MongoDB. The Definitive Guide to. The NoSQL Database for Cloud and Desktop Computing. Apress8. Eelco Plugge, Peter Membrey and Tim Hawkins

MongoDB

The

_NoSQL

Database for

Cloud

and

_{Desktop Computing}

TECHNISCHE

INFORMATIONSBIBLIO

1_HEK

UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEK

HANNOVER

11 111

Eelco

_Plugge,

Peter

_Membrey

and

Tim

Hawkins

Apress8

TIB/UB Hannover 89 133 302 342

EContentsata Glance iv

About the Authors xvi About theTechnical Reviewer xvii

Acknowledgments

xviii

Introduction xx

Part I: Basics 1

Chapter

1: Introduction to

_MongoDB

3

Reviewing

the

_{MongoDB Philosophy}

3

Usingthe_RightToolfor the_RightJob 3 LackingInnateSupportfor Transactions 5 DrillingDown onJSON and How It Relatesto_MongoDB 5

AdoptingaNon-RelationalApproach 7

Optingfor Performancevs.Features 8

Runningthe Database_Anywhere 9

Fitting Everything Together

9

Generatingor_Creating a_Key 9

Using Keysand Values 10

Implementing Collections 11

UnderstandingDatabases 11

Reviewing

the Feature List 11

UsingDocument-Orientated_{Storage (BSON)} 11

Supporting DynamicQueries 12

IndexingYourDocuments 13

Leveraging GeospatialIndexes • • ••••• • 13

ProfilingQueries •** I4

UpdatingInformation In-Place • .14

Storing BinaryData • • 14

Replicating Data 15

implementingAutoSharding • • -""IS

Using Mapand Reduce Functions 16

Getting

Help

»»• > »• »• »«16

Visitingthe Website - 16

Chatting with theMongoDBDevelopers , 16

Cuttingand_Pasting MongoDB Code ...17

FindingSolutionson _GoogleGroups 17

LeveragingtheJIRA_{Tracking System} 17

Summary

17

Chapter

2:

_Installing

MongoDB

... 19

Choosing

YourVersion < 19

Understandingthe Version Numbers , 20

Installing MongoDB

onYour

_System,...,

...20 Installing MongoDBUnder Linux 20

Installing MongoDBUnder Windows 22

Running

MongoDB

, 22

Prerequisites 22

Surveyingthe Installation_Layout , 23

Usingthe_MongoDBShell... 23

Installing

Additional Drivers 24

Installing the PHP driver 25 ConfirmingYour PHP Installation Works 28 Installing the _PythonDriver .30

ConfirmingYour_PyMongo Installation Works , , 33

HCONTENTS

Summary

33

Chapter

3: The Data Model 35

Designing

the Database 35

DrillingDownonCollections 36

UsingDocuments 38

CreatingthejdField 40

Building

Indexes 41

ImpactingPerformance with Indexes 42

Implementing Geospatial Indexing

42 Querying Geospatial Information 43

Using

MongoDB

in the Real World 46

Summary

46

Chapter 4:

_Working

with Data 47

Navigating

Your Databases 47 ViewingAvailable Databases and Collections 47

Inserting

DataintoCollections 48

Querying

for Data 49

Usingthe Dot Notation 51

UsingtheSort,Limit,and_Skip Functions 52

Workingwith _{Capped Collections,} NaturalOrder,and$natural 53

Retrievinga_SingleDocument 55

Using the

_Aggregation

Commands 55

Workingwith Conditional Operators 57

Leveraging Regular Expressions 65

Updating

Data 65

Updatingwith _updateO 65

ImplementinganUpsertwiththe_saveQ Command 66 UpdatingInformation_{Automatically} 66

