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Design Research for Change:A UK perspective

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Diseña 13 | agosto 2018 | issN: 0718-8447 (iMPReso) ; 2452-4298 (eLeCtRÓNiCo)

aRtíCuLo De iNvestigaCiÓN oRigiNaL

Recepción: 3 De MaRzo 2018 | AceptAción:

28 De Mayo 2018

cómo citAR este ARtículo:

RoDgeRs, P. a. (2018). Investigación en diseño para el cambio: Una perspectiva desde el Reino Unido.

Diseña

, (13), 110-139.

Doi: 10.7764/disena.13.110-139

tRAducción: José MigueL NeiRa

Diseña 13 | august 2018 | issN: 0718-8447 (PRiNt) ; 2452-4298 (oNLiNe)

oRigiNaL ReseaRCh aRtiCLe

Reception: MaRCh 3, 2018 | AcceptAnce: May 28, 2018

How to cite tHis ARticle:

RoDgeRs, P. a. (2018). Design Research for Change: A uK Perspective.

Diseña

, (13), 110-139. Doi: 10.7764/disena.13.110-139

P a u L a . R o D g eR s

univeRsidAd de lAncAsteR

imAginAtion

lAncAsteR, inglAteRRA

[email protected]

INVESTIGACIÓN EN DISEÑO PARA

EL CAMBIO: UNA PERSPECTIVA

DESDE EL REINO UNIDO

DESIGN RESEARCH FOR CHANGE:

A UK PERSPECTIVE

pAul A. RodgeRs

lAncAsteR univeRsity

(2)

Resumen

Este artículo examina el panorama actual de la investigación en

diseño en el Reino Unido, centrándose en los proyectos financiados

por los consejos de investigación que buscan generar un cambio

positivo en la sociedad. Durante los últimos años, la investigación en

diseño en el Reino Unido ha crecido enormemente en términos de la

cantidad de alumnos que estudian programas de posgrado (magíster

o doctorado), en la cantidad de instituciones que realizan

investi-gación y tanto en la cantidad como en la calidad de los proyectos de

investigación colaborativa, multidisciplinaria e interdisciplinaria

guiada por conceptos de diseño. El trabajo que aquí se presenta,

aún en desarrollo, involucra la visualización y el análisis de datos de

más de 18.000 proyectos de investigación financiados con fondos

públicos del Reino Unido. Se destacan el reciente “giro social” y la

creciente naturaleza colaborativa del diseño para el cambio en los

proyectos de investigación en el Reino Unido. En el artículo también

se describen algunas de las características clave de los actuales

pro-yectos de investigación en diseño para el cambio.

Palabras clave

: Diseño, cambio, investigación, Reino Unido, proyectos

Paul A. Rodgers

Licenciado en Educación en Diseño

y Tecnología, Universidad de

Middlesex. mA en Computación en

Diseño, Universidad de Middlesex.

PhD en Evaluación de Diseño

de Productos, Universidad de

Westminster. Profesor de Diseño

en Imagination, Universidad de

Lancaster. Es Design Leadership

Fellow (2017 – 2020) del Arts and

Humanities Research Council del

Reino Unido. Es el autor de nueve

libros, entre los que destacan

Research Methods for Product Design

(co-autor: A. Milton. Laurence King,

2013) The Routledge Companion to

Design Research (co-autor: J. Yee.

Routledge, 2015) y Design School.

Beyond Education, Research, Practice

and Disciplines (co-autor: C. Bremner.

Vernon Press, 2017). Integra el

Comité Editorial de Design Studies

y del International Journal of Design

Creativity and Innovation. Es miembro

fundador del Design Disruption

Group, el cual busca generar cambios

positivos en la salud y el bienestar

social, entre otros ámbitos.

