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University of Tennessee, Knoxville University of Tennessee, Knoxville

TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Exchange

Physics and Astronomy Publications and Other

Works Physics and Astronomy

Spring 3-27-2009

A Trip to the Beginning of the Universe with the Large Hadron A Trip to the Beginning of the Universe with the Large Hadron Collider

Collider

Stefan M Spanier

University of Tennessee - Knoxville, sspanier@utk.edu

Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_physastrpubs Part of the Elementary Particles and Fields and String Theory Commons Recommended Citation

Recommended Citation

Spanier, Stefan M, "A Trip to the Beginning of the Universe with the Large Hadron Collider" (2009). Physics and Astronomy Publications and Other Works.

https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_physastrpubs/9

This Presentation is brought to you for free and open access by the Physics and Astronomy at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physics and Astronomy Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact trace@utk.edu.

(2)

A Trip to the Beginning to the Universe

with the

Large Hadron Collider

A Trip to the Beginning to the Universe

with the

Large Hadron Collider

Stefan Spanier

University of Tennessee, Knoxville

(3)

Cathode Ray Tube Cathode Ray Tube

Î electron

Experiments 111 years ago …

fundamental building block of matter

"Could anything at first sight seem more impractical than a body which is so small that its mass is an

insignificant fraction of the mass of an atom of hydrogen?"

J.J. Thompson: Cathode rays are material constituents of atoms!

bend in electric and magnetic field

Nobel Prize 1906

G.P. Thompson: electrons have wave character

Nobel Prize 1937

(4)

Particle Accelerator as Microscope

Length to be resolved L

L ∝ 1/Particle Energy

1eV = kinetic energy an electron gains in a electric field

of 1 Volt

1.0 V

- +

-

> 100 MeV

~ keV

> 10 MeV

> 100 GeV

(5)

Particles live long enough to make

signals in a detector (material)

- light

- new charges

Particle Collider Experiment

Large kinetic energy E

E = m c ²

short lived particle – new matter?

(6)

How particles acquire masses …

The Higgs particle

mass generation

The Higgs Field / Particle

Expected mass: 100 GeV … 1 TeV

(7)

mass

Standard Model does not ‘predict’ any of the masses (parameters);

How do masses come about?

The Standard Model Building Blocks

u c t d s b

d s b u c t

e

^-

μ

⁻

τ

⁻

ν

_e

ν

_μ

ν

_τ

ν

_e

ν

_μ

ν

_τ

e

⁺

μ

⁺

τ

⁺

_ _ _

Quarks

Leptons

particles anti-particles Proton

u u

d

hadrons

Anti-proton u

_

u d _ _ Latest addition 1995

Tevatron at Fermilab

(8)

Fundamental Forces

Neutron

• Electromagnetic and weak force unify in Standard Model –

‘Symmetry breaks’ at about 1 TeV: How?

^Æ

Higgs mechanism

• Do all forces unify at some energy?

Force relative strength mediators

Strong 1 Æ 0.12 gluons

Electromagnetic 1/137 Æ 1/128 photons

Weak 10

-6

W

⁺

, W

^-

, Z

⁰

Gravity 10

-39

graviton

Least understood Unify in

Standard Model Gluons bind quarks in hadrons

Photon binds electron in Hydrogen atom e^-

u d

d W -

transforms d to u quark e^-

ν^__e

u

Æ Proton

(9)

~ 13.7 billion years ^{1 meV}Today ( T= -270^oC )

400,000 yr

10¹⁹GeV Planck Epoch

10

^-43

s

10

^-35

s

¹⁰¹⁵GeV Unification of electroweak and strong force

10

³

GeV

Electroweak

Symmetry Breaks

10

^-12

s

10

^-8

s

1 s

1 GeV Quark Æ Hadron

protons, neutrons form

1 MeV Nucleosynthesis (D, He, Li)

1 eV Matter domination

onset of gravitational instability Galaxy formation

Solar system

Particle Desert: Supersymmetric particles ?

Big Bang

LHC

Evolution of the Universe Theory

( T~10^{32 o}C )

(10)

Furthermore …

• What is dark matter?

• What is dark energy?

• Where did the anti-matter go

(CP Violation)

Neutrinos are ~0.1–10%

Electrons and protons are ~5%

Dark Matter ~25%

Dark Energy ~70%

The Cosmic Connection

(11)

• need mechanism to produce Higgs and more

• need high energy over wide search range

• need high rates (recycle, large current)

• want to save money (use existing infrastructure)

The Large Hadron Collider at CERN in Geneva, CH

CMSCMS

(12)

LHCf

totem

•High Energy factor 7 increase w.r.t. present accelerators

•High Intensity (# events/reaction/time) ⇒ factor 100 increase

•High Energy factor 7 increase w.r.t. present accelerators

•High Intensity (# events/reaction/time) ⇒ factor 100 increase

Proton-proton collisions at 14 TeV

27 km in circumference, 50-150m deep

The LHC Machine and Experiments

(13)

LHC

superconducting dipole magnet Superconducting magnets:

• 1232 dipole magnets (bending) - T = -271^oC (superfluid Helium) - 100,000 x earth magnetic field

• 386 quadrupole magnets (focus)

• Thousands of correcting magnets

LHC in LEP tunnel

Each beam

• 2808 bunches of protons

• ~100 billion protons/bunch

• Circulation time: 89 μs

• Current: 0.584 Ampere

• Time between collisions: 25 ns

• Fill time (450 GeV): 7.5 min

• Acceleration time : 20 min

• Beam lifetime : ~15 hours

(14)

Beam Accidents

Energy stored/beam: 360 MJ

Energy stored in magnets: 700 GJ

• The energy per proton is equivalent to using ~70,000 Hiroshima

bombs (‘Little Boy’) to accelerate a 22 caliber bullet.

