3 PARTICLE PHYSICS

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 A MAJOR DOWNFALL TO RADIOACTIVE A MAJOR DOWNFALL TO RADIOACTIVE ELEMENTS IS RADIOACTIVE WASTES.

ELEMENTS IS RADIOACTIVE WASTES.

 WASTE MATERIAL REMAIN HARMFUL TO WASTE MATERIAL REMAIN HARMFUL TO LIVING THINGS FOR UP TO 3 MILLION

LIVING THINGS FOR UP TO 3 MILLION

YEARS.

 THEY MUST BE STORED IN A NUCLEAR THEY MUST BE STORED IN A NUCLEAR GRAVE YARD.

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RADIOACTIVE WASTES

 GRAVEYARDS MUST ISOLATE AND CONTAIN GRAVEYARDS MUST ISOLATE AND CONTAIN

THE WASTES FOR AT LEAST 10,000 YEARS. THE WASTES FOR AT LEAST 10,000 YEARS.

 THEY ARE PLACED IN STAINLESS STEEL THEY ARE PLACED IN STAINLESS STEEL

CONTAINERS AND PLACED IN SHAFTS BELOW CONTAINERS AND PLACED IN SHAFTS BELOW THE GROUND UNDER LAYERS OF ROCK THEN THE GROUND UNDER LAYERS OF ROCK THEN

CEMENTED SHUT. CEMENTED SHUT.

 A BIG CONCERN IS GROUNDWATER A BIG CONCERN IS GROUNDWATER

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RADIATION

 AN X-RAY WAS AN ACCIDENTAL AN X-RAY WAS AN ACCIDENTAL

DISCOVERY USING A RADIOACTIVE

ELEMENT. IT LEFT AN UNEXPLAINED

IMAGE.

 SO, NUCLEAR RADIATION WAS FIRST SO, NUCLEAR RADIATION WAS FIRST KNOWN AS A “INVISIBLE SOMETHING”.

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RADIATION

 THE PEOPLE WHO STUMBLED UPON THE THE PEOPLE WHO STUMBLED UPON THE INVISIBLE SOMETHING WERE USING THE

INVISIBLE SOMETHING WERE USING THE

ELEMENT URANIUM.

 FOUR PRIMARY CHARECTERISTICS OF FOUR PRIMARY CHARECTERISTICS OF RADIATION:

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RADIATION

 1) IT CAN’T BE SEEN.1) IT CAN’T BE SEEN.

 2) SOME ARE FLOURESCENT(GLOW).2) SOME ARE FLOURESCENT(GLOW).  3) AN ELECTRIC CHARGE CAN BE 3) AN ELECTRIC CHARGE CAN BE

DETECTED IN THE AIR.

 4) IT DAMAGES CELLS OF LIVING 4) IT DAMAGES CELLS OF LIVING ORGANISMS.

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TYPES OF RADIATION

 1) ALPHA PARTICLES: ALPHA PARTICLES 1) ALPHA PARTICLES: ALPHA PARTICLES ARE LIKE THE NUCLEUS OF A HELIUM

ARE LIKE THE NUCLEUS OF A HELIUM

ATOM. THEY HAVE 2 PROTONS AND 2

NEUTRONS. IT HAS A POSITIVE CHARGE.

 IT IS THE WEAKEST TYPE OF RADIATION IT IS THE WEAKEST TYPE OF RADIATION BUT CAN BURN FLESH.

BUT CAN BURN FLESH.

 ALPHA PARTICLES CAN BE STOPPED BY A ALPHA PARTICLES CAN BE STOPPED BY A SHEET OF PAPER.

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ALPHA

 ALPHA ARE EMITTED BY RADIOACTIVE ALPHA ARE EMITTED BY RADIOACTIVE NUCLEI SUCH AS URANIUM OR RADIUM

NUCLEI SUCH AS URANIUM OR RADIUM

IN A PROCESS KNOWN AS ALPHA DECAY.

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ALPHA

 WHEN AN ALPHA PARTICLE IS EMITTED, THE WHEN AN ALPHA PARTICLE IS EMITTED, THE

ATOMIC MASS OF AN ELEMENT GOES DOWN ATOMIC MASS OF AN ELEMENT GOES DOWN

DUE TO THE LOSS OF 2 NUCLEONS AND 2 DUE TO THE LOSS OF 2 NUCLEONS AND 2

PROTONS. PROTONS.