Specifyingthe PositionofaMatched_Array 70

Atomic _Operations 71 Modifyingand_ReturningaDocumentAtomically 73

Renaming

a Collection 74

Removing

Data 74

Referencing

a Database 75

Referencing Data_Manually 75

ReferencingData with DBRef 76

Implementing

Index-Related Functions 78

Surveying Index-RelatedCommands 80

Forcing aSpecifiedIndex to _QueryData 80 Constraining QueryMatches 80

Summary

81

Chapter

5: GridFS _{„ 83}

Filling

in Some

_Background

₈₃

Working

with GridFS 84

Getting

Started with the Command-LineTools 85

UsingtheJdKey 86

Working with Filenames ₈₆ DeterminingaFile'sLength ₈₆

Workingwith Chunk Sizes ₈₇ Trackingthe _UploadDate ₈₇

HashingYourFiles ₈₇

Looking

Under

_MongoDB's

Hood ₈₈

Using the Search Command 90

Deleting , , 90

Retrieving Filesfrom_MongoDB

, 91

Summingupmongofiles , 91

Exploiting

the Power of

_Python

₉₁

Connectingtothe Database ₉₂

mCONTENTS

AccessingtheWords ₉₃

Putting

Files into

_MongoDB

₉₃

Retrieving

Files fromGridFS ₉₄

Deleting

Files ₉₄

Summary

95

Part II:

_Developing

₉₇

Chapter

6: PHP and

_MongoDB

₉₉

Comparing

Documents in

_MongoDB

and PHP ₉₉

MongoDB

Classes ₁₀₀

Connecting

and

_{Disconnecting}

₁₀₁

Inserting

Data ₁₀₂

Listing

YourData ₁₀₄

Returninga_SingleDocument ₁₀₄

ListingAll Documents 105

Using Query Operators 106

Querying forSpecificInformation ₁₀₆ Sorting, Limiting,and_Skippingitems ₁₀₇

Countingthe Number of_Matching Results 108

GroupingData with_{Map/Reduce 109}

Specifyingthe Index withHint ₁₁₁

RefiningQueries with Conditional _{Operators 111}

Regular Expressions 118

Modifying

Data with PHP ₁₁₉

Updatingvia_{updateQ 119}

SavingTime with ModifierOperators 121

UpsertingData with_{save() 125}

ModifyingaDocument_{Atomically 126}

Deleting

Data ₁₂₉

Retrievingthe Information 132

GridFS and the PHP Driver 132 StoringFiles 133

AddingMore Metadata to Stored Files 133

Retrieving Files 134

DeletingData 135

Summary

• 135

Chapter

7:

_Python

and

_MongoDB

137

Working

with Documentsin

_Python

137

Using PyMongo

Modules 138

Connecting

and

_{Disconnecting}

138

Inserting

Data 139

Finding

Your Data 140

Findinga_SingleDocument 140

FindingMultipleDocuments 141

Using Dot Notation 142

Returning Fields 142 SimplifyingQuerieswithSort, Limit,and_Skip 143

Aggregating Queries 145

Specifying

anIndex withHintO • 147

Refining Queries with Conditional _Operators 148 ConductingSearches with _{Regular Expression} 153

Modifying

the Data 154

UpdatingYourData 154

Modifier_Operators 156

Saving Documents _Quickly with_Save() 160

Modifyinga DocumentAtomically 161 Puttingthe Parameters to Work 161

Deleting

Data , 162

m CONTENTS

Creating

a Link Between Two Documents 163

Retrievingthe Information 165

Summary

166

Chapter

8:

_Creating

a

Blog Application

with the PHP Driver... 167

Designing

the

Application

168

Listing

the Posts 169

Paging with PHP and_MongoDB 171

Looking

ata

_Single

Post 172

SpecifyingAdditional Variables 173

Viewingand Adding Comments 174

Searching

the Posts 175

Adding, Deleting,

and

_Modifying

Posts 176

Adding aNew Post 177

Editinga Post 178

DeletingaPost 179

Creating

the Index

_Pages

180

Recapping

the

_{blog Application}

181

Summary

190

Part III: Advanced 191

Chapter

9: Database Administration 193

Using

AdministrativeTools 194

mongo, the MongoDB Console 194

UsingThird-PartyAdministrationTools 194

Backing

up the

MongoDB

Server 194

Creating aBackup101 194

Backing up aSingleDatabase 197

Backing up a_SingleCollection 197

Digging

Deeper

into

_Backups

197

Restoring

Individual Databases or Collections 198

Restoringa_SingleDatabase • 199

Restoring aSingleCollection 199

Automating Backups

199

UsingaLocal Datastore 199

Using aRemote(Cloud-Based) Datastore 202

Backing

up

Large

Databases 203

UsingaSlave ServerforBackups • 203

Creating Snapshots withaJournaling Filesystem 203

Disk_Layoutto Use with Volume_Managers 205

Importing

Data into

_MongoDB

206

Exporting

Data from

_MongoDB

207

Securing

Your Data 208

RestrictingAccess toa MongoDB Server 208

Protecting

Your Server withAuthentication 208

AddinganAdmin User 209

Enabling Authentication 209 Authenticatingin the mongo Console 209 ChangingaUser's Credentials 210 Adding a_Read-Only User 211