Abstract

This paper examines the current landscape of design research in the

United Kingdom (

UK

) with a particular focus on

UK

research councils’

funded projects that aim to make a positive change to society. In recent

years, design research in the

UK

has grown massively in terms of the

number of students studying for a postgraduate degree (Masters and

PhD), the number of institutions undertaking research, and both the

quantity and quality of design-led inter- and multi-disciplinary

collabo-rative research projects. The ongoing work presented here has involved

significant data analysis and visualization of over 18,000 funded

research projects in the

UK

. The paper highlights the recent ‘social turn’

and the increasingly collaborative nature of design for change research

projects in the

UK

. The paper also describes some key characteristics

found in and across present day design for change research projects.

Keywords: Design, Change, Research, UK, Projects

Paul A. Rodgers

Bachelor of Education in Design and

Technology, Middlesex University.

mA in Computing in Design,

Middlesex University. PhD in Product

Design Assessment, University of

Westminster. Professor of Design at

Imagination, Lancaster University. He

is the Arts and Humanities Research

Council (uK) Design Leadership

Fellow (2017 – 2020). He is the

author of nine books, including

Research Methods for Product Design

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INTRODUCCIÓN

Este artículo presenta un trabajo en desarrollo del autor, que forma

parte de su rol como Design Leadership Fellow del Arts and

Huma-nities Research Council del Reino Unido. El artículo explora formas

contemporáneas de investigación en diseño en el Reino Unido, cuyos

objetivos específicos están relacionados con su contribución a

trans-formaciones positivas en términos sociales, culturales, económicos

y medioambientales, entre otros. Todos estos proyectos guiados por

el diseño tienen como objetivo ofrecer cambios positivos e

impor-tantes para la sociedad. El foco de estas iniciativas se ha descrito

como “asuntos de preocupación” (

matters of concern)

(Bjögvinsson,

Ehn, & Hillgren, 2010), “innovación social” (Manzini, 2015) o “diseño

social” (Armstrong, Bailey, Julier, & Kimbell, 2014), donde el énfasis

no radica en el diseño de “cosas” (es decir, productos y servicios) con

fines únicamente comerciales, sino en el diseño de soluciones con

fines sociales.

La investigación en diseño puede ser una fuerza transformadora y

creativa que nos ayuda a organizar nuestras vidas de manera más

res-ponsable, sostenible, significativa y valiosa. De hecho, se ha afirmado

que el diseño es la mejor herramienta que tenemos para darle sentido

al mundo, cada vez más complejo, en el que vivimos (Sudjic, 2009).

Hoy existe una gran pluralidad en la investigación en diseño. Esto se

hace evidente en el amplio rango de enfoques conceptuales,

meto-dológicos, tecnológicos y teóricos que encontramos en las actuales

INTRODUCTION

This paper presents the author’s work as part of his ongoing Arts and

Humanities Research Council (

UK

) Design Leadership Fellowship. The

paper explores contemporary forms of design research in the United

Kingdom (

UK), which have specific aims to contribute to social, cultural,

economic, environmental, and other forms of positive transformation. All

these design-led projects share the overarching aim of wishing to make

a significant and positive change to society. These types of projects have

been described as ‘matters of concern’ (Bjögvinsson, Ehn, & Hillgren,

2010), ‘social innovation’ (Manzini, 2015) or ‘social design’ (Armstrong,

Bailey, Julier, & Kimbell, 2014) projects where the emphasis is less on the

usual design of ‘things’ (

i.e.

products and services) for wholly commercial

purposes but in the design of solutions for social purposes point.

Design research can be a creative and transformative force in helping

to shape our lives in more responsible, sustainable, meaningful, and

valu-able ways. In fact, it has been claimed that design is the best tool we have

available to us in making sense of the increasingly complex world we find

ourselves in (Sudjic, 2009). Today, there is widespread plurality in con

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investigaciones en diseño. Es más, diversas formas de investigación

en diseño aparecen normalmente en una amplia variedad de

disci-plinas, de una u otra forma relacionadas con la práctica del diseño:

negocios, ingeniería, computación, cuidado de la salud y

adminis-tración, entre otras. «La investigación en diseño [como Nigel Cross

escribiera en su seminal artículo “Design Research: A Disciplined

Conversation”] goza de muy buena salud, habitando cada vez en más

de lugares» (1999, p. 5).