 AS A RESULT OF LOSING 2 PROTONS (AS YOU AS A RESULT OF LOSING 2 PROTONS (AS YOU

KNOW) THE ATOM BECOMES A NEW ELEMENT. KNOW) THE ATOM BECOMES A NEW ELEMENT. AN EXAMPLE IS RADIUM WHICH DECAYS INTO AN EXAMPLE IS RADIUM WHICH DECAYS INTO

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ALPHA

 CHROMOSOME DAMAGE FROM ALPHA CHROMOSOME DAMAGE FROM ALPHA

PARTICLES IS 100 TIMES GREATER THAN

THAT CAUSED BY OTHER AMOUNTS OF

RADIATION. AN EXAMPLE IS THE ALPHA

EMITTER POLONIUM-210. IT CAN CAUSE

LUNG AND BLADDER CANCER RELATED

TO TOBACCO SMOKE.

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ALPHA

 MOST SMOKE DETECTORS CONTAIN MOST SMOKE DETECTORS CONTAIN SMALL AMOUNTS OF THE ALPHA

SMALL AMOUNTS OF THE ALPHA

EMITTER AMERICIUM-241. IF INGESTED

OR INHALED, YOU WILL PROBABLY DIE!

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ALPHA

 RADON IS ANOTHER COMMON SOURCE RADON IS ANOTHER COMMON SOURCE OF ALPHA EMITTERS. IT IS A NATURALLY

OF ALPHA EMITTERS. IT IS A NATURALLY

OCCURING RADIOACTIVE GAS FOUND IN

ROCK, SOIL, AND SOME GROUNDWATER.

IF IT IS INHALED, IT WILL STICK TO THE

INNER LINING OF YOUR LUNGS.

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ALPHA

 CURIE DIED OF LEUKEMIA FROM CURIE DIED OF LEUKEMIA FROM

EXPOSURE OF ALPHA EMITTERS FROM

RADIUM AND PERHAPS POLONIUM.

(YEARS OF EXPOSURE).

 IN 2006, A RUSSIAN SPY WAS POISONED IN 2006, A RUSSIAN SPY WAS POISONED WITH POLONIUM-210, AN ALPHA

WITH POLONIUM-210, AN ALPHA

EMITTER, AND DIED.

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ALPHA

 EXAMPLES OF ALPHA EMITTERS: EXAMPLES OF ALPHA EMITTERS:

RADIUM, RADON, URANIUM, THORIUM,

POLONIUM, AMERICIUM, AND

PLUTONIUM.

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TYPES OF RADIATION

 2) BETA PARTICLES: BETA PARTICLES 2) BETA PARTICLES: BETA PARTICLES ARE ELECTRONS. THEY ARE NOT THE

ARE ELECTRONS. THEY ARE NOT THE

ELECTRONS THAT SURROUND THE

NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM BUT ELECTRONS

THAT FORMED IN THE NUCLEUS WHEN A

NEUTRON BREAKS APART.

 THEIR PENETRATING POWER IS 100 THEIR PENETRATING POWER IS 100 TIMES THAT OF ALPHA PARTICLES.

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BETA

 BETA PARTICLES CAN BE USED TO TREAT BETA PARTICLES CAN BE USED TO TREAT EYE CANCER, BONE CANCER, AND ARE

EYE CANCER, BONE CANCER, AND ARE

USED AS TRACERS.

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BETA

 EXAMPLES: HYDROGEN-3 (TRITIUM), EXAMPLES: HYDROGEN-3 (TRITIUM), CARBON-14, PHOSPHOROUS-32, AND

CARBON-14, PHOSPHOROUS-32, AND

SULFUR-35.

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TYPES OF RADIATION

 3) GAMMA RAYS: A HIGH FREQUENCY 3) GAMMA RAYS: A HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE.

 IT IS THE MOST PENETRATING IT IS THE MOST PENETRATING RADIATION.

RADIATION.

 IT CAN PASS THROUGH SEVERAL IT CAN PASS THROUGH SEVERAL CENTIMETERS OF LEAD.

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GAMMA

 EMR: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OR EMR: ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OR LIGHT EMISSIONS. IT IS A VERY

LIGHT EMISSIONS. IT IS A VERY

SPECIFIC HIGH FREQUENCY SHORT

WAVELENGTH AND VERY HIGH ENERGY.

