Reformers

(1)

Reformers

 _Unitarians

 Second Great Awakening  Methodists

 District schools  Horace Mann  Nativists

 Women’s education  Social reforms

 Prisons

 Discrimination of women

 “An Appeal to Christian Women of

the South”

– Angelina and Sarah Grimke

 Utopian Societies  Oneida Community  Disease

 Era of Good Feelings

 Hudson River Valley School of Art  Neoclassical architecture

 New Nationalism

(2)

Churches

 _{Many Americans}

found comfort and aid in churches

 3\4 of Americans

attended church

 New religions

(3)

Unitarians

 _{God existed in only one}

person; not the trinity  Denied deity of Jesus

 Salvation through good works

 Appealed to many

intellectuals who had conflicts with the church doctrines

 Emphasized faith and reason over emotion

 New England (split from Puritans)

(4)

Second Great Awakening

 _{Early 1800’s}

 Religious revival to focus on faith\emotion;

less reason (related to Enlightenment like first Great Awakening)

 Caused new divisions in north and ohio

valley states

 Led to the creation of new churches

 Led to birth of social reform movements as

most had religious links

(5)

Methodists

 _{The second revival was}

known for its camp

meetings gathering for several days to “get religion”, “be saved”, “born again”

 Methodists and Baptists led the way

 Methodists were

successful on the frontier  Religion was a matter of

the heart rather than the head

•Most Methodist ministers were circuit riders

(6)

Peter

Cartwright

Peter

Cartwright

Methodist circuit rider who

would lash at the devil

with his tongue and knock

out rowdies who tried to

break up the meetings

8000 baptisms

(7)

Charles G. Finney

#21. Id Charles

Finney’s tactics.

 Revivalist preacher

of the Great Awakening

(8)

Fire and Brimstone

 Mainly in the north

 Denounced alcohol and slavery

 Said revivals were the work of men, not God as in the first “Awakening”

 Sin was voluntary; no one had to sin

 Supporting slavery was a sin of the church

(9)

Religions split



Theology



A key issue was slavery



Forced churches to split theologically

and geographically



Southern Baptists and Methodists v.

(10)

“Hellfire and damnation”

 Western NY called the “burned over district”

where many faiths preached hellfire and damnation

 One group was the Millerites

 William Miller called for the second coming of

Christ Oct. 22, 1844

 Even though this didn’t happen, followers

(11)

Mormons

# 22 Id key aspects of the founding of the Mormon religion and how they evolved in the US.

 _{Joseph Smith founded the Mormon}

church (Latter Day Saints)

 Founded completely in America

 Said to receive golden plates from an

angel which were deciphered into the Book of Mormon (1827)

 Tells of the Hebrew prophet Lehi

whose descendants came to

America and that Jesus had actually worked miracles in North America

 Those who departed from the

(12)

Appeal and Opposition

 _{Much appeal to faith based on America being the center of}

Christian history

 Also seemed to be an answer to Protestant sects that

couldn’t agree on what the Bible said or meant

 Opposition in Ohio, Illinois, Missouri

 Voted as a block and drilled their militia for defensive

purposes publicly

 Polygamy

 Some didn’t like Smith who seemed to undermine the

foundation of the country (based on Constitution…..religion)

(13)

Brigham Young

 _{1844: Smith was murdered by a}

mob after being arrested

 Young became the new leader

 Led them west to Utah (1846-47)

called their New Zion

 Became prosperous

 Theocracy

 1857 the federal government

marched against the Mormons to place more controls on the territory (Young was the governor)

 Statehood declined until 1896 due

(14)

Tax Supported Schools

#23: Give a brief description of the education system in the US in the early 1800’s.

 Scarce in the US  Educating the poor  Rich won’t support

educating the poor  Ignorant vote

(15)

Little Red School House

 _{Stayed open only a}

few months

 Ill trained teachers  Stressed “lickin” to

“larnin”

 Taught the three

“R’s”

 Attempt at mass

(16)

District Schools

Supported by families (rural

schools)

Teaching farm children

Much support from the community

Not much preparation for the

(17)

Horace Mann

 _{Massachusetts advocate of common}

(public) school movement  Educational reformer

 Better training, pay  Shift cost to states

 Battle ignorance through uniformity

– _{Expose children to identical experiences}

(18)

Nativists

Favored Mann’s ideas which

would be used to forge a common

culture for immigrants

(19)

Education

 _{Education was still a luxury for}

most

 By 1860 only about 100 public

schools in US with 1 million illiterate whites

 Black slaves were forbidden to

learn

 Free blacks excluded from schools

 Improved by text books

 Noah Webster help to standardize

the English language

– Color, colour

(20)

 Webster began writing his dictionary at the age

of 43. It took him more than 27 years to write it.