El trabajo previo del autor (Rodgers & Yee, 2015, 2016) y reseñas

anteriores sobre la investigación en diseño (Roth, 1999; Bayazit, 2004;

Sevaldson, 2010) son los cimientos sobre los cuales este artículo

ex-plora formas contemporáneas de investigaciones en diseño

finan-ciadas por el Reino Unido enfocadas en cambios sociales, culturales,

económicos y medioambientales. Los proyectos de investigación en

diseño, financiados por consejos de investigación del Reino Unido,

contribuyen con conocimientos nuevos y útiles en una amplia gama

de contextos. Por ejemplo, la investigación en diseño aplicada a

ciu-dades y vida urbana ayuda a desarrollar comuniciu-dades más saludables

y equilibradas. Por otra parte, la contribución de los proyectos de

investigación en diseño que mejoran la salud y el bienestar ha sido

exhaustivamente estudiada, e incluyen el diseño de mejores

entor-nos de atención de salud e intervenciones diseñadas para mejorar la

inclusión social y la salud mental de las personas. Todo este

conoci-miento beneficia a los investigadores en diseño a través del

desarro-in contemporary design research pursuits. Moreover, various forms of

design research now routinely appear in a vast array of disciplines in

and around modern design praxis, including business, engineering,

computing, healthcare, and management. “Design research [as

Ni-gel Cross wrote in his seminal paper ‘Design Research: A Disciplined

Conversation’] is alive and well, and living in an increasing number of

places” (1999, p. 5).

Based on the author’s earlier work (Rodgers & Yee, 2015, 2016) and

building on previous reviews of design research (Roth, 1999; Bayazit,

2004; Sevaldson, 2010), this paper explores contemporary forms of

UK

funded design research that focus on making change in social,

cul-tural, economic, and environmental contexts. Design research projects,

funded by

UK

research councils, contribute new useful knowledge and

understanding in a range of contexts. For example, design research in

cities and urban life supports healthier and more balanced communities.

Moreover, the contribution that design research projects make in

improv-ing health and wellbeimprov-ing has been extensively studied and includes the

design of better healthcare environments and designed interventions to

improve social inclusion and better mental health. All of this knowledge

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llo de herramientas y metodologías de investigación más eficaces,

además de enriquecer a las personas que viven y trabajan dentro o

fuera del Reino Unido (Crossik & Kaszynska, 2016).

Del mismo modo, la Evaluación de Investigaciones del Reino Unido

(

UK

Reseach Assessment Excersise

) que se realiza cada cuatro o cinco años,

consideró que más del 60 por ciento de las investigaciones en diseño

presentadas al

Research Excellence Framework

fueron clasificadas como

“líder mundial” o “internacionalmente excelente” (REF2014, 2014a).

REF2014 consideró que la investigación en diseño en el Reino Unido

produjo una gran cantidad de insumos de investigación de alto

cali-bre en áreas tales como diseño digital, diseño y procesos comerciales,

modelamiento de productos, diseño de transporte y salud, entre otras.

Cabe agregar que gran parte de esta actividad se desarrolló de manera

colaborativa con empresas pequeñas y medianas y con productores

industriales de gran escala. Más aún, REF2014 consideró que la

inves-tigación en diseño había conseguido, de manera muy efectiva, influir

en términos sociales y económicos, logrando un efecto transformador

y generando un impacto no solo en el Reino Unido sino también a nivel

internacional. El 81 por ciento de los impactos de la investigación en

diseño fueron considerados del más alto nivel de calidad (excepcional).