 ENERGY THAT TRAVELS AT THE SPEED ENERGY THAT TRAVELS AT THE SPEED OF LIGHT. GAMMA RAYS COME FROM

OF LIGHT. GAMMA RAYS COME FROM

THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.

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GAMMA

 GOOD AND BAD:GOOD AND BAD:

 USED TO STERILIZE MEDICAL USED TO STERILIZE MEDICAL

EQUIPMENT, KILL BACTERIA IN MEAT,

EGGS, MAINTAIN FRESHNESS. CT SCANS

AND RADIATION THERAPY. CAN ALTER

YOUR DNA, CAUSING CANCER AND

HEREDITARY DISEASES.

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GAMMA

 EXAMPLES: TECHNETIUM-99m, IODINE-EXAMPLES: TECHNETIUM-99m, IODINE-125, IODINE-131, COBALT-57, AND

125, IODINE-131, COBALT-57, AND

CESIUM-137.

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ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

 1) A WAVE IS EITHER A ELECTRIC OR 1) A WAVE IS EITHER A ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC FIELD.

MAGNETIC FIELD.

 2) THEY DON’T REQUIRE A MEDIUM TO 2) THEY DON’T REQUIRE A MEDIUM TO EXIST.

EXIST.

 3) A WAVE IS A DISTURBANCE THAT 3) A WAVE IS A DISTURBANCE THAT

CARRIES ENERGY FROM ONE PLACE TO

ANOTHER.

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RADIOACTIVITY

 WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF RADIOACTIVITY?

RADIOACTIVITY?

 THE SOURCE OF RADIOACTIVITY IS THE THE SOURCE OF RADIOACTIVITY IS THE NUCLEUS OF AN ATOM.

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RADIOACTIVITY

 WHEN DOES IT HAPPEN?WHEN DOES IT HAPPEN?

 RADIOACTIVITY HAPPENS WHEN THE RADIOACTIVITY HAPPENS WHEN THE NUCLEI OF ATOMS OF SOME ELEMENTS

NUCLEI OF ATOMS OF SOME ELEMENTS

CHANGE AND START EMITTING

PARTICLES OR RAYS.

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RADIOACTIVITY

 WHY DOES THIS OCCUR TO SOME WHY DOES THIS OCCUR TO SOME ELEMENTS AND NOT OTHERS? WHY

ELEMENTS AND NOT OTHERS? WHY

DOES THE NUCLEUS OF SOME ELEMENTS

BREAK APART?

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RADIOACTIVITY

 WHEN WE TALKED ABOUT NON-RADIOACTIVEWHEN WE TALKED ABOUT NON-RADIOACTIVE

STABLE

STABLE ATOMS, WE TALKED ABOUT A FORCE ATOMS, WE TALKED ABOUT A FORCE THAT HOLDS THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN THAT HOLDS THE PROTONS AND NEUTRONS IN

THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM CALLED THE THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM CALLED THE

STRONG FORCE STRONG FORCE..

 THIS STRONG FORCE IS REFERRED TO AS THIS STRONG FORCE IS REFERRED TO AS

BINDING ENERGY

BINDING ENERGY AND IS ESSENTIAL TO THE AND IS ESSENTIAL TO THE STABILITY OF A NUCLEUS.

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RADIOACTIVITY

 SO; ATOMS WITH UNSTABLE NUCLEI ARE SO; ATOMS WITH UNSTABLE NUCLEI ARE RADIOACTIVE. A NUCLEUS THAT IS

RADIOACTIVE. A NUCLEUS THAT IS

UNSTABLE CAN BECOME STABLE BY

UNDERGOING A NUCLEAR REACTION.

WHEN A NUCLEAR REACTION OCCURS

THE IDENTITY OF THE ELEMENT

CHANGES.

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RADIOACTIVITY

 RADIOACTIVE DECAYRADIOACTIVE DECAY: THE : THE

SPONTANEOUS BREAKDOWN OF AN

UNSTABLE ATOMIC NUCLEUS.