DeletingaUser 211

UsingAuthenticated Connections in aPHPApplication 212

Managing

Servers 212

StartingaServer ₂₁₂

Reconfiguring

aServer 213

Gettingthe Server's Version 214

Gettingthe Server's Status 214

ShuttingDowna Server ₂₁₆

Using

MongoDB Logfiles

217

Validating

and

_Repairing

Your Data , 217

RepairingaServer , ,„„. 217

aCONTENTS

ValidatingaSingleCollection 218

RepairingCollection ValidationFaults 219 RepairingaCollection's Datafiles 220

Upgrading MongoDB

221

Monitoring MongoDB

221

RollingYourOwn Stat _Monitoring Tool 222

Using

the

_mongod

Web Interface 223

Summary

223

Chapter

10:

_Optimization

225

Optimizing

Your Server Hardware for Performance 225

UnderstandingHowMongoDB Uses_Memory 225

Choosingthe_RightDatabase Server Hardware 226

Evaluating Query

Performance 226

MongoDB

Profiler 226

Enabling and_Disablingthe DBProfiler 227 Analyzinga_{Specific Query}with _explainO 228

UsingProfile and_explainO to_Optimizea_Query 229

Managing

Indexes 232

ListingIndexes 233

CreatingaSimple Index 233

Creating aCompound Index 234

Specifying

Index

Options

235 Creatingan Index in the Backgroundwith{background:true} 235

CreatinganIndexwith a_{Unique Key {unique:true}} 236

Dropping Duplicates Automaticallywith_{{dropdups:true}} 236

Dropping an Index 236

Re-IndexingaCollection 237

How

_MongoDB

SelectsWhich Indexes It Will Use 237

Using

HintQ

to Force

_Using

a

Specific

Index 238

Optimizing

the

Storage

of Small

_Objects

238

Summary

• 239

Chapter

11:

Replication

• »241

Spelling

Out

_MongoDB's

Replication

Goals 242

ImprovingScalability 242 Improving Durability/Reliability 242

ProvidingIsolation 243

Drilling

Down onthe

_Oplog

...243

Implementing Single

Master/Single

Slave

Replication

244

Setting Up aMaster/SlaveReplication Configuration 245

Implementing Single Master/Multiple

Slave

_Replication

248

Configuring

a Master/Slave

Replication System

248

Resynchronizing

aMaster/Slave

Replication System

....249

Issuing aManual_ResyncCommand tothe Slave 250

Resyncing byDeletingtheSlaves Datafiles 250 ResyncingaSlavewiththe _{--fastsync Option} 250

Implementing

Multiple Master/Single

Slave

_Replication

.251

Setting upaMultipleMaster/Slave Replication Configuration 251

Exploring

Various

_Replication

Scenarios ....254

ImplementingCascadeReplication 254 ImplementingMaster/MasterReplication 254 ImplementingInterleaved Replication 255

Using

Replica

Pairs 256

ResolvingServer_Disputeswith anArbiter 261

Implementing

Advanced

_Clustering

with

_Replica

Sets 262

Creating aReplicaSet 264

Gettinga_ReplicaSet Member_Upand_Running 265

Adding aServertoaReplica Set ...266

Managing ReplicaSets , ., ,..,267

CONTENTS

Configuringthe_OptionsforReplicaSet Members 271 DeterminingtheStatusofReplicaSets 273 Connectingtoa_ReplicaSetfrom Your_Application 273

Summary

275

Chapter

12:

_Sharding

₂₇₇

Exploring

the Need for

_Sharding

277

Partitioning

Horizontal andVertical Data 278

PartitioningData_Vertically 278

PartitioningData _Horizontally 278

Analyzing

a

Simple

_Sharding

Scenario 279

Implementing

Sharding

with

_MongoDB

280

Setting Up

a

_Sharding

_{Configuration}

282

AddingaNew Shard to the Cluster 285

Removing

aShard fromthe Cluster 287

Determining

HowYou're Connected 288

Listing

the Status ofaSharded Cluster 288

Using

Replica

Setsto_{Implement Shards} 290

Sharding

to

_Improve

Performance 290

Summary

291

t_{Index 293}