Varios proyectos de investigación en diseño de alto impacto se

cen-traron en el diseño y desarrollo de productos que generaran impacto

económico y social, además de otros beneficios asociados. En resumen,

se puede decir que los proyectos de investigación en diseño, muchos

development of more effective research methodologies and tools and

enriches people living and working in the

UK

and elsewhere (Crossik &

Kaszynska, 2016).

Similarly, the

UK

Research Assessment Exercise, conducted every

4 to 5 years, considered over 60% of the submitted design research

to the Research Excellence Framework to be world-leading or

inter-nationally excellent (

REF2014, 2014a). REF2014 found that design re

-search in the

UK

produced a large quantity of high-caliber research

outputs in areas such as digital design, design and business processes,

product modeling, transport design, and health. A lot of this activity

was undertaken collaboratively with small and medium-sized en

-terprises (

SME

s) and larger-scale industrial producers.

REF2014 also

found that design research had been very effectively converted into

social and economic impact, which has had transformational effect

across the

UK and internationally. Indeed, 81% of design research im

-pact was judged to be of the highest quality level (

i.e.

outstanding).

Several high-impact design research projects focused on the design

and development of products that demonstrated economic and social

impact, and other related benefits. So, in summary, design research

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de ellos financiados por los consejos de investigación del Reino Unido,

contribuyeron de manera significativa a la generación de nuevos

cono-cimientos para investigadores en diseño, practicantes y otras personas.

INVESTIGACIÓN EN DISEÑO EN UNIVERSIDADES DEL REINO

UNIDO: LA SITUACIÓN ACTUAL

El crecimiento de la investigación en diseño

La investigación en diseño en el Reino Unido ha crecido

significativa-mente durante los últimos 10 o 20 años. La cantidad de investigadores

que siguen programas de postgrado de investigación en diseño ha

au-mentado rápidamente desde fines de los noventa. Este aumento se ha

producido por varias razones. En primer lugar, la restructuración, las

evaluaciones nacionales de investigación y la academización general de

la investigación en diseño en muchos países (como los que componen

el Reino Unido, Australia y varios de Europa Occidental) ha generado

que institutos de arte y diseño se integraran a universidades

multi-disciplinarias (Melles, 2008). El cambio de paradigma ―de institutos

de arte y diseño a universidades multidisciplinarias de renombre―,

ha introducido una dimensión investigativa al diseño además de una

expectativa por desarrollar una cultura de investigación. Esto marcó

un cambio de paradigma en la educación en diseño, especialmente

en el Reino Unido. Ahora la investigación suele ser más valorada en

la enseñanza y la práctica profesional. Es cada vez más frecuente que

contribute significantly to the generation of new knowledge and

un-derstanding for design researchers, practitioners, and others.

DESIGN RESEARCH IN UK UNIVERSITIES – CURRENT SITUATION

The Growth of Design Research

Design research in the

UK has grown significantly over the course of the

last 10 to 20 years. The number of researchers undertaking postgradu

-ate design research programs has been increasing rapidly since the l-ate

1990s. This increase has happened for several reasons. Firstly, the restruc

-turing, national research assessment exercises and a general

academi-cization of design research in many countries such as the UK

, Australia

and Western Europe has led many specialist Art and Design colleges to

be merged or subsumed into large comprehensive multi-disciplinary

universities (Melles, 2008). The shift from specialist Art and Design col

-leges into larger multi-disciplinary universities has introduced a research

dimension to the subject of design and an expectation of a research

cul-ture. This marked a paradigm shift in design education, especially in

the

UK. Research is now often more valued in teaching and professional

practice, and increasingly, a PhD qualification is the basic requirement

Figure

Figura 1: El enorme aumento de proyectos de investigación en
Figure 3: The 17 un Sustainable Development Goals (issues
Figura 4: Categorización, extensión y close-up de una selección de proyectos de investigación en diseño para el cambio en el Reino Unido
Figure 5: Collaborators in a typical design for change research project in the uK (Hei: Higher Education Institutions)
+2

References

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