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RADIOACTIVE HALF-LIFE

 THE DECAY CONTINUES UNTIL A STABLE THE DECAY CONTINUES UNTIL A STABLE NON-RADIOACTIVE NUCLEUS IS

NON-RADIOACTIVE NUCLEUS IS

FORMED; THIS IS CALLED

FORMED; THIS IS CALLED DECAY _DECAY SERIES

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RADIOACTIVE HALF LIFE

 EVERY RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT CONSIST EVERY RADIOACTIVE ELEMENT CONSIST OF DIFFERENT AND VAST NUMBERS OF

OF DIFFERENT AND VAST NUMBERS OF

RADIOACTIVE NUCLEI. ALL OF THESE

NUCLEI DON’T DECAY AT THE SAME

TIME. THEY DECAY ONE AT A TIME OVER

A PERIOD OF TIME AND AT A FIXED

RATE.

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RADIOACTIVE HALF LIFE

 HALF-LIFEHALF-LIFE: THE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR : THE AMOUNT OF TIME FOR HALF THE ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT TO

HALF THE ATOMS OF AN ELEMENT TO

DECAY.

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RADIOACTIVE HALF LIFE

 THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM ELEMENT THEY ARE DIFFERENT FROM ELEMENT TO ELEMENT. SOME TAKE SECONDS.

TO ELEMENT. SOME TAKE SECONDS.

URANIUM-238 TAKES 4.5 BILLION YEARS.

URANIUM WILL DECAY INTO A STABLE

NUCLEUS AND FORM THE ELEMENT

LEAD.

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NUCLEAR FISSION

 THE SPLITTING OF AN ATOMS NUCLEUS THE SPLITTING OF AN ATOMS NUCLEUS INTO TWO SMALLER NUCLEI OF APPROX.

INTO TWO SMALLER NUCLEI OF APPROX.

EQUAL MASS.

 AS THEY SPLIT, NEUTRONS ARE AS THEY SPLIT, NEUTRONS ARE

RELEASED CAUSING THE SPLITTING TO

CONTINUE- THIS CONTINUOUS FISSION

REACTION IS CALLED A

REACTION IS CALLED A NUCLEAR _NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTION.

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NUCLEAR FISSION

 BILLIONS OF CHAIN REACTIONS CAN BILLIONS OF CHAIN REACTIONS CAN OCCUR PER SECOND. WHAT DO YOU

OCCUR PER SECOND. WHAT DO YOU

THINK IS PRODUCED?

 HUGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY.HUGE AMOUNTS OF ENERGY.

 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS USE CHAIN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS USE CHAIN REACTIONS TO PRODUCE ENERGY IN

REACTIONS TO PRODUCE ENERGY IN

THE FORM OF HEAT & THEN IT’S

CONVERTED TO ELECTRICITY.

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NUCLEAR FUSION

 THE JOINING OF TWO ATOMIC NUCLEI OF THE JOINING OF TWO ATOMIC NUCLEI OF

SMALLER MASSES TO FORM A SINGLE NUCLEUS SMALLER MASSES TO FORM A SINGLE NUCLEUS

OF LARGER MASS. OF LARGER MASS.

 FUSION IS SOMETIMES REFFERED TO AS A FUSION IS SOMETIMES REFFERED TO AS A

THERMAL NUCLEAR REACTION. THERMO THERMAL NUCLEAR REACTION. THERMO

MEANING HEAT. MEANING HEAT.

 TEMPS GREATER THEN 1 MILLION DEGREES TEMPS GREATER THEN 1 MILLION DEGREES

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NUCLEAR FUSION

 AT THESE TEMPS WE HAVE REACHED AT THESE TEMPS WE HAVE REACHED THE FOURTH PHASE OF MATTER….

THE FOURTH PHASE OF MATTER….

PLASMA.

 FUSION RELEASES GREATER ENERGY FUSION RELEASES GREATER ENERGY AND LESS RADIOACTIVE WASTES.

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NUCLEAR FUSION

 WHAT TYPE OF CONTAINER CAN HOLD A WHAT TYPE OF CONTAINER CAN HOLD A REACTION WITH THIS HIGH OF

REACTION WITH THIS HIGH OF

TEMPERATURES?

 THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE KEEPS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE KEEPS

THE PLASMA AWAY FROM THE WALLS OF

THE CONTAINER.

