
jackal, Russian word for 103
jahaka 313, 314 jāmbūla 281-2
Jammu-horse, private allele 164
jamun 281 jartila 50 Jeitun, einkorn at 56 Joglekar 136 Joshi, Manjunath 341 jowar 64-5 jujube 76,77
juniper 241; medicinal role 234; modern distribution 230; smoke of the God 235; trade at Meluhha 235
juniper, Akkadian name of 240
Juniperus macropodis, Harappa 234 Juniperus, see juniper.
kaddu (gourd) 237 kadru 237-8 kakar-singhi 205 kākṛāsingi 205 Kala river 41 kamala, cognates 281 kamaṭha 296 kañcana 294 kāṇḍa 287 Kanewal, camel at 363 kaṅgha 293 kaṅkata 293
Kantanen on cow DNA 107
kapila (horse) 157 karāṛ 206
karkandhu 76 karkaṭa tree 204-5 karkaṭa, cognates 295 karpāsa 284-5 kaṣāya 320 kaśikā 313 kastor 299 kasturi, kastūrī 85,299
Katelai, horse burial at 121-2,125 Kathiawar horse 144
Kayatha horse 139 Kazakh horse 148
Kazanas, on horse in Indian archaeology 11; KD phase, camel at 363
k dāra 236; IE philology of 237
Kennedy on Harappan horse 140 Kenoyer, on skeletons 100-101
k śarī, philology of 320,321 khadira, see Acacia catechu. Khair-Sissoo Forest 67 khāṇḍa 287 khara, philology of 154-5, kharjūra 75 khas (perfume) 193 kīkaṭa RV 276
kikkar, kikkir (Acacia arabica) 276; cognates 277
Kikkuli 121
konj (horse, Slavic) 157
Kot Diji, decline in pottery 30; iron at 117
kṛdara YV 236,238
Kuntasi horse-bone 136
Kurgan, graves 114; hypothesis 159
kuṣṭha 189,192-4; for fever 190; in China 190; trading in AV 190 kutsa 191,194 kuutth 191 kuyava 30 Kyzyl Khak 105 Labeo 308 Lachs Theory 12,301-8 Lagenaria siceraria 237 lākṣā, lakṣā 307,302 lakṣaṇa 307 lakṣmaṇa TS 307-8 lakṣmī (etymology) 307 lakso- 301 lāñchana 307 language change 24,41,128 language of Vedas 41
Last Glacial Maximum 19; oak refugia 219; goat in 341; population growth after 20; sea-level rise after 178
Lawler on Begash 107 lead 41 leech 84 lentil 7,52,59-60 leprosy, treatment 190 Lethyrus bean 52 Levant, camel in 360 Levine 9; on horse 134
LGM, see Last Glacial Maximum lily 281
Linearbandkeramik 329
linguistic study, biased 130; manipulation of 130-1,131fn;
linum 282
lion 79,317-322; at Kish 87; archaeology 88; AV 89-90; YV 91; cognates of 322 lion-seal 319 lizard 315 lobster 296 lopasha, cognates 324 Lothal, iron 41 lotus 281; in RV 68 Lydekkar 143,147
Mackay on Harappan chariot 121
madar 277 madder 278-9 madhu 326 madhura-vṛkṣa 274 Mahagara, horse at 138 makara, IE cognates 300 malaria, treatment of 174,189 mandāra 277 mandible of horse, 139 Mani (author) 87 manipulation by Naderi 343-4 manjari 291
mare’s milk, Botai 160
Margaret, cognates 291
Margiana, Indus objects at 114 Marshall, J. on horse 139,143,234
martya 103
Maruta 385
Marwari horse 141
maśaka 326
mat of reed 93, Shatapatha Brahmana 93 Meadow, Eurocentricity of 138-9
meat-import, camel’s 366
Mehrgarh 21; camel at 363; Populus at 248 Mehrgarh II 21; burnt bricks in 37
Meluhha, son of 97; juniper cultivation at 235
mēṣa, cognates 338
Mesopotamia, juniper trade 235 metals in YV 41
Middle-Asia 97
Mid-Holocene, climate 8,10,26; cotton use in 38; Ficus in 75; Optimum 75; and RV 30,33; sesame in 50
migration of, J2b 212; R1a1a 199
migration to Central Asia 98; to SEA 207
migration, Bronze-Age 22,96-101; dating of 220; J2b 228; south to north 108, 114, 115 millets 60-63
mīna (fish) 301
miners 115 minnow 301
mistletoe, Russian word for 103 Mittani 102,118; names 119
mohana (opium) 279
Mohenjo-Daro, climate 90; horse 193,137; horse jaw 139; Prosopis 91; sambur deer 82; seal 239-240; tiger 87
Moisture, Effective 175 mollusc 292-4
mongoose 84
monsoon change 21,27, 28; southwest as Varuna 44
Morus, see mulberry.
