Events
Leading
to
Civil
War
Define
Sectionalism
Opinion
on
National
Bank
Northern
Viewpoint
• Supported National Bank; it
would create a common
currency to make trade
more efficient
Southern
Viewpoint
• Did not support a National
Bank; thought state banks
would be more responsive
Opinion
on
Tariffs
Northern
Viewpoint
• Supported tariffs; they
would protect American
manufacturing by making
foreign goods more
expensive
Southern
Viewpoint
• Did not support tariffs; they
would make their imported
goods more expensive to
buy and foreign countries
could retaliate and impose a
tariff on our exports
Development
of
Transportation
Systems
Northern
Viewpoint
• More developed roads,
canals, railroads
Southern
Viewpoint
• Less developed roads,
Attitude
toward
slavery
Northern
Viewpoint
• Did not support; relied
instead on paid factory
labor
Southern
Viewpoint
• Supported as necessary for
Differences
in
climate
Northern
Viewpoint
• Rocky, cold
Differences
in
economic
systems
Northern
Viewpoint
• Focus on
industry/manufacturing
Who
holds
sovereignty
/supremacy?
Northern
Viewpoint
• Federal government
Missouri
Compromise:
(1820)
• The first confrontation over slavery in the West occurred in
1819. Missouri applied for admission to the Union as a
slave state.
• The admission of Missouri would upset the balance of
power in the Senate where at the time there were 11 free
states and 11 slave states.
• Senator Henry Clay proposed a compromise. In 1820, he
suggested that Missouri enter as a slave state and Maine
as a free state to keep the balance of power.
• Congress also drew an imaginary line across the Louisiana
Purchase at 36 degrees 30 minutes north latitude. North of
the line would be free states (with the exception of
Tariff
of
1828:
(1828)
•
Congress
passed
the
Tariff
of
1828,
known
as
the
“Tariff
of
Abominations.”
•
The
tariff
earned
this
nickname
because
it
made
foreign
products
expensive
for
people
to
Tariff
of
1828:
(1828)
•
It
especially
goods
more
expensive
if
they
did
not
have
industry
in
their
region
producing
similar
items.
•
This
was
the
case
in
the
South,
which
mainly
produced
raw
materials.
•
The
tariff
also
meant
less
money
went
to
foreign
countries,
which
then
bought
fewer
Nat
Turner’s
Rebellion
(1831)
• Nat Turner, a slave, along with about 60 other slaves led a violent rebellion that
resulted in the deaths of more than 50
Virginians.
• Nat and many others were executed for
their part, or suspected part, in the
revolt.
• Nat Turner’s Rebellion struck long‐term fear in the hearts of slave
owners, which caused them
to place new restrictions on slaves and prompted a
national debate on the
The
Tariff
of
1832
(1832)
&
The
Nullification
Crisis
• Also known as the Compromise Tariff, the Tariff of 1832 was passed by Congress in an attempt to appease the
South after the Tariff of 1828.
• Unsatisfied, John C. Calhoun (South Carolina) issues an
Ordinance of Nullification, which declared both tariffs
unconstitutional and would not be honored within the
The
Tariff
of
1832
(1832)
&
The
Nullification
Crisis
•
President
Andrew
Jackson
issues
his
Proclamation
Regarding
Nullification,
explaining
its
unconstitutionality
and
promising
to
use
military
force,
if
necessary.
•
South
Carolina
repeals
the
Ordinance
of
Nullification
after
a
new
tariff
is
passed.
Controversy
represents
debate
over
states
Compromise
of
1850
(1850)
• In 1850, California applied for admission as a free state.
• Once again, the balance of power in the Senate was
threatened. The South did not want to give the North a
majority in the Senate. They also feared that more free
Compromise
of
1850
(1850)
• The Compromise of 1850 had four parts:
1) California entered as a free
state.
2) The rest of the Mexican cession
was divided into New Mexico
and Utah. In each state, voters
would decide the issue of
slavery.
3) Slave trade was ended in
Washington D.C.
4) A strict new fugitive‐slave law
Fugitive
Slave
Law
(1850)
• The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was very controversial.
• It required that all citizens were obligated to return runaway
slaves.
• People who helped slaves escape would be jailed and
fined.
• The law enraged Northerners
because it made them feel a
part of the slave system. Persons
involved with the Underground
Railroad worked to subvert the
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe’s
Uncle
Tom’s
Cabin
(1852)
• Published in response to the Fugitive Slave Act of
1850, it had sold two million copies worldwide
within two years of being published. After the
Bible, Uncle Tom’s Cabin was the highest selling
book of the 19th century.
• Stowe wrote of the evils and cruelty of slavery,
thereby helping to change the way many
Northerners felt about slavery.
• Slavery was now not only a political problem but
a moral problem.
• President Lincoln read Uncle Tom’s Cabin before
announcing the Emancipation Proclamation in
1862, and when he met Stowe, he exclaimed,
“So this is the little woman who started this
Harriet
Beecher
Stowe’s
Uncle
Tom’s
Cabin
(1852)
“Tom
opened
his
eyes,
and
I
looked
upon
his
master…
‘There
an’t no
more
ye
can
do!
I
forgive
ye
with
all
my
soul!’
and
he
fainted
entirely
away.
