Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a legume plant or legume of members of the Fabaceae tribe that is
cultivated, and is the second most important legume after soybeans in Indonesia. This plant, which is native to the Americas, grows in shrubs 30 to 50 cm (1 to 1 ½ feet) tall with small, compound leaves. This plant is one of two types of cultivated plants besides Bogor beans, Voandziea subterranea whose fruit ripens below the surface of the soil. If the young fruit is exposed to light, the ripening process of the seeds is disrupted.
In Indonesia, it is also known as una beans, suuk (Sd.), Jebrol beans, bandung beans, tuban beans, kole beans, and banggala beans. In international trade it is known as English: peanut, groundnut.
History and Evolution
This plant originates from South America to be precise, Brazillia, but has now spread throughout the world with tropical or subtropical climates. Mexico to Maluku after 1597 In 1863 Holle brought in Peanuts from England and in 1864 Scheffer included Peanuts from Egypt. The People’s Republic of China and India are now the world’s largest peanut producers.
Planting Center
Peanut originated in India, China, Nigeria, United States and Gombai, then expanded to other countries.
In Indonesia
Peanuts are concentrated on the island of Java, North Sumatra, Sulawesi and have now been planted throughout Indonesia.
Peanut plants can be used for animal feed, while the seeds are used as a source of vegetable protein, oil and others.
As a cultivated crop, peanuts are mainly harvested from seeds which are rich in protein and fat. These seeds can be eaten raw, boiled (in the pods), fried, or roasted. In the United States, groundnut seeds are processed into a kind of jam and are a profitable food industry. Peanut oil production accounted for about 10% of the world cooking oil market in 2003 according to the FAO. Apart from harvesting the seeds or pods, peanuts are also harvested forage (leaves and stems) for livestock food or as green manure.
Types of Plants
Cultivated peanuts in Indonesia are divided into two types :
Upright type. This type of nut grows straight or slightly tilted upwards, the fruit is found on the segments near the clump, generally short and fast and the fruit ripens simultaneously. Creeper type. This type grows towards the side, the main stem is long, the fruit is found on the joints adjacent to the ground and generally has a long life. The creeper type is preferred because it has a higher yield potential.
Variety
Superior varieties of peanuts are characterized by the following characteristics : High Yield Power.
Short life span (early age) between 85-90 days. The results are stable.
Resistant to major diseases (rust and leaf spot). Tolerant of drought or soggy oil.
Holle Peanuts, is a type of mixture resulting from crosses between existing varieties. Holle beans cannot be confused with other beans because they are of different varieties.
Nutrient Content
Peanuts are rich in fat, contain high protein, iron, vitamin E and calcium, vitamin B complex and Phosphorus, vitamins A and K, lecithin, choline and calcium. The protein content in peanuts is much higher than meat, eggs and soy beans. Has a sweet taste and is widely used to make various types of cakes.
Peanuts are also said to contain ingredients that can build endurance in preventing several diseases. Consuming one ounce of peanuts five times a week has been reported to prevent heart disease. Peanuts work to increase the pumping ability of the heart and reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Eating a handful of peanuts every day, especially diabetes patients, can help with substance deficiency.
Peanuts contain Omega 3 which is polyunsaturated fat and Omega 9 which is a monounsaturated fat. In 1 ounce of peanuts there are 18 grams of Omega 3 and 17 grams of Omega 9. Peanuts contain phytosterols which can actually lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels, by blocking the absorption of cholesterol from food that is circulated in the blood and reducing the re-absorption of cholesterol from the liver, and while maintaining HDL cholesterol. Peanuts also contain arginine which can stimulate the body to produce nitrogen monoxide which functions to fight tuberculosis bacteria. Studies show peanuts can lower high blood pressure and cholesterol content in the blood, suggesting relief from hemophilia or a tendency to bleed easily, vaginal discharge and insomnia. However, peanuts are highly preventable in those who face breast cancer and those who have acne or acne problems are also advised to stop consuming peanuts.
