The Interwar Years (1919-1939)

The Interwar Years

(1919-1939)

How was society

affected by the

aftermath of war?

CHANGE & NEW BEGINNINGS

RECONSTRUCTION

Causes for Euro Depression

Crash of American Economy

(decline of world trade)

UNEMPLOYMENT WWI DEBTS/ DESTRUCTION

Cost in Dollars in 1914-18 United States 22,625,253,000

"Don't be angry, just be amazed," was the calling card left by

MAIN IDEA?

Economic problems made

people want CHANGE

A new form of

government emerges in

Europe…

Rise of Totalitarian Governments

(to control all aspects of life)

POLITICAL _{SOCIAL ECONOMIC}

• State more important than individuals • 1-PARTY •Dictator • Citizens denied basic rights • Secret Police to enforce policies

• GOV controls business

• Business & labor exists to

Italy:

Benito

Mussolini

USSR:

Joseph

Stalin

Germany:

Adolf

Hitler

Case Studies:

Case Studies: Totalitarianism

Russian (Bolshevik) Revolution

•

Poor economic

conditions

•

Bolsheviks

(communists)

– Led by Lenin (Reds)

– Overthrow capitalism (&

czar)

•

Promises:

– Peace (WWI),

land,

bread

•

Creation of the USSR

Case Study: VI Lenin

1. Goal: Communism 2. Methods:

a. revolution

b. distributes land to peasants

c. surplus food distributed

d. factories controlled by workers (public

ownership)

e. Cheka = secret police; Red Army

3. Outcome/Effects:

1. Low production

1. Switches goal: New Economic Policy

a. Allow for some private enterprise

b. Peasants may sell surplus

Economic Systems answer the following questions:

1.

What to produce

2.

How to produce?

3.

Who to produce for?

Economic Systems DIFFER in

deciding WHO is making these

Why was Communism

appealing?

(How do you get there?)

1

Step:

Encourages proletariat to REVOLT

and take control of the factors of production!

2

Step:

“Dictatorship of the proletariat”

3

Step:

A classless society will emerge where

all people share wealth and power; working

cooperatively for the “common good”

Lenin Dies

POWER STRUGGLE

Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky

Murdered in Mexico by a

Stalinist agent

Supported by

Communist

A) Goals

B) Methods

Joseph Stalin

“Man of Steel”

1. Personal

Glorification

2. “Five-Year” Plans

3. Collectivization

“Beloved Stalin – A Fortune of the

Nation”

“Long live

the great

“We Will

Turn the

Five Year

Plan into a

“Help Build The

Gigantic

“Let's send

millions of

qualified

worker cadres

to the 518 new

factories and

production

"Come,

comrades,

to join us

in the

Stalin = “Man of Steel”

Program #2: Five Year Plans

• Goal:

– to make the SU a

modern industrial power

– Mass production;

economic growth

• Strategy:

– Command Economy

~ ALL economic activity under gov control

• Results:

– Peasants kill animals,

destroy tools, burn crops

– Angry peasants grow

just enough to survive

• Gov seizes grain – starvation/famine – Execution of kulaks

Stalin = “Man of Steel”

Program #3: Collectivization

• Goal: Revolution in

agriculture

• Strategy:

– forced peasants to

give up plots of

land/animals and live on state owned

farms (collectives)

– Kulaks (wealthy

peasants) targets

• Sent to labor

camps

– Gulags

• Results:

– Peasants kill animals,

destroy tools, burn crops

– Angry peasants grow

just enough to survive

• Gov seizes grain – starvation/famine

– Execution of kulaks or

• Goal:

– Personal

Glorigification;

eliminate threats to rule

•Paranoia

• Methods:

– Cheka ~ Secret Police

– Targets: Political

rivals, ethnic groups, religious leaders,

ordinary people, kulaks (landowners)

– Gulags (labor camps),

trials

• Results:

– 4 mill purged; 800,000 executed

– Purged 90% of nation’s military officers

– Rule by FEAR Stalin = “Man of Steel”

Stalin = “Man of Steel”

Program #1: Personal Glorification

• Goal:

– To attain complete devotion, respect and

love (worship)

