Chapter 21-22: The Civil War

Chapter 21-22: The Civil War

• Lincoln’s view

• Ft. Sumter (April 1861) • Border States

• Habeus corpus • Copperheads • Butternut region • Indians

• Southern Advantages • Southern Industry • War of attrition • Foreign aid • CSS Alabama

• France

• Problems of Davis • Wartime liberties • Greenbacks

• 1863: National Banking Act • Homestead Act, 1862

• Clara Barton

• Confederate problems • Anaconda Plan

• Confiscation Act, 1861 • Bull Run-July 1861 • George McClellan

• Peninsula Campaign-Spring 1862

• Seven Days’ Battle-June,July 1862

• Shiloh-March 1862 • David Farragut • Blockades

• Merrimac v. Monitor: March 1862

• Emancipation Proclamation: Jan 1, 1863

• Radical Republicans • Black Regiments • Southern Blacks • Slavery

• Conscription • Draft riots • Andersonville

• Fredricksburg-Dec. 1862 • Chancellorsville: May 1863 • Gettysburg: July 1863

• Vicksburg: July 1863 • War economy effects • Pacific RR Act, 1862

• Morrill Land Grant Act, 1862 • Southern economy

• 1864 Election • 10% Plan

• Ulysses S. Grant

• Wilderness Campaign-1864 • William T. Sherman

• March to the Sea • Total Warfare • 1865: Richmond

• April 9, 1865: Appomattox Court House

• Ford’s Theater

A house divided cannot stand.

I believe this government

cannot endure half slave and

half free

Abraham Lincoln

As the Union seemed to be falling apart,

the powers of Europe saw a possible

chance to gain new lands and ignore the

Lincoln’s original war Aim was

to save the Union……not free

Fort Sumter-April 1861

• With 7 states seceded, the south began to make a move

• A major union fort in the south was in Charleston, SC

• The south wanted to take it over • Union-Major Robert Anderson • Confederacy-P.G.T. Beauregard

• Only about 100 men there and they needed supplies or they would have to surrender without a fight

Lincoln told SC he was sending supplies; not reinforcements

• Beauregard fired on supply ships headed for the fort and the war started

• 34 hours later, the battle was over; no casualties • Confederate victory; Union fort taken by the

Wayward sisters depart in

peace

No more of this sentiment

The Union had now been

Lincoln Reacts

• 11 total slave states

•Border States: controlled by the Union, but had slaves

•Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri

•Allowed slavery in these states to keep control of them

•Lincoln had to occupy them to control them

•They could increase the south’s population, production and supplies •Navigable waterways

Controlling the Border States

To make sure Lincoln

kept the border states, he

replaced govt. officials,

put some in jail

habeas corpus:

must

have a reason to be put

into jail

Lincoln suspended

habeas corpus in the

Copperheads

• Northern Democrats who

wanted peace with the

south

• Didn’t support secession

• Given that name because

they are easily concealed

like a snake

• In both the north and

south, some people

Tensions Rise

• Martial law was

established in some states

• Occupation by troops

• Davis did the same in the

south

• Both sides had

sympathizers

• Lincoln made it clear the

war was about saving the

Union

•

Butternut Region

resisted the Union

• Lower Ohio, Illinois

and Indiana

• Largely settled by

southern whites and

had proslavery

Indians in the War

• Fought on both sides

• Some did own slaves

• Cherokee given reps in

the Confederate

Congress

• Most Plains Indians

sided with the Union

• That worked out real

Comparison Chart

Industry Railroads States

•Population: N-22 million S-9 million

•Fighting Men: N-4 million S-1.5 (3.5 black) •Industry: N-4\5 of all goods S-1\5

•Crops: N-wheat, staple S-cash crops •Railroads: N-2\3 of all tracks S-1\3 of tracks

Southern Advantages

• Defensive war • Better leaders

– Robert E. Lee

– Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • Used to riding horses and

shooting guns • Cotton

– Trade with Britain

Lee’s mom

Catatonic State

Southern Industry

• Though without a factory

base, they did take

materials from federal

forts and created their

own ironworks to

produce weapons

• The south had stuff, they

just had supply problems

• The economy was a

War of Attrition

The one that lasts the longest

wins

•The Confederate capital was in Montgomery, Alabama •It was then moved to Richmond, Va.

Foreign Aid

• The south was expecting

foreign aid

• Many revolutions are

successful due to foreign

intervention

• Europe’s ruling class felt

akin to the Southern

Aristocracy

• The masses of Europe were

against slavery however

and the leader didn’t want

their own rebellion

CSS Alabama

• England was building ships for the Confederacy

• CSS Alabama was a commerce raider

• To avoid the British laws they were not built with guns, but built to hold them