mosquito 326 Mother Deity 246 mouse 309-311
mtDNA M Central Asia 98
mulberry 273-6; spread of 273; philology 274 Mundigak, iron at 41 musk 85, -deer 85,299 nabha 131fn naḍa (reed) 92,176 nadītamā 78 nakula 84 nalada 191-3 nalina 281
namadicus, see Equus namadicus.
nard 192
Nardostachys 191
Neneveh, bull at 117
Neolithic, Central European 107 Newstead pony/horse 144, 147
nīla, flax 283
nipple, IE cognates 259
nīvara 52,53
nomad 120; in Thar 82
nomadism as niche 168; steppe, date of 168 noria 30,110
Nostratic, oak 211
nyagrodha 69
oak (philology), Dardic kaṛék 204; Hindi karhār 204; Pashto kharawa’h 204
oak 177; absence from Italy 228; arrival in N. Europe 198; distribution in past 215; Early Holocene 212; expansion in Europe 219; habitat 220
oak savannah Iran 216; Indus Valley 216; Jammu 216; Nepal 217; Iran 217 oak, names in European 202-3; no common name 202
olive (philology) 285 opium 279-280
Oriental horse, origin of 122
orja (Arya) 103 oṣadhi 70 Osborn 123; on sivalensis 146 ostrich 375, linguistics of 376-7; RV 379 otter 297-8 Outram 160 oyster 291-2
Padova, horse burial at 127 pain, willow for 174
palāla (millet) 64
Pamir 106,107,108,164
Panicum, dactylon 65; frumentaceum 62, 64; italicum 62; miliaceum 63; miliare 64; sumatrens 64
panther 323
Panthera leo, see lion. Paraechinus 312 Parjanya RV 266
parkaṭī 203; abundance 265; Austronesian cognates 206; European meanings 264; philology
of 206,263; thunder-God 264-5 parṇa 246,261 parnā-mṛga RV 378 parrot in Harappa 137 pastoral 66; economy 113 pastoralism 21 patella 292 patolaka 291 pearl 292
perkwu-s (PIE) 203, chimera word 203
Petrovka 114
phagos applied to beech 215; philology 210
Philippines Agricultural Review 149 Philippines, sivalensis horse in 147
Phoenix species 75
Phragmites 181; P. karaka 92
pig 328-31; Europe 329; absent from Balto-Slavic 331 Pindos horse 163
pine 239; -forest Early Holocene 186; in Iran 244; philology 186
Pinus in India 242 pinus-steppe 243-243 pipal, Goddess in 240
Piper longum 77
pipīlikā, ant AV, 259; absent in RV 260 pippakā 315
pippala (trembling) cognates of 258; IE philology of 250 pippala (tree) 69,70,72; leaves 72; transfer of name 260 pippali, pippalī 77,257
Pirak, horse 113; horse figurines 140; camel figurine 365 Pistachio 205
Pistacia 205
pit-dwelling 43-4
plāk- cognates meaning garment 270; meaning shape of pipal leaf 269-270 plākṣa 74
plākṣa and parkati 267; and plexus 267; and wood 269; cognates meaning flickering 270;
fluttering 271 playa 33; Thar 81
pl k - cognates meaning weaving 271
plough, philology of 131-3; polecat 313
