Abnormal Psychology.pptx

Bell Work

•

What are psychological disorders?

•

How do we know when we see one?

•

What does it mean to be clinically

insane?

Today:

– Review Tests / Questions – Intro Video

– Diagnosis procedure

Psychological

Disorders

Defining

disorders

Defining Psychological Disorders

Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful

thoughts, feelings and action.

When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and

Who’s Normal?

• Your neighbor has physical complaints and

sees several doctors weekly.

• A 22 year-old college student smokes 4-5

marijuana joints per day, has a 3.8 GPA, has a part-time job and a solid long term

relationship.

• Rachel has been caught several times

urinating in the corner.

• A 35 year-old very happily married man

enjoys wearing women’s clothes and

Deviant, Distressful &

Dysfunctional

1. Deviant behavior (going naked) in one culture may be considered normal while in others leads to arrest.

2. Deviant behavior must accompany distress.

Psychological Disorder

•

A “harmful dysfunction” in

which behaviors are

Maladaptive

•

An exaggeration of normal,

acceptable behaviors

Unjustifiable

•

A behavior which does not have

Disturbing

•

A behavior which is troublesome

Atypical

•

A behavior so different from

other people’s behavior that it

violates a norm

•

Norms vary from culture to

MUDA

•

A mnemonic device used to

remember the four attributes of

a psychological disorder

–

M

aladaptive

–

U

njustifiable

–

D

isturbing

Bell Work

• What is the initial criteria in diagnosing a

disorder?

• Why did some of the individuals from

yesterdays disorders worksheet standout more than others?

•

Today:

– Pick Disorders – Discuss project – DSM-5 Notes

– Anxiety Disorders

Understanding Psychological

Disorders

Ancient Treatments of psychological disorders include trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, beaten, burned,

castrated, mutilated, and transfused with animal’s blood.

Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces)

Jo

h

n

W

. V

e

ra

n

Medical Perspective

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) from France, insisted that madness was not due to demonic possession but an ailment of the

mind.

Dance in the madhouse.

The Medical Model

•

Concept that mental illnesses

have physical causes that can

be diagnosed, treated, and in

most cases, cured.

•

Psychological disorders can be

diagnosed based on their

symptoms and treated or cured

through therapy.

•

Psychological disorders are

Medical Model

When physicians discovered that syphilis

led to mental disorders, the medical model

started looking at physical causes of these disorders.

1. Etiology: Causation and development of

the disorder.

2. Diagnosis: Identifying (symptoms) and

distinguishing one disease from another.

3. Treatment: Treating a disorder in a

psychiatric hospital.

Biopsychosocial Perspective

Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and

Classifying Psychological

Disorders

American Psychiatric Association rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders.

DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision, 2000) describes 400 psychological disorders compared to

60 in the 1950s.

DSM Classification of Mental

Disorders

•

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (DSM)

– Introduced in 1952

– Moving from a subjective to operational

definition.

– Diagnosis is based on signs and

symptoms

• _{Signs- objective observations of a patients}

physical or mental disorder by a diagnostician.

• Symptoms- patient’s subjective description

Goals of DSM

1. Describe (400) disorders. 2. Indicate how prevalent the

disorder is.

Disorders outlined by DSM 5 are reliable thus diagnosis by different professional are similar.

Categories of Psychological Disorders

1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders

2. Schizophrenia Spectrum

3. Bipolar and Related Dis. 4. Depressive Disorders

5. Anxiety Disorders

6. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 7. Trauma & Stressor

Related Disorders

8. Dissociative Disorders 9. Somatic Symptom and

Related Disorders 10.Feeding and Eating

Disorders

11.Elimination Disorders

1. Sleep-Wake Disorders 2. Sexual Dysfunctions 3. Gender Dysphoria 4. Disruptive,

Impulse-Control, and Conduct Dis.

5. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

6. Neurocognitive Disorders

7. Personality Disorders 8. Paraphilic Disorders

9. Other Mental Disorders 10.Conditions for Further

Labeling Psychological Disorders

1. Critics of the DSM 5 argue that labels can stigmatize individuals.

Labeling Psychological Disorders

2. Labels can be helpful for health care

Labeling Psychological Disorders

3. In 1978, David Rosenhan conducted the famous “hospital study”

- He and a number of his colleagues had themselves committed to mental

institutions by complaining of “hearing voices”

- After being admitted, they all returned to

normal behavior and never complained of symptoms

- They were kept in the hospitals for an

average of 3 weeks

- The doctors never caught on, but the other

Labeling: Positive and Negative

•

Communication

•

Social Label

•

May limit Inquiry Once Applied

•

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

•

Have Pejorative and Stigmatizing

Implications

– Second-Class Citizens

•

Rates of

Psychologic

al Disorders

include:

– _{Autism or}

Aspergers

– _ADHD

– _{Many others} • _{½ of all}

Americans will meet criteria at least once in

their life

• Peak is ages 25

to 34.

– _{Depends on}

Anxiety Disorders

•

_{Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)}

•

_{Panic Disorders}

•

_{Simple Phobias}

•

_Agoraphobia

•

_{Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)}

•

_{Trauma or Stressor Related Disorder}

Brainstorm a general

definition…

•

Created by anxiety (duh)

•

High levels of stress…

•

Cognitive ideas…

•

Perception…

•

Explanatory styles…

•

Conditioning…

Generalized Anxiety

Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized

by disruptive levels of persistent, unexplained feelings of

apprehension and tenseness

• Usually constant, low level anxiety

• No specific trigger or stimulus

• Freud referred to this as “free

Symptoms of Generalized

Anxiety

•

Must have displayed some of the

following:

–

Autonomic Arousal

–

Restlessness

–

Feeling on edge

–

Difficulty concentrating/mind going

blank

–

Irritability

–

Muscle Tension

Bell Work

•

What signs and symptoms did Shorty

Rheinbold exhibit in the case study

you read yesterday?

•

Today:

– Review DSM-5

– Review Panic Attack – Phobias

– OCD – PTSD

Panic Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized by

sudden bouts of intense, unexplained anxiety

• Often associated with physical

symptoms like choking sensations or shortness of breath

• Panic “attacks” may happen several

times a day

• Often suffer additional anxiety due

What are Panic Attacks?

discomfort, which includes at least four of the following symptoms:

– _{racing or pounding heart} – _sweating

– _{shaking or trembling}

– _{shortness of breath or feelings of being smothered} – _{feeling of choking}

– _{chest pain or discomfort} – _{chills or hot flashes}

– _{nausea or upset stomach} – _{dizziness or lightheadedness}

– _{a sense of things being unreal or feeling detached from oneself} – _{numbness or tingling sensations}

– _{fear of losing control or "going crazy"} – _{fear of dying}

• _{Panic attacks tend to start quickly and reach a peak}

within 10 minutes. The peak generally lasts for about 5 to 10 minutes before the symptoms start to settle. However, it can take quite some time for all the

Simple (Specific) Phobias

• An anxiety disorder characterized by

disruptive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations

• The fear must be both irrational and

Simple (Specific) Phobias

Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts

Social Phobia

•

Phobias which produce fear in

social situations

Agoraphobia

• Condition which develops when a person

begins to avoid spaces or situations associated with anxiety

• Individual fears going anywhere or doing

Obsessive-Compulsive and

Related Disorders

• Hoarding Disorder

• _{Excoriation Disorder (skin picking)}

• _{Substance-medication induced obsessive-compulsive}

and related disorder

• _{Obsessive-compulsive and related disorder due to}

another medical condition

Obsessive-Compulsive

Disorder

• An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted,

repetitive thoughts followed by actions

• Obsessions – repetitive thoughts

• _{Compulsions – repetitive actions}

• _{The obsessions/compulsions begin to take control of}

the person’s life, the person wants to stop-but can’t

PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with

directing attention.

Bell Work

•

What did it feel like to express ideas

of Obsession and Compulsion?

•

How would you cope with issues like

that?

•

Today:

– Finish Anxiety Disorders – Somatoform Disorders

– Dissociative Identity disorders Video

Body Dysmorphic

Disorder

• Intense anxiety about a perceived physical

deformity or defect

• Does Western culture contribute to this?

Trauma and Stressor related

disorders

•

Post traumatic stress disorder

(PTSD): formerly an anxiety disorder

Trauma or Stressor Related

Disorder

Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic

stress disorder (PTSD).