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NUCLEAR FUSION

 THE SUN FUSES HYDROGEN ATOMS THE SUN FUSES HYDROGEN ATOMS

PRODUCING HELIUM WHICH RELEASES

ENERGY IN THE FORM OF LIGHT AND

HEAT AND IS IN THE PLASMA PHASE.

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NUCLEAR WASTES

 114 NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN THE US114 NUCLEAR FACILITIES IN THE US  131 WASTE SITES131 WASTE SITES

 THE MAIN STATE IS NEVADATHE MAIN STATE IS NEVADA

 Most nuclear waste is stockpiled at nuclear Most nuclear waste is stockpiled at nuclear power plants, medical facilities, and

power plants, medical facilities, and

military bases. IN 2006 THERE WERE 85

THEFTS OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES.

(POSSIBLE DIRTY BOMBS)

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NUCLEAR WASTES

 YUCCA MOUNTAIN IN NEVADA; 90 MILES YUCCA MOUNTAIN IN NEVADA; 90 MILES FROM LAS VEGAS WILL BE THE BIGGEST

FROM LAS VEGAS WILL BE THE BIGGEST

GRAVE YARD IN THE US.

 IT WOULD TAKE 100,000 TRUCK LOADS IT WOULD TAKE 100,000 TRUCK LOADS AND 20,000 TRAIN LOADS TO HAUL THE

AND 20,000 TRAIN LOADS TO HAUL THE

WASTES FROM ALL SITES TO NEVADA.

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NUCLEAR WASTES

 AS OF TODAY, WE ARE TALKING ABOUT:AS OF TODAY, WE ARE TALKING ABOUT:  52,000 TONS OF SPENT FUEL FROM 52,000 TONS OF SPENT FUEL FROM

REACTORS (COMMERCIAL & DEFENSE)

 91 MILLION GALLONS PLUTONIUM 91 MILLION GALLONS PLUTONIUM WASTE.

WASTE.

 ½ MILLION TONS OF CONTAMINATED ½ MILLION TONS OF CONTAMINATED TOOLS, CLOTHING, OILS, SOLVENTS,

TOOLS, CLOTHING, OILS, SOLVENTS,

METAL SCRAPS IE…..

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EM SPECTRUM

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EM SPECTRUM

 BASICALLY, LIGHT WAVES/RAYS THAT BASICALLY, LIGHT WAVES/RAYS THAT ARE ALL AROUND US. THEY EXIST AT

ARE ALL AROUND US. THEY EXIST AT

DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES,

WAVELENGTHS, AND HAVE DIFFERENT

LEVELS OF ENERGY.

 A SMALL PART OF THE EM SPECTRUM IS A SMALL PART OF THE EM SPECTRUM IS VISIBLE LIGHT FROM 400NM (VIOLET)

VISIBLE LIGHT FROM 400NM (VIOLET)

TO 700NM (RED).

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EM SPECTRUM

 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IS JUST BEYOND VISIBLE. ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IS JUST BEYOND VISIBLE.

9% OF THE ENERGY EMITTED BY THE SUN IS 9% OF THE ENERGY EMITTED BY THE SUN IS

UV LIGHT. (SUNBURN) UV LIGHT. (SUNBURN)

 BEYOND UV ARE X-RAYS. BEYOND X-RAYS ARE BEYOND UV ARE X-RAYS. BEYOND X-RAYS ARE

GAMMA RAYS. SO VISIBLE TO UV TO X-RAY TO GAMMA RAYS. SO VISIBLE TO UV TO X-RAY TO GAMMA. EACH LEVEL, THE WAVELENGTHS ARE GAMMA. EACH LEVEL, THE WAVELENGTHS ARE SHORTER, THE FREQUENCY HIGHER, AND THE SHORTER, THE FREQUENCY HIGHER, AND THE

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EM SPECTRUM

 BELOW THE VISIBLE LIGHT IS INFRARED. BELOW THE VISIBLE LIGHT IS INFRARED. INFRARED IS EMITTED FROM THE SUN.

INFRARED IS EMITTED FROM THE SUN.

HEAT LAMPS USE INFRARED, WEATHER

SATELLITES, AND PHOTOGRAPHY.

 BELOW INFRARED ARE MICROWAVES. BELOW INFRARED ARE MICROWAVES. MUCH LONGER WAVELENGTHS

MUCH LONGER WAVELENGTHS

(CENTIMETERS).