Pontic-Caspian steppe, hunter culture 105; absence of cattle from 105; poplar 70,71,72, agro-forestry 73, cultivation 73
poplar, no common name in Europe 250; habitat 252; and horse 252; philology of 250; salicylic acid in 252; and Sarasvati river 252
poplar-cultivation 251; in YV 251; end of 260
population growth, after LGM 20, 21; and migration 119-20 Populonia burial 124; Populus 71,177,248-262 porcupine 296,314 Port, Derawar 40 Post-glacial Asia 199 potter’s wheel 38-9
pottery, handmade 38,39,40,111, in RV 4; Grey-ware 111; Quetta Ware 97; red 39; Sintashta 112
pṛdaku 322
premolar, large 149
pre-orbital, pit 144, depression 149
prishniparni 77
private allele, Yunnan 164; Jammu 164
priyaṅgu 8,62-3
production, of food 22; industrial 22 proso millet 63 Prosopis 74,91,256 Proto-Indo-European 15 pṛṣadaśva 384 pṛṣatī 384 Pṛsnigu 77 pṛthu-dāru 239; cognates of 239
Przewalskii (horse) 9,148; different species 160; non-domesticable 160; never domesticated 165; not ancestral 158,159; Ridgeway on 159; dissimilar to Swat h. 124; in AIT 134
pūga betel-nut 211 puṇḍarīka 323
Pupulus tremula, see aspen. pura, meaning of, 34 Purandara 29,34 Purukutsa 77 puṣkara, RV 68 pūtudrū 239
python 83-4
quercus altered meaning N. Europe 199; IA cognates of 204-5; meanings of cognates in Europe 204; Valpi on 203
Quercus, see oak.
Quetta, BMAC person in 101 quinine 174
qust (Arabic) 192
R1a1a migration 20; Y DNA ancient 97 racehorse 148
ragi millet 60, 64
rain in desert RV 33; YV 82 rainy beginning of year 33-4 Rakhigarhi, Early Harappa, 21 rattan palm 178
Rau Wilhelm on Vedic pottery 39 Ray Lankester on horse 147 reduplication 299
reed, AV 176-7; grass- 92,
refugia, 19-20, 21; in India 197; beech 226; Populus in 249 resveratrol 185
rhinoceros 82,85-6; in Harappa 88; not in AV 94 ribs, seventeen pairs of 146,148,149
rice 52-55,64
Ridgeway, on Indian horse 144
riding, date of 141; riding, onset of 120; in Ur 123
Rig-Veda, absence of rice 7; climate change in, 23; date-palm in 7; millets in 7; wheat in 7 Rig-Veda-10.97 in Harappan seal 239-240
Rissman, on domestication 144; on horse 139
rohiṇī 307-8
Rohira 92
Ṛṣya-śṛñga ṛṣi 152
Rule, Allen’s 123; Bergmann’s 123; Russian lang., IA words in 103 Saami (Uralic), IA loanwords in 103 Sahoo, Sanghamitra 19,20,104 Said Kala Tepe, iron at 41 Saka, see Shaka.
sāl tree 69 śāla, see Shorea.
salicin 174, in Populus 174
salicylic acid 71,174,180,188,252,258
Salix alba 174,180
Salix babylonica 178, in Jammu 179; Salix tetraspermia, Amarakosha 173
salix (philology) 182
Salix, see willow.