1. Haunting memories. 2. Nightmares. 3. Social withdrawal. 4. Jumpy anxiety.

5. Sleep problems.

Explaining Anxiety Disorders

Freud suggested that we repress our painful intolerable, ideas, feelings and

The Learning Perspective

Behaviorists suggest

that fear

conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety then gets

The Learning Perspective

Fear responses, investigators believe, can

The Biological Perspective

Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other animals. So fear preserves the species.

Twins studies suggest that our genes may

be partly responsible for developing fears and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share

The Biological Perspective

Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and even OCD is linked

with brain circuits

like the anterior

cingulate cortex.

Person does not produce enough

GABA (major inhibitory

neurotransmitter)

Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient.

Cognitive scientists would

say…

•

Dysfunctional ways of thinking

•

Anxiety could stem from unrealistic

expectations about ourselves and

others

•

External locus of control

Somatic/Somatoform

Disorders

Conversion Disorder

What are they?

• Person manifests a psychological problem

through a physiological symptom

• Disorders with physical symptoms, but no

physical cause

• The causes seem to be “psychological”, but

Conversion Disorder

• _{Person is converting psychological stress} into physical symptoms

• _{Person becomes “paralyzed” in a stressful} situation (deer in the headlights)

• _{Perhaps the mind is trying to protect the} body (best not to do anything)

Somatic Symptom

Disorder/Hypochondriasis

• _{A preoccupation with the persistent and} irrational fear that one has an illness

• _{May seek several medical opinions and} still believe they are ill

• _{Could this be a cry for attention? A} behaviorist may believe so

Commonly referred to as

“health anxiety”

• Headaches are brain cancer

• Scratchy throats are throat cancer

• Commonly the result of misinterpreting

Some explanations

• Psychoanalytic explanations of conversion

disorder emphasize unconscious drives,

including sexuality, aggression or dependency, and the internalized prohibition against their

expression

• Behaviorists would say that these are

maladaptive behaviors that act on the environment to produce reinforcing

consequences

• Sociocultural would say in some cultures the

direct expression of intense emotions is prohibited, represent non-verbal

Bell Work

•

Discuss with a partner the difference

between Anxiety, Somatoform, and

Dissociative disorders.

•

Today:

– Dissociative disorders (discussion) – Mood Disorders (symptoms)

• _{Bipolar disorder}

– Personality disorders (the Iceman)

Dissociative

Disorders

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative Disorders

•

What is dissociation?

– literally a “dis-association” of memory – a “disconnection” between the mind

and body

– person suddenly becomes unaware of

some

aspect of their identity or history

– unable to recall except under special

circumstances (e.g., hypnosis)

•

Three types are recognized

– dissociative amnesia – depersonalization

Dissociative Amnesia

Margie and her brother were

recently victims of a robbery.

Margie was not injured, but her

brother was killed when he

resisted the robbers. Margie was

unable to recall any details from

the time of the accident until

Dissociative Amnesia

•

Also known as psychogenic amnesia

•

Memory loss the only symptom

•

Often selective loss surrounding

traumatic events

– _{person still knows identity and most of their}

past

•

Can also be global

– loss of identity without replacement with a

Depersonalization Disorder

Angie, age 23, has been feeling detached for the past 4 years. She says she feels “fuzzy all the time, like I lost touch with reality 4 years ago and really miss it.” She complains of

“confused thinking,” excessive tiredness and weakness, depression, and anxiety. She says, “It feels like I’m watching my life on

television; I don’t feel any emotions.” These symptoms began immediately after a college party, which the police stopped because of underage drinking. She says, “I don’t know

Depersonalization Disorder

• Also known as

depersonalization-derealization syndrome

• Common descriptions of symptoms

– feeling disconnected from one's body – feeling detached from one's own

thoughts/emotions

– feeling as if one is disconnected from self

– sense of feeling as if one is dreaming or in a

dreamlike state.

• Thought to be caused by severe traumatic

Dissociative Identity

Disorder (DID)

Norma has frequent memory gaps and cannot account for her whereabouts

during certain periods of time. While being interviewed by a clinical psychologist, she began speaking in a childlike voice. She claimed that her name was Donna and that she was only six years old. Moments later, she seemed to revert to her adult voice and had no recollection of speaking in a childlike voice or claiming that her

Dissociative Identity

Disorder (DID)

• Originally known as “multiple

personality disorder”

• 2 or more distinct personalities

manifested by the same person at different times

• VERY rare and controversial

disorder

• Has been used as a criminal

Causes of Dissociative

Disorders?