• Strategy:

– Youth organizations; military edu – Statues/icons of Stalin

– Atheism: belief in no god replaced Christianity – Churches/synagogues seized; priests killed – Sacred Text: Writings of Marx, Lenin

• Results:

BELIEVE,

OBEY,

FIGHT

Benito Mussolini

Mussolini is NOT a

communist

•

People have the right to own

private property

– Dictator may control your business

•

He does not promise equality or

Fasces:

ancient

Roman

symbol for

unity/streng

th of state

Conditions in Italy –

Post-WWI

•

Unemployment

•

Poverty

•

Political weakness -

Roman Empire

-

200

Mussolini’s Solutions

Mussolini, 1932

“The League of Nations has been an Anglo-French tool to maintain Anglo-French

dominance in the world.

There is no advantage for us in maintaining the peace as it was formulated at Versailles. It is our interest to set the

Nations and history on the move.”

Case Study: Mussolini

• Goal:

– To make Italy a powerful nation

• Methods:

– Fascism, to imperialize, ignore Versailles, German alliance

• Effects:

Aim: How does Hitler win the support of the German people?

Bottom caption: “Vote Hitler!” Top caption: “Enough! End it Now!”

1. How is the Nazi party portrayed in this poster?

2. Why do you think the Nazis want to convey this message to the German people?

3. What are the Nazis referring to in the phrase, “end it now?”

4. According to the poster, how are the Nazis going to deal with Germany’s grievances?

Who was Adolf

Hitler?

1. Serves in German army –

WWI (Austrian)

2. Joins Nationalist Party aka

Nazi Party; gains popularity (1919)

a. Fascist

b. Party Emblem = Swastika

3. Attempts government overthrow (Weimar Republic) b/c

a. Treaty of Versailles; blamed for post-war

problems

4. Imprisoned

Ideas/Promises

January 30, 1933

Adolf Hitler

appointed

Chancellor

•End of Weimar

Republic

• “Enabling Act” –

The Gestapo is Born…April

1933

• Nazi Brown-Shirts • Secret State Police

(Geheime Staats

Polizei) ~ Gestapo

– S.S

• Police prohibited

Hitler’s Domestic Policy

1. What do the following photographs illustrate?

2. What methods were used by the Germans to fulfill their objective?

3. What feelings come to mind when you see these photos?

Holocaust Studies

~

The

Nuremberg Laws – Sept.

1935

1. Summarize the MEANING of the following three laws.

2. Explain the PURPOSE of the following three laws.

Krystallnacht – (NOV 1938)

“Night of the Broken Glass”

Why didn’t the Jews leave Hitler’s

Germany…or did they?

Task:

Read source, “Documentation Required for Emigration from Germany”

Steps Toward War: Hitler’s Foreign

Policy

Early German Aggression

I. Into the Rhineland (March 1936)

•

Demilitariz

ed Zone

– Violation

of

2. Anschluss

3. Sudetenland

(German population)

Chamberlain APPEASES Hitler

- Democracies pledge to protect Poland

G.B. P.M. - Munich Pact 9/’38

Munich Conference (1938)

Meeting to discuss Hitler’s demand for the Sudetenland

A Way to Keep the peace?

Democratic Attitude:

• Giving into the demands of an aggressor in order to keep peace

– Not responding/noninvolvement

• Voters demand “no more war”

– Disgust w/WWI

• Maybe Versailles was too harsh?

• Hitler was a defense against communism? • Suffering from Great Depression

•U

.

S

.

p

a

s

s

e

s

Who do you agree with,

Chamberlain or Churchill?

"You were given the choice

between war and dishonor. You

chose dishonor, and you will

have war."

-Churchill

Italian

Aggression

1. Invasion of

Ethiopia a. No sanctions

Japanese Aggression

–1937

1. Seizes Manchuria (E. China)

a. Resources b. No sanctions

Germany

Japan

Italy

“Axis Powers” Would not interfere with

each other’s plans for

expansion! (Tripartite pact)

ALLIED RESPONSE:

World War II

1939-1945

On Sept. 1, 1939 German troops invade Poland