Salmanasar II 360 salmon 301-2 śalyaka, cognates 311-12,314 Sama-Veda 8, climate of 78-80 sāmī, śamī,74,256; AV 91 śaṅka, śaṅkha 293 saṅkaṭa 293 sanobar (juniper) 231 śaphara (fish) 300 sapta-mātrikā 240; Harappa 234
Sarasvati, disconnect from glaciers 34; dried 27; Goddess in AV 27,79,94; river in Vedas 27; drying of 78-9
Sarazm 106,108; contact with Indus 108; domestic sheep 108 Sargat culture 97
sarpa 315; philology 84
satellite data 78
Saussurea 191,192
Scythian era horse DNA 161 SEA horse in Spain 162 sea voyage in YV 44
seal no. DK 6847, 239; M-478A, 245 Senuwar 59
sepia 292
sesame 285; in YV 50; cultivation of 51-2; Indus Valley 51; Mesopotamia 51
Sesamum, see sesame. kas 313
Setaria italicum 62
Seven Mothers 234-5,240; RV 235 sewer workers YV 37
Shah Tepe, camel at 365
Shahr-i-sokhta, camel at 362,365
Shaka migration 98
shaman 240; in RV 257 Shamash, hymn to 235
Sharma, G.R. 136; on Bolan horse 138; on goat 341 Sharma, R.S. on Indian horse 138
Shatapatha Brahmana, glass in 116, date of 117
sheep 106,331-39; archaeology 335-7; Central Asia, from India 333; domestic at Sarazm 108; in steppe, only recent 333-4; wild, NW India 331-2
sheep philology 338-9
sheep, wild, absent Europe 334 Shell, Turbinella 101
Shetland poly, domestication 165 Shikarpur horse 139; -bone 136 Shinde, V. (2008) 7,43,52-5
Shiva in Syrian inscription 235 Shorea 69
shrew 311-12
shuka 316
Siberia, Indo-Iranian migration to 97; western 97
siṃha 321
śimśapā, see sissoo. Sind Ibex 342 Singh, Bhagwan 29 singhos 321 Sintashta 104,114 sippikā 291,292 sīrā Goddess 73 sīsam 41
sissoo 67, in RV 67; absent from AV 91; leaves of gold 68; Mehrgarh 67, Mesopotamia 68; pollen, pre-Harappan 92
sivalensis (horse) 123,126,144; extinction of 136,140; habitat 169; migration 127; in Southeast Asia 137
sivalensis ancestor of, native Indian horse 143; Arab horse 143
skin-burn, treatment of 49 skull-pit (in horse) 143, 145 snake 84,315; in YV 83-4 snake-eater 312
soma 184; -drink RV 92; God AV 92; grape 58; lord of plants 240; philology 185; tuberculosis
treatment by, 58-9 Son Valley horse 138
Sorex 311
sorghum 64-5
Southeast Asia, Bronze Age migration to 22
southern route, oak in 217,228; pine in 244; poplar in 250 Spanish horse, local domestication 162,165, 166
spider 295
spoked-wheel 121
śṛgāla, cognates 323 śṛñgāra 152
steppe-hypothesis rejected 99
steppe, absence of- beech in 223,224,225,227,228; domestic sheep in 167; pig in 329-30 steppe, climate of, at 4200 BC 135; Early Holocene 242; farming in 135; forest before 3000 BC 168; nomadism in 135; oak in 221; pastoralism in 135; turned forest 199
steppe, southern influence on 112
steppe-horse domestication 159; no local domestication 162; origin of 165 steppe-nomadic complex 108
sthan, meaning in Russian 103 sthava 372; cognates of 373-4
Stockwell horse 143 store-room YV 236,238
suber (L.) 208
sugar 287
Sultana, on goat DNA 342 Sulu horse 148
Sumer, lion in 88; traveller’s account 235
Suncus 311 supari 208 suparṇā 378 suparna oak 208-9,238 suparṇī (philology) 209 suparṇikā 209 supippala 72-3,251; flowers of 258 Surkotada horse 137, 154,159 Sushruta-Samhita 234; tuberculosis 241 śuṣṇa 3,194 Sutlej River 78 swastika 114