• Biological--Traumatic head injury with memory loss,

family member increases risk (organic cause)

• Behaviorists-actions are reinforced, attention

• _{Psychoanalytic--Repeated, severe sexual or physical}

abuse may cause the development of alternates to cope with the past (psychogenic cause, defense

mechanisms in play)

– However, many abused people do not develop

The DID Controversy

•

Some curious statistics

– 1930–60: 2 cases per decade in USA – 1980s: 20,000 cases reported

– many more cases in US than elsewhere

– varies by therapist—some see none, others

see a lot

•

Is DID the result of suggestion by

therapist and acting by patient?

– “Is there a part of you that feels…” – Could be similar to false memory

Depressive and

Bipolar Disorders

Depressive and Bipolar

Disorders

Emotional extremes of

depressive and

bipolar disorders

come in three principal

forms. These are not the same as

feeling “down” or being in a bad mood.

These extremes are pervasive and

damage healthy functioning.

1. Major depressive disorder

2. Seasonal affective disorder

Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (sometimes called

unipolar) occurs when signs of depression last

two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions and cannot be explained

by a single stimulus. DSM 5 removed

bereavement exclusion (this is not “normal” grief)

1. Lethargy and tiredness 2. Feelings of worthlessness 3. Loss of interest in family &

friends

4. Loss of interest in activities 5. Suicidal thoughts

Why the removal of the

bereavement exclusion

??

•

In normal bereavement, emotional

connection with significant others is

preserved, self-esteem is preserved,

suicidal ideation is uncommon, grief is

mixed with positive feelings, the person

is consolable, and the dysphoria is often

experienced in waves triggered by

memories of the deceased person. More

generally, depression is intensely

self-focused, whereas bereavement tends to

involve focus on the deceased.

Dysthymic Disorder

Dysthymic disorder is a milder version of depression characterized by daily

depression lasting two years or more.

Major Depressive Disorder

Sad Mood

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Characteristics



_{Similar to major}

depression



_{Triggered by}

changes in the

season



_{Reduced levels of}

Postpartum Depression

• Not just the “Baby Blues” • Postpartum psychosis

– _{Rare, severe, and dangerous form of}

postpartum depression

– _{Occurs within the first 3 weeks following}

childbirth.

– Feel detached from her baby and other

people.

– Hallucinations involving smell, touch,

sight, or hearing.

– She may have thoughts not based in

reality (delusions), display bizarre

behavior, or have urges to kill herself and her child or children.

Bipolar Disorder

Formerly called manic-depressive

disorder, alteration between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder.

Multiple ideas Hyperactive Desire for action

Euphoria Elation

Manic Symptoms

Slowness of thought Tired

Inability to make decisions

Withdrawn Gloomy

Bipolar Disorder

Many great writers, poets, composers suffered from bipolar disorder. During their manic

phases, their creativity surged and dropped off during their depressive phases.

Explaining Depressive and

Bipolar Disorders

Since depression is so prevalent

worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest

ways to treat it.

Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain:

1. Behavioral and cognitive changes

The Depressed Brain

PET scans show that brain energy

Cycle of Depression

1. The negative stressful events.

2. Pessimistic explanatory style.

3. Hopeless depressed state.

Etiology of Mood Disorders

underproduction of serotonin and norepinephrine, linked to cortisol (stress hormone). Tend to run in families (genetic)

• Psychoanalytic- unresolved unconscious anger

that is internalized, repressed

• Cognitive- pessimistic explanatory style, self

defeating beliefs

• Behaviorist- symptoms have been reinforced

• Sociocultural- more prevalent in females,

Personality

Disorders

Related to Anxiety

Related to Odd or Eccentric

Behaviors

Personality Disorders

Characterized by inflexible and

enduring behavior patterns that impair

social functioning. Usually without

Personality Disorders

•

Psychological disorders

characterized by rigid and

lasting behavior patterns that

disrupt social functioning

•

Divided into three clusters:

–

Related to anxiety

–

With odd and eccentric

behaviors

–

With dramatic or impulsive

Cluster A:

Personality

Disorders with

Paranoid Personality

Disorder

•

Chronic sense of being observed

and persecuted

•

Shows deep distrust of other

people, which gets in the way of

personal relationships

•

Different than paranoid

Schizoid Personality

Disorder

•

Is detached from social

relationships

•

Are true hermits, preferring life

alone and avoiding intimate

interactions at all costs

Schizotypal Personality

Disorder

• Characterized by a need for social isolation,

odd behavior and thinking, and often unconventional beliefs such as being

convinced of having extra sensory abilities.