Climate
a) Rainfall suitable for peanut plants is between 800-1,300 mm / year. Rain that is too hard will result in fall and flowers are not pollinated by bees. In addition, continuous rain will increase the humidity around the peanut plantation.
b) The air temperature for peanut plants is not too difficult, because the minimum temperature for the growth of peanuts is around 28–32 degrees C. When the temperature is below 10 degrees C, the plant growth is slightly stunted, even stunted due to imperfect flower growth. c) Air humidity for peanut plants ranges from 65-75%. The existence of high rainfall will increase the humidity too high around the plantations.
d) Full sunlight radiation is needed for peanut plants, especially leaf fertility and the development of the size of the beans.
Planting Media
a) The type of soil suitable for peanut plants is the type of soil that is loose / lightly textured and fertile.
b) The degree of soil acidity that is suitable for peanut cultivation is a pH between 6.0–6.5. c) Lack of water will cause the plants to become thin, stunted, wither and eventually die. The water needed by plants comes from springs or water sources around the planting site. Soil is well drained and harmonious or land that is not too muddy and not too dry are good for the growth of peanuts.
Elevation
Altitude that is good and ideal for peanut plants is at an altitude of between 500 m asl. Certain types of peanuts can be planted at a certain height in order to grow optimally.
Pests and Diseases
Some of the pests and diseases that can attack peanuts are:
Wilted disease. Wilt disease is caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas Solanacearum. During the day, when the sun is hot, the plants suddenly droop like hot water, the plants immediately die. How to control by crop rotation, spraying Streptomycin or Agrimycin, 1 ha requires 0.5-1 liter. Agrimycin in a solubility of 200-400 liters / ha.[4]
Leaf spot disease. Leaf spot disease is caused by the fungus Cercospora personata. The spots on the upper leaves are brown, while the lower leaves are black. In the middle of the leaf spots, sometimes there are black spots of conidiospores. This fungus occurs in plants aged 40-50 days to 70 days. This fungus can be controlled with Antmkol or Dakonil, spraying is carried out on plants after flowering, with spraying intervals of 1 week or 10 days.
Sclerotium disease. The disease is caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, which damages crops during humid weather. The fungus attacks the base of the stem, the tender part of the plant, causing black spots. Plants that are attacked will wither and die. Control: by improving irrigation, so that irrigation water can flow.
Rust disease. This disease is caused by Uromyces arachidae, attacking young plants causing the leaves to dry out with brown spots. Control by planting resistant varieties.
Aflatoxin contamination. Peanuts that are contaminated by Aspergillus flavus can produce aflatoxins. Aflatoxins, especially B1, are known to be highly carcinogenic, toxic, hepatotoxin and mutagenic in humans, mammals and poultry. In peanuts, B1 is found in fresh pods, pods, dried pods, seeds and processed products. To prevent infection, it can be done by improving cultivation, especially irrigation in critical periods, post-harvest drying, fulfilling nutritional needs, and controlling leaf disease.
Empoasca pests. An important pest for peanut plants is the Empoasca pest. These pests are not too detrimental to peanut plants. How to control it with available insecticides.
Uret pests. Pests that eat the roots, lower stems and pods eventually wither and die of plants. The way to control it is by planting simultaneously, intensive weeding, uprooting the affected plants and destroying the urethra.
Colored caterpillar pests. Pests that damage the leaves become folded and turn yellow, eventually drying out. How to control by spraying the insecticide Azodrin 15 W5C, Sevin 85 S or Sevin 5 D.
Grapyak caterpillar pests. Pests that eat leaf epidermis and bones in groups. How to control (1) clean weeds, plant simultaneously, crop rotation; (2) spraying the insecticide lannate L, Azodrin 15 W5C.
An inch caterpillar pest. Pests that attack peanut leaves. How to control it by spraying the insecticide Basudin 60 EC Azodrin 15 W5C, Lannate L Sevin 85 S.
Supraciden 40 EC.
Hama Kumbang daun. Hama yang memakan daun tampak berlubang, daun tinggal tulang, juga makan pucuk bunga. Cara pengendaliannya (1) penanaman serentak; (2) penyemprotan Agnotion 50 EC, Azodrin 15 W5C, Diazeno 60 EC.