Swat horse 121-2,127; figurine 125; grape 57; human DNA 19; swine, cognates 330
śyāmā 62, śyāma 94 śyāmaka 62 śyāmam 41
Syria, Indian DNA in ancient 100 taboo against horse-seals 150 Tajikistan, sivalensis 136
takmāna 189
tar from pine 214 Tarakai Qila 59-60 Tardiglacial 20-21 Tarim Basin skull 98 Tarpan horse 148 tear-gland, horse 144
Tentek-sor, absence of cattle from 105; Asian Wild Ass at 105; horse bones at 167 terpene 231
Terqa, Indian DNA in 100 tetraploid 61; wheat 55
textile from Ficus fibres 267-8
Thar grassland 90; hunter-gatherers in 95; lakes in 95; playa 33 Thar, afforestation of 81
Thieme 301-2
Thompson, J.A. 10; on sivalensis horse 148 thorn-apple 277
Thoroughbred, ancestry of 143,147
tiger 79; absence from Rig-Veda 14; t. in Harappa 91; in YV 83
tikṣṇa 350-51 tila, cognates 286 tittira 316 toad, cognates 296 Tokwa 59 tonga (chariot) 142 tortoise 86,88,295; in YV 83 Tosi on camel 361
trade, pre-historic Afro-Arabian 93 Trautmann, Eurocentric 136
traveller to Sumer 235 treatise, Hittite 121 tree with fruit RV 240
tree without flower RV 240,245 tree-line 219
tri-kadruka RV 237 trikakuta 151
true horse 160
tuberculosis 234,241; and Vitis (soma) 58-9; treatment 185 Tulasidas 41
Turkmenistan, Indus seal in 97; wheat Neolithic 56 turtle 88,295
Tus’ratta 119
Udmurt 102
udumbara 74
Ukraine, Eastern human invasion into 99 Ukrainian cow, DNA study of 107 Underhill, Peter 20,97
unicorn, seals 150; Harappan 151 Uralic languages 102
Uraria 77
US Bureau report on sivalensis 147; on horse origin 159;
uṣṭra cognates 369-70,371-2 vaca, Calamus rotang 178 vājinī-vatī 252
Varaha 151
Varuna, ends drought 27; the Rain-God 44 vata tree 74
Vats, M.S. 120; on unicorn 150 Vedic pottery 39
vetasa 173; vetasa AV 93; for fever MaxMuller 180; for pain TS 179; habitat in river 181
vetche 52 Vetiveria 193 vetra 178, Vindhyan Neolithic 129 violence at Harappa 87 Vitastā river 176
Vitis 59,177; V. vinifera pre-Harappan 92; v. philology of 183 vrīhi 52 Vrtra 28,29 Vṛtrasura 83 war-chariot 142 wasp 326fn 30 water-logging YV 52 water-wheel 110; in RV 30 wax, bees’ 327 weaving, oldest 268
wheat 52,54; absent from RV 57; import in Begash 107-8; in Bronze Age Ukraine 56; wild 55 wild camel RV 366
wild horse, Indus 125; death of 125; in RV wild mares from many regions 165
wild rice 52,53
willow 93; as common tree 186; golden- 93; habitat of 175,176; Early Holocene, Central Asia 175; Early Holocene steppe 185-6; in homeland 176; in northern route 185; soil-type for 176; species in India 179
willow pollen at Mehrgarh 174,177; at Jammu 177; absence from steppe 175 willow, in Indo-Aryan lang. 187; philology 182-3
willow-forest, Mongolia 168, Gobi 168
Witzel demolished 261; on beaver 298; on beech 213,216,218,223; on oak 221; on beech in Greece 227; on birch 196-7; on camel 371; on mouse 309; on willow 178-9
wolf 79,90,324-5
wool 38; RV 32; of camel 361 writing 38
Yajur Veda climate 367; use of bricks in, 36, 37 yakṣma RV 241; treatment of 190
Yamuna River 78 Zagros, goat 340
zebu 352; DNA in Ukraine 107; migration to west Asia 117, to Oman 118 Zeder, Melinda 338, 340
Zeravshan valley 113