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EM SPECTRUM

 MICROWAVES ARE REFLECTED BY MICROWAVES ARE REFLECTED BY

METALS, BUT, CAN PASS THROUGH MOST

EVERYTHING ELSE. THEY CAN

PENETRATE ABOUT 5 CM INTO FOODS.

 AS THEY PENETRATE, THEY ARE AS THEY PENETRATE, THEY ARE ABSORBED (THE ENERGY). MAKES

ABSORBED (THE ENERGY). MAKES

MOLECULES (OF FOOD) VIBRATE AND

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EM SPECTRUM

 MOST MOBILE PHONES USE MOST MOBILE PHONES USE

MICROWAVES TO TRANSMIT INFO.

 RADIO WAVES ARE THE LONGEST AND RADIO WAVES ARE THE LONGEST AND ON THE LOWER END OF THE SPECTRUM.

ON THE LOWER END OF THE SPECTRUM.

 AM FM RADIO, TELEVISION, AND RADAR AM FM RADIO, TELEVISION, AND RADAR GUNS USE RADIO WAVES.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 PARTICLE PHYSICS MAIN CONCERN IS TO PARTICLE PHYSICS MAIN CONCERN IS TO DETERMINE THE ULTIMATE STRUCTURE

DETERMINE THE ULTIMATE STRUCTURE

OF MATTER. THEY ARE CALLED

ELEMENTARY PARTICLES.

ELEMENTARY PARTICLES ARE NOT _{ELEMENTARY PARTICLES ARE NOT}

DIVISIBLE AND DON’T HAVE SIZE OR

STRUCTURE.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 UNTIL THE MID 1900’S, IT WAS UNTIL THE MID 1900’S, IT WAS THOUGHT THAT PROTONS AND

THOUGHT THAT PROTONS AND

ELECTRONS WERE THE ELEMENTARY

PARTICLES.

 DUE TO PARTICLE ACCELERATORS, NEW DUE TO PARTICLE ACCELERATORS, NEW PARTICLES HAVE BEEN FOUND.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 ALL PARTICLES IN NATURE ARE SUBJECT ALL PARTICLES IN NATURE ARE SUBJECT TO FOUR FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS

TO FOUR FUNDAMENTAL INTERACTIONS

(KNOWN AS THE 4 FORCES OF THE

ATOM)

 STRONG, WEAK, GRAVITATIONAL, AND STRONG, WEAK, GRAVITATIONAL, AND ELECTROMAGNETIC.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 ALL PARTICLES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO ALL PARTICLES CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO BROAD CATEGORIES:

TWO BROAD CATEGORIES:

 LEPTONS AND HADRONSLEPTONS AND HADRONS

 ELECTRONS AND NEUTRINOS ARE ELECTRONS AND NEUTRINOS ARE

LEPTONS. THEY ARE TRUE ELEMENTARY

PARTICLES.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 HADRONS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:HADRONS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO:  MESONS AND BARYONSMESONS AND BARYONS

 THEY CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO THEY CAN BE FURTHER DIVIDED INTO ELEMENTARY SUB-STRUCTURES CALLED

ELEMENTARY SUB-STRUCTURES CALLED

QUARKS (QUARKS MAKE-UP PROTONS &

NEUTRONS).

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 PHYSICISTS USE PARTICLE PHYSICS TO PHYSICISTS USE PARTICLE PHYSICS TO UNDERSTAND THE EVOLUTION OF THE

UNDERSTAND THE EVOLUTION OF THE

UNIVERSE. AS YOU KNOW, IT IS

THOUGHT TO BE 13 TO 15 BILLION

YEARS OLD.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 AT THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE, AT THE BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE, IT WAS INCONCEIVABLY

IT WAS INCONCEIVABLY DENSE_DENSE._.

 IN A BRIEF INSTANT AFTER THIS IN A BRIEF INSTANT AFTER THIS

SINGULAR MOMENT, THE UNIVERSE WAS

THOUGHT TO HAVE EXPANDED RAPIDLY

IN THE EVENT WE CALL THE BIG BANG.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE BIG BANG FOR IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE BIG BANG FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, MOST OF THE

THOUSANDS OF YEARS, MOST OF THE

ENERGY IN THE UNIVERSE WAS IN THE

FORM OF RADIATION,

FORM OF RADIATION, NOT_NOT MATTER._MATTER.