• Some people believe

that schizotypal

personality disorder is a mild form of

schizophrenia.

• Sometimes called

“Latent

Cluster B:

Personality

Disorders with

Dramatic or

Borderline Personality

Disorder

•

Exhibit

instability of

emotions,

self-image, behavior,

and

relationships

•

Sudden intense

Histrionic Personality

Disorder

•

Excessive

emotionality and

attempt to get

attention

•

Bizarre

appearance

•

Bizarre speech

•

Rapidly shifting

and shallow

emotions

•

Need to be the

Narcissistic Personality

Disorder

•

Grandiosity,

need for

admiration

•

Extremely

self-absorbed

•

Intolerant of

others

•

Indifferent to the

Antisocial Personality

Disorder

•

Not a person who is

“shy”

•

Personality disorder in

which the person shows a

lack of conscience for

wrongdoing

•

Shows no respect for the

rights others

•

Usually male

•

Also known as

psychopathic or

Understanding Antisocial

Personality Disorder

Like mood disorders and schizophrenia, antisocial personality

disorder has biological and

psychological

reasons. Youngsters before committing crime respond with lower levels of stress

Understanding Antisocial

Personality Disorder

PET scans of 41 murderers revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes. In a follow-up study repeat offenders had 11% less frontal

Understanding Antisocial

Personality Disorder

Probability of crime increases twice as much when childhood poverty is compounded with obstetrical complications (Raine et al., 1999;

Cluster C:

Personality

Avoidant Personality

Disorder

•

So sensitive about being

rejected that personal

Dependent Personality

Disorder

•

Behave in clingy, submissive ways

and displays a strong need to have

others take care of them

•

Rely too much on the attention

Obsessive-Compulsive

Personality Disorder

•

Characterized by a general

psychological inflexibility, rigid

conformity to rules and procedures,

perfectionism, and excessive

orderliness.

•

Tend to stress perfectionism above all

else, and feel anxious when they

perceive that things aren't "right".

Etiology of personality

disorders

•

Physiological differences in brain

activity (most notably antisocial with

regard to arousal levels)

•

Behaviorists and socioculturalists

Schizophrenia

If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders schizophrenia is

the cancer.

Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from

schizophrenia and world over 24 million people suffer from this disease (WHO,

2002).

Strikes young people as they mature into adults. Affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than

General Symptoms of

Schizophrenia

Literal translation “split mind”. A group of severe disorders characterized by:

1. Disorganized and delusional thinking.

2. Disturbed perceptions. 3. Inappropriate emotions

Daniel’s story

Daniel is 21 years old. Six months ago, he was doing well in college and holding down a part-time job in the stockroom of a local electronics store. But then he began to change, becoming increasingly paranoid and acting out in bizarre ways. First, he became convinced that his professors were “out to get him” since they didn’t appreciate his confusing, off-topic classroom rants. Then he told his roommate that the other students were “in on the conspiracy.” Soon after, he dropped out of school. From there, things just got worse. Daniel stopped bathing,

shaving, and washing his clothes. At work, he became convinced that his boss was watching him through surveillance bugs

planted in the store’s television sets. Then he started hearing voices telling him to find the bugs and deactivate them. Things came to a head when he acted on the voices, smashing several TVs and screaming that he wasn’t going to put up with the

“illegal spying” any more. His frightened boss called the police, and Daniel was hospitalized.

Disorganized & Delusional

Thinking

Many psychologists believe disorganized thoughts occur because of selective

attention failure (fragmented and bizarre thoughts).

Patient’s speech may be loosely

connected and words thrown together causing nonsense

(word salad)

Disturbed Perceptions

A schizophrenic person may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations).

Frequently such hallucinations are auditory, and less often visual,

somatosensory, olfactory or gustatory.L. B

Inappropriate Emotions &

Actions

A schizophrenic person may laugh at the news of someone dying, or show no

emotion at all (apathy).