• Affixed later

• Officered by Confederate but manned by British

• Never went to a Confederate port • Destroyed 60 Union ships

• Sunk in 1864 off the coast of France • Some British loved that the Union

was having trouble trading

Laird Rams

• Britain attempted to sell the

Confederacy laird rams

• War ships with large iron

rams and large-caliber guns

• If these had been sold the

north probably would have

invaded Canada and war with

Britain may have occurred

• The British Government

After the war, Canada was

established as the Dominion

of Canada partially to bolster

France

• Napoleon III sent an army to

Mexico City in 1863

• Appointed Maximilian

(Austrian Archduke) to power

• Hoped to move in if the

Union failed

• Violation of Monroe Doctrine

• 1867: Napoleon had his own

problems and left Maxy

without aid

Jefferson Davis’ problems

• Can’t deny future secessions

• Davis needed a strong govt.

to fight the war and didn’t

have it (states’ rights)

• Many refused to fight outside

of their borders

• Some called for impeachment

• His VP, Alexander Stephens,

urged Georgia to secede

• Much southern dissent

Confederate Constitution

• Similar to the Union’s

• Non-consecutive 6 year term

• Line item veto

• Congress couldn’t pass tariffs or create

funds for internal improvements

Wartime Liberties

• Congress wasn’t in

session when war began

• Lincoln overstepped his

role as President

– Blockade of the south

– Increased the army

– Suspended habeas

corpus

– Supervised voting in

border states

– Regulations of free

speech

War Economy

• Excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol • First income tax passed

• Tariff increased

• Greenbacks were issued

– Value fluctuated with the Union’s

performance in the war (printed on one side with green ink)

• War bonds (over 2 billion dollars raised) • National Banking Act created a national

currency and banking system

• This was the first step at a unified banking network since Jackson’s

Manufacturing

• Made lots of money in the

north due to war economy

• Some of the first

millionaires in America

came from the Civil War

• Some did sell the army

worthless goods

– Blind horses

Homestead Act, 1862

Free land to settlers who moved

out west………160 acres

• Women had to take the place of

the men on the farms, in

business, and in govt.

• They ran the plantations

•

Clara Barton

worked as a

nurse during the Civil War and

later would help found the

American Red Cross

• Drug addiction

– Opium

– Morphine

Maggots

• Confederates had no

chloroform to help keep

maggots out of open

wounds

• When infested, soldiers

actually got better faster

• Maggots can be used to

stop bacteria and keep

open wounds clean

Confederate Problems

• Trade hurt by blockades

• Heavy taxes

• They did sell over 400 million in war bonds

• Worthless Confederate money

– Worth only 1.6 cents at the end of the war

Three Pronged Attack

B lo c k a d e o f th e S o u th (so th ey c a n ' t tr a d e

w ith B r ita in )

D iv id e th e C o n fed er a c y

T a k e th e C a p ita l o f th e C o n fed er a c y (W h a t c ity ? ) A n a c o n d a P la n

Confiscation Act, 1861

• Seizure of all property used in military aid of the

rebellion including slaves

• Later added that any slave behind union lines

would be free

• This would allow for military service

• Slavery is still not the issue

Battle of Bull Run-July 1861

• First major battle

• Mannassas, Va

• Confederate victory

• McDowell-U

• Beauregard-C

• Showed how unprepared

both sides were

• Built confidence of the

south

George McClellan

• Given command of the Army of the Potomac • Known for organization and drilling

techniques

• Overcautious and seemed to refuse to engage the enemy

• Lincoln said he had the “slows” • McClellan thought Lincoln a baboon • Tardy George

• Lincoln asked McClellan if he could borrow the army if he wasn’t going to use it

• Waterborne attack by

McClellan

• Spring 1862 they took

Yorktown after a month of

fighting

• Moved towards Richmond

but had to send troops to

halt Stonewall Jackson’s

movements toward

Washington, D.C.

Seven Days’

Battles: June-July

1862

• Robert E. Lee made a counter attack

• McClellan was pushed back to the sea

• Richmond was not taken

• The Union again failed to take the capital of the Confederacy • McClellan replaced by John

Shiloh-March 1862

• Tenn-Miss. Border

• Both sides had some

victories

• Ulysses S. Grant-U

• Johnston-C

• North failed to invade

the south

David Farragut

• Sailed a Union fleet up

the Mississippi River

and took New Orleans

• Nearly achieved part

of the 3 Pronged

Attack by dividing the

Confederacy at the

Mississippi River

New Weapons

•Ironclads: wooden frames ships with metal

plates

•Breech loaded guns: load from back; not

Other Weapons

• Bowie Knife • Field Cannon • Garrison gun • Gatlin gun • Grenades • Land mines • Naval mines • Pistol

Tactics

• Trading volleys

• Charge

• Counter charge

• Whoever withdrew

first lost the battle

• Usually the winner

had higher casualties

• Losers could retreat a

few miles away

Blockades

• Difficult to enforce (3500

miles)

• Concentrated on principle

ports (cotton)

• South responded with

blockade runners

– Quick, less cargo (Built in Scotland)

– Use fake papers to enter ports

Merrimac v. Monitor-March

1862

• Off the coast of Virginia • It was a draw

• Showed effectiveness of ironclads

• Merrimac also called the

Virginia (captured by the south)

• CSS North Carolina (sank in harbor off

coast of Southport….never fought)

• CSS Raleigh

• CSS Neuse