 Webster introduced distinctively American words

such as "skunk" and "hickory" and "chowder."

 But not all Webster spellings from that first

dictionary stuck! For example, "tung" (tongue) and "wimmen" (women) aren't used today --

(21)



McGuffy’s

Readers

(22)



Colleges created



Many based on

denominations

and liberal arts

–

UNC-1795

(23)

Women’s Education

 Many thought educating

women would effect the cult of domesticity

 Too much learning

injured the feminine brain

 Some women’s schools

opened by Emma

Williard and Mary Lyon

 Critic: “Soon they’ll be

(24)

Social Reforms

 Many societies formed at this time

Alcohol

Tobacco

Profanity

Mail on Sundays

Slavery

Suffrage

Mainly women involved in the reform movements to

escape the home and enter public affairs

More loyalty to issue than parties

(25)

Debtor’s Prison

 _{Jailed for owing}

money and left in horrible jails

 Some owed only a few

dollars, but thrown in with rest of criminals

 State legislatures

(26)

Criminal Codes

 _Softened

 Capital offenses reduced

 Less whipping and

branding

 Some called for

reforms in “houses of corrections” and

(27)

Jail Reforms

 _{Use of solitary to reflect on sins}

 First used in Pennsylvania (penitentiaries)

 NY also used this: Auburn and Ossining (Sing

Sing)

 Auburn System: small, confined, windowless

cells; worked during the day; no talking

 Criticized for allowing too much contact

 Pennsylvania System: all time alone in cells;

(28)

Asylums: Causes of

Craziness

Asylums: Causes of

Craziness

(29)

Dorothea Dix

#26:

Dorothea Dix

#26:

 Saw the conditions in mental

hospitals

 “Chained, naked, beaten with

rods, lashed into obedience”

 They had a condition and

were not willingly perverse

(30)

(31)

Asthma Bad company

Bad habits & political excitement Bad whiskey

Bite of a rattle snake Cerebral softening Crime

Death of sons in the war Desertion by husband Disappointed affection Disappointed love Dog bite

Domestic affliction Domestic trouble

Douby about mother’s ancestors Epileptic fits

Excessive sexual abuse Excitement as officer Fall from horse Female disease

Fever & loss of law suit Fighting fire

Fits & desertion of husband Grief

Gunshot wound

Ill treatment by husband Imaginary female trouble Immoral life

Imprisonment Jealousy & religion Kick of horse

Kicked in the head by a horse Laziness

Liver and social disease Loss of arm

Marriage of son

Mental excitement Milk fever

Novel reading Nymphomania Opium habit

Parents were cousins Political excitement Religious enthusiasm

Rumor of husband’s murder or desertion Seduction

Seduction & dissappointment Self abuse

Severe labor

Sexual abuse and stimulants Shooting of daughter

Smallpox

Snuff eating for two years Sunstroke

Superstition The war Time of life Trouble

Vicious vices in early life Women trouble

Young lady & fear

1880

(32)

 They said alcohol caused many of the

societies problems

 Fights at wedding; falling into open graves at

funerals

 Effecting labor and work attendance

 Support from owners

 Everyone drank

(33)

1826: First established in Boston

Many states attempted to pass

prohibition laws; called

unconstitutional

1826: First established in Boston

Many states attempted to pass

prohibition laws; called

unconstitutional

Largely opposed by the Irish and

Germans

Washingtonians (1840) formed by

recovering alcoholics and called it

(34)

(35)

FROM THE FIRST GLASS TO THE GRAVE.

STEP 1. A glass with a friend. STEP 2. A glass to keep the bold chat.

STEP 3. A glass too much. STEP 4. Drunk and riotous. STEP 5. The ... ... ...

companions. A partly mad drunkard.