Patients with schizophrenia can

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a cluster of disorders. These subtypes share some features but

Positive and Negative Symptoms

Schizophrenics have inappropriate

symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) not present in

normal individuals (positive symptoms).

Schizophrenics also have absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy,

expressionless faces, rigid bodies) present in normal individuals

Chronic and Acute Schizophrenia

When schizophrenia is slow to develop (chronic/process) recovery is doubtful.

Such schizophrenics usually displays negative symptoms.

When schizophrenia rapidly develops (acute/reactive) recovery is better. Such

The differences

Acute schizophrenia Chronic

schizophrenia

“Reactive” “Process”

Positive symptoms Negative symptoms

Prognosis better Prognosis worse

Treat with classic antipsychotics

(Thorazine)

Treat with atypical antipsychotics

Understanding Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a disease of the brain exhibited in the symptoms of the mind.

Dopamine Overactivity: Researchers have found that schizophrenic patients express higher levels of dopamine D4 receptors in

the brain.

Abnormal Brain Activity

Brain scans show abnormal activity in

frontal cortex, thalamus and amygdala of schizophrenic patients. Also adolescent schizophrenic patients show brain lesions.

Abnormal Brain Morphology

Schizophrenia patients may express morphological changes in the brain like

enlargement of fluid filled ventricles.

Viral Infection

Schizophrenia has also been observed in individuals who contracted a viral

Genetic Factors

Psychological Factors

Psychological and environmental factors can trigger schizophrenia if the individual

was genetically predisposed (Nicols & Gottesman, 1983).

Genain Sisters

Genetically identical Genain

sisters suffer from schizophrenia. Twice as

many as statistically likely due to genetics,

Neurodevelopmental

Disorders

•

_{Autism Spectrum}

Disorder

•

_ADHD

•

_Tourette’s

•

_Intellectual

Disabilities

Neurodevelopmental

Disorders

•

_{Usually diagnosed in infancy or early}

childhood

•

_{“maladaptive” is important, must be}

chronic

•

_Etiology:

– _{Roots of autism}

poorly understood

Autism Spectrum Disorder

• _{Persistent deficits in social communication}

and social interaction across multiple contexts

• _{Pervasive developmental disorder}

• _{Lack of appropriate social responsiveness and}

highly impaired communication

• _{Wide range of symptoms}

• _{and levels of functioning}

• _{More common among}

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

•

_{Referred to as a neurodevelopmental}

disorder

•

_{More common among boys, may be}

diagnosed later in adulthood

•

_Impulsivity

•

_{Sustained inattention}

•

_{Limited ability to focus on tasks}

•

_ADHD

Tourette’s Disorder

•

_{Referred to as a neurodevelopmental}

disorder

•

_{Consistent vocal or motor “tics”}

(sudden, rapid, recurrent,

non-rhythmic, stereotyped movement or

vocalization)

Intellectual Disabilities

•

_{Formerly referred to as mental}

retardation

•

_{4 levels; mild, moderate, severe,}

Other Disorders

• _{Paraphilic Disorders} (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia)

• _{Gender Dysphoria} • _{Feeding and Eating}

Disorders

• _Disruptive, Impulsive-Control, and Conduct Disorders

Conduct Disorder

•

_{Frequent lying}

•

_Stealing

•

_Manipulation

•

_{Cruelty and lack of remorse,}

empathy

•

_{Some call it a childhood form of}

AP info…

Cause of disorder

Internal, unconscious conflicts

Failure to strive toward one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings

Reinforcement history, the environment

Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or

ways of thinking Dysfunctional society

Organic problems, biochemical imbalances genetic

More AP info…

•

_{Medical Model (Pinel)}

•

_{Somatoform (conversion,}

hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic)

•

_{Personality (anti-social, narcissistic,}

histrionic, borderline, paranoid)

•

_{Anxiety (GAD, phobias, panic, PTSD,}

OCD)

And more AP info.

•

_{Developmental (autism, ADHD,}

Tourette’s, conduct, mental

retardation)

•

_{Schizophrenia (paranoid, catatonic,}

disorganized, undifferentiated,

residual,)

– _{Too high levels of dopamine}

•

_{Dissociative disorder (D. amnesia, D.}

fugue,

D. identity disorder (MPD)

•

_{Mood/Affective disorder (major}

depressive, bipolar, SAD)