• The energy stored in the beam is equivalent to a small aircraft carrier

of mass 10,000 tons traveling at 20 miles/hour

• Dumping this energy over 1s can lighten up about 400 Million light

bulbs

5μm copper plate

450 GeV beam

10 20 60 40 bunches

Beam loss is fatal:

(15)

Pixel Diamond Detector – New Technology

Prototype diamond pixel detector readout at UTK (SERF)

Installation of diamond detectors

Near the beam pipe in the CMS detector Installation of diamond detectors

Near the beam pipe in the CMS detector

(16)

How to detect the Higgs

Every 25ns protons in bunches collide

Interactions/crossing = 25 (~1000 charged particles)

Simulation

in 100,000x earth magnetic field

Higgs + 25 other events

Simulation

in 100,000x earth magnetic field

Higgs + 25 other events

p p

μ⁺

μ^-

μ^- μ⁺

Higgs

Z

In CMS collision information corresponds to 100 billion phone calls per second.

(17)

~2300 Scientific Authors 38 Countries

176 Institutions

~2300 Scientific Authors 38 Countries

176 Institutions

CERN

France

Italy

UK

Switzerland USA

Austria

Finland

Greece Hungary Belgium

Poland Portugal

Spain Pakistan

Georgia

Armenia Ukraine Uzbekistan

Cyprus Croatia

China,PR Turkey

Belarus

Estonia India

Germany

Korea Russia

Bulgaria

China(Taiwan) Iran

Serbia

New-Zealand

Brazil

Ireland 1084

503 723 2310 Member States

Non-Member States

Total USA

Number of Authors

59

50 176 Member States

Total USA

Non-Member States 67

Number of Laboratories

Mexico Colombia

Lithuania

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Collaboration

(18)

Muon Detectors Superconducting coil

20,000A, -270^oC

Iron return yoke

Photon and

Electron Detector

Width: 22m Diameter: 15m

Weight: 13,000 tons

Hadron Detector

Vacuum chamber

Charged Particle Tracker

The CMS Detector

Weighs ~25% more than the Eiffel Tower in Paris L = 23 cm

#80,000 98% metal

(19)

Air pads used to move the 11 CMS elements Air pads used to move the 11 CMS elements

Pre-assembly above Ground

(20)

The first force studied carefully by CMS was Gravity …

Lowering of Detector Modules

(21)

Students/Postdoc from UTK at CERN

(22)

Insertion of Silicon Tracker Detectors

(23)

The Pixel Detector

0.3 m ~1 m

z

• Barrel layers at radii = 4.3cm, 7.3cm and 10.2cm

• 2 Disks at +/- side

• Pixel cell size = 100x150 µm²Æ ~1m² of silicon / 66 Million pixels

• ~15k front-end chips

(24)

Computing

15 Million Gigabytes of data each year (about 20 million CDs!)

GRID Node at UTK

10 GBit/s connection; 250 processors + 50TByte storage 10 GBit/s connection; 250 processors + 50TByte storage Fermilab

CERN

UTK

(25)

First Beam in LHC

9 September 2008

(26)

M_Planck M*

(1 mm)^–1 1/R

1 TeV

Strength of Forces

3-2-1

LED

Conventional Gr avity

Planck scale in the TeV range?

Simulation of a black hole

event with M_BH~ 8 TeV in CMS

BH’s will decay within ~ 10^-27secs

Detectors, electronics (and rest of the world) are safe!!

Decay properties

Î Extra dimensions

Black Hole Generation in LHC

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BXzugu39pKM

Follow this and additional works at:

A Trip to the Beginning to the Universe

with the

Large Hadron Collider

A Trip to the Beginning to the Universe

with the

Large Hadron Collider

Stefan Spanier

University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Î electron

Experiments 111 years ago …

Particle Accelerator as Microscope

Length to be resolved L

L ∝ 1/Particle Energy

- +

-

Particles live long enough to make

signals in a detector (material)

- light

- new charges

Particle Collider Experiment

E = m c 2

E = m c 2

short lived particle – new matter?

How particles acquire masses …

The Higgs particle

mass generation

The Higgs Field / Particle

Expected mass: 100 GeV … 1 TeV

mass

Standard Model does not ‘predict’ any of the masses (parameters);

How do masses come about?

The Standard Model Building Blocks

u c t d s b

d s b u c t

e

μ

τ

ν

ν

ν

ν

ν

ν

e

μ

τ

_ _ _

_ _ _

_ _ _

Fundamental Forces

• Electromagnetic and weak force unify in Standard Model –

‘Symmetry breaks’ at about 1 TeV: How?

Higgs mechanism

• Do all forces unify at some energy?

Force relative strength mediators

Strong 1 Æ 0.12 gluons

Electromagnetic 1/137 Æ 1/128 photons

Weak 10

W

, W

, Z

Gravity 10

graviton

u

400,000 yr

10

s

10

s

10

GeV

10

s

10

s

1 s

Big Bang

LHC

Evolution of the Universe Theory

E = m c ²

E = m c ²