‘I
b’lieve,
my
soul,
he’s
done
for,
finally,’
said
Legree,
stepping
forward,
to
look
at
him.
‘Yes,
he
is!
Well,
his
mouth’s
shut
up,
at
last,
‐‐
that’s
one
comfort!’”
Kansas
‐
Nebraska
Act
(1854)
• This act repealed the Missouri Compromise, which said that states north of the latitude 36° 30’ would be free
states.
• This allowed settlers in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide whether they would allow slavery
Kansas
‐
Nebraska
Act
(1854)
•
Southerners
supported
the
act,
while
Northerners
felt
it
was
a
betrayal.
•
Furthermore,
the
Kansas
‐
Nebraska
Act
split
the
Democratic
Party
and
virtually
destroyed
the
Whig
Party.
The
northern
Whigs
joined
the
antislavery
Democrats
to
form
the
Republican
“Bleeding
Kansas”
(1856)
•
Anti
‐
and
pro
‐
slavery
forces
set
up
rival
governments,
causing
disagreements
over
whether
slavery
should
be
allowed
in
Kansas
and
Dred Scott
Decision
(1857)
• Dred Scott, a slave, sued for his freedom on
the grounds that since his master had taken
him to live in free territories, he should be
free.
• The controversial decision of the U.S.
Supreme Court stated that no slave or
descendant of a slave could be a U.S. citizen.
As a non‐citizen and a slave viewed as
property, Scott was not entitled to file suit.
• The Court also ruled that Congress had no power to exclude
slavery from the territories; therefore, the Missouri
Compromise and other legislation limiting slavery were
A
House
Divided
“A house divided against itself cannot stand. I do not
believe this government can endure, permanently, half
slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be
dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do
expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one
thing or all the other.”
‐ Abraham Lincoln, Springfield, Illinois, June 16, 1858
Upon
accepting
the
nomination
to
run
for
Senate,
Lincoln
‐
Douglas
Debates
(1858)
• These debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas, sponsor of the Kansas‐Nebraska Act, were
primarily over the issue of slavery.
• The debates forged Lincoln into a prominent national figure and solidified his Republican Party’s antislavery
John
Brown’s
Raid
(1859)
•
In
1859,
John
Brown
and
a
group
of
followers
organized
a
raid
on
Harpers
Ferry,
Virginia,
a
federal
arsenal.
Brown
hoped
that
slaves
would
come
to
the
arsenal
and
he
would
then
lead
a
massive
slave
uprising.
It
was
Brown’s
belief
that
slavery
could
be
ended
only
through
the
use
of
violence.
•
Brown
was
unsuccessful,
and
troops
led
by
Robert
E.
Lee
killed
10
raiders
and
captured
John
Brown.
He
was
found
guilty
of
murder
and
treason
and
sentenced
to
death.
Brown
conducted
himself
with
great
composure
during
John
Brown’s
Raid
(1859)
•
While
many
northerners
thought
his
plan
to
lead
a
slave
revolt
was
misguided,
they
also
saw
Brown
as
a
hero.
•
Southerners
felt
that
the
North
wanted
to
Election
of
1860
(1860)
• In the mid‐1850s, people who opposed slavery were looking for a new voice. Free Soilers, Northern
Democrats, and anti‐slavery Whigs formed the
Republican Party. Their main goal was to keep slavery
out of the western territories, not to end slavery in the
South. The party grew and was ready in 1856 to
challenge the older parties in power. They were not
successful in 1856.
• In 1860, the Republicans ran Abraham Lincoln from Illinois. Lincoln was known to oppose slavery on the
basis of its being morally wrong. However, Lincoln was
not willing to end slavery at the risk of tearing the
Election
of
1860
(1860)
•
Election
represents
sectional
differences
.
Secession
of
the
South
(1860)
• The Southerners’ reaction to the election of President Lincoln was
strong. They felt that the country had put an abolitionist in the
White House. The South felt that secession was the only option.
• In 1860, South Carolina seceded from (left) the Union. By February
of 1861, Alabama, Florida, Texas, Georgia, Louisiana, and Mississippi
had seceded. In 1861, the seven states held a convention in
Montgomery, Alabama, and formed the Confederate States of
Secession
of
the
South
(1860)
•
Jefferson
Davis
of
Mississippi
was
named
the
President
of
the
new
Confederacy.
•
The
South
felt
they
had
the
right
to
secede.
The
Declaration
of
Independence
stated
that
“it
is
the
right
of
the
people
to
alter
or
to
abolish”
a
government
that
denies
the
rights
of
its
citizens.
Lincoln,
they
believed,
would
Beginning
of
Civil
War
(1861)
•
After
Lincoln
took
the
oath
of
office
in
1861,
he
announced
that
no
state
can
lawfully
leave
the
Union.
•
He
declared,
however,
there
would
be
no
war
unless
the
South
started
it.
The
South
started
to
take
possession
of
all
Federal
buildings
—
forts
and
post
offices.
The
South
took
control
of
the
three
forts
in
Florida
and
was
ready
to
Fort
Sumter
(1861)
• In April, 1861, the Confederates asked for the fort’s surrender.
Major Robert Anderson of the Union refused to surrender. The
Confederate troops proceeded to shell Fort Sumter. Anderson ran
out of ammunition and was forced to surrender. The war had