(36)

Discrimination against

Women

Discrimination against

Women

 _{Cult of domesticity}

 Gender roles

 Home life trapped them

 No voting

 Women’s rights movement gains power in 1840’s

 Lucrettia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Suffragettes), Susan B.

Anthony

 Stanton left the word “obey” out of her wedding vows

 Why would women support the abolitionist movement?

 Women Know Your Limits

(37)

Grimke Sisters :

An Appeal to

Christian Women of the South

Grimke Sisters :

An Appeal to

Christian Women of the South

They were originally from South Carolina

(38)

Call for change!

 _{Seneca Falls (NY) Convention (1848)}

 Meeting of women to declare their grievances  Declaration of Sentiments

 like a Dec. of Independence for women

 Many things agreed on, but the right to vote wasn’t supported as much as some had hoped  Beginnings of modern women’s rights movement  Overtaken by abolition at the moment and didn’t

attract followers like other movement because it was associated with abolition which many hated

(39)

(40)

Some people were not happy with

their own status and tried to

create

utopian communities

:

perfect societies

Brook Farm

Oneida

(41)

 _{Robert Owen founded New Harmony}

in 1825; about a thousand people

 Later failed due to economics

 Oneida Community (1848 in NY)  Free love, birth control, parental

selection (superior offspring)

 Shared property

 Lasted longer than other experiments

because of manufacturing

 Silver tableware

 Most Americans proved to be to

independent for communal living

The cover of Puck shown at right portrays its critics proclaiming the Oneida Community members to be living in peace and

(42)

Shakers!

 _{Came to US in 1770’s led}

by Mother Ann Lee

 Convulsive dance

performed

 Believed end of the world

was near; visions and trances

 Female Jesus; Second

coming

 Numbered 6000 by 1840  Died out due to monastic

customs which prohibited marriage and sexual

(43)

John J. Audubon

(44)

Medicine and Disease

 Bleeding was still a common

cure

 Small pox and yellow fever epidemics common

 Transportation revolution led to increased contact with disease  Before 1860, few understood the

idea of bacteria as a cause  Some thought poisonous gas

emanated from dead animals or rotting vegetation

(45)

Other fun stuff



Many problems were associated with

sanitation, diet, etc.



Tooth decay was a major problem



Extractions were performed by

blacksmiths

(46)

Surgery

 _{Patients tied down and given}

a stiff drink

 1840’s: Laughing gas and

ether introduced

 Laughing gas used at parties

too

 Anesthesia allowed

surgeons to improve their image as hackers and take more time on operations

 Needed to sterilize hands

and instruments

 Operations were as

(47)

Hydropathy

 Water cure

 Hydropathic sanitariums

 Cold Baths

 Wet Packs to cleanse,

(48)

Sylverster Graham

Changes in diet and regimen

No alcohol

Fruits and veggies

Whole-grain breads (Graham

bread)

(49)

Phrenology

 Human mind composed of

37 “organs” whose

development determined the shape of the skull and the individual

 You can tell the character by

examining bumps and depressions of the skull

 Began in 1830-40’s

 Most of these reforms cost

(50)

(51)

Era of Good Feelings

Feeling of nationalism after

the War of 1812

Era of Good Feelings

Feeling of nationalism after

the War of 1812

(52)

 Hudson Valley

School of Art:

murals expressing natural beauty of America

 More focus on the

landscape of

(53)

Neoclassical Architecture

 The building style

for many federal

buildings and other buildings of

importance in the

US was neoclassical

 Monuments in the

(54)

New Nationalism

 Americanized literature  Rugged frontier nature of

the US

 _{Washington Irving}

– Hudson Valley folklore

– Rip Van Winkle – Sleepy Hollow

 James F. Cooper

– Frontier\Indians

– Last of the Mohicans

 Nathanial Hawthorne

– Scarlet Letter

 Henry D. Thoreau

– Walden

– Civil Disobedience

(55)

Knickerbocker School

 Those authors who

promoted

Americanized

literature and culture

(56)

(57)

Americanization of Culture

 Literature

 Hudson

Valley School of Art

 Neoclassical

(58)

Alex de Tocqueville

 Frenchman who

traveled the US analyzing

democracy and social issues

 Wrote “Democracy

(59)

(60)

 Transcendentalism: faith in the individual;

look to nature; living a simple life; inner light

(61)