 INTENSE RADIATION PREVENTED INTENSE RADIATION PREVENTED

MATTER FROM FORMING EVEN SINGLE

HYDROGEN ATOMS.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 THIS PERIOD WAS KNOWN AS THE RADIATION THIS PERIOD WAS KNOWN AS THE RADIATION

DOMINATED UNIVERSE. DOMINATED UNIVERSE.

 AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDED AND COOLED, AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDED AND COOLED,

MATTER WAS ALLOWED TO FORM FIRST AS MATTER WAS ALLOWED TO FORM FIRST AS

ATOMS, MOLECULES, GAS CLOUDS, AND ATOMS, MOLECULES, GAS CLOUDS, AND

EVENTUALLY GALAXIES. EVENTUALLY GALAXIES.

 THIS MATTER DOMINATED UNIVERSE THIS MATTER DOMINATED UNIVERSE

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 ALPHA PARTICLE IS TWO PROTONS AND ALPHA PARTICLE IS TWO PROTONS AND TWO NEUTRONS BOUND TOGETHER AND

TWO NEUTRONS BOUND TOGETHER AND

EMITTED FROM THE NUCLEUS.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 GAMMA RAYS: HIGH ENERGY GAMMA RAYS: HIGH ENERGY

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES EMITTED

FROM THE NUCLEUS. OCCURS WHEN AN

ELECTRON DROPS TO A LOWER ENERGY

LEVEL.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 LESS STABLE NUCLIDES DECAY QUICKLY LESS STABLE NUCLIDES DECAY QUICKLY AND HAVE SHORTER HALF LIVES.

AND HAVE SHORTER HALF LIVES.

 33₁₁ H HALF LIFE IS 12.32 YEARS. H HALF LIFE IS 12.32 YEARS.

 HYDROGEN HAS THREE ISOTOPES, TWO HYDROGEN HAS THREE ISOTOPES, TWO OF THE THREE ARE RADIOACTIVE.

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 218218₈₄₈₄ Po HALF LIFE 3 MINUTES Po HALF LIFE 3 MINUTES

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HALF-LIFE

 PHOSPHOROUS-32 HAS A HALF LIFE OF PHOSPHOROUS-32 HAS A HALF LIFE OF 14.3 DAYS. HOW MANY MILLIGRAMS OF

14.3 DAYS. HOW MANY MILLIGRAMS OF

PHOSPHOROUS-32 REMAIN AFTER 57.2

DAYS IF YOU START WITH 4.0 mg OF

THE ISOTOPE?

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 GIVEN:GIVEN: ORIGINAL MASS OF ORIGINAL MASS OF PHOSPHOROUS-32 IS 4.0 mg

PHOSPHOROUS-32 IS 4.0 mg

 HALF-LIFE OF PHOSPHOROUS-32 IS 14.3 HALF-LIFE OF PHOSPHOROUS-32 IS 14.3 DAYS

DAYS

 TIME ELAPSED: 57.2 DAYSTIME ELAPSED: 57.2 DAYS

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 NUMBER OF HALF-LIVES=NUMBER OF HALF-LIVES=

 TIME ELAPSED(DAYS) X 1 HALF LIFETIME ELAPSED(DAYS) X 1 HALF LIFE

 ______________________

 14.3 DAYS14.3 DAYS

 57.2 DAYS X 1 HALF-LIFE57.2 DAYS X 1 HALF-LIFE

 ______________________

 14.3 DAYS14.3 DAYS

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 AMOUNT OF PHOSPHOROUS REMAINING: AMOUNT OF PHOSPHOROUS REMAINING: 4.0 mg X 4 HALF LIVES =

4.0 mg X 4 HALF LIVES =

 4.0 X ½ X ½ X ½ X ½ 4.0 X ½ X ½ X ½ X ½

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PARTICLE PHYSICS

 THE HALF-LIFE OF POLONIUM-218 IS THE HALF-LIFE OF POLONIUM-218 IS

3.04 MINUTES. A SAMPLE OF POLONIUM

CONTAINS 0.00558 GRAMS OF

CONTAINS 0.00558 GRAMS OF 218218 84

84 Po. Po.

WHAT MASS OF

WHAT MASS OF 218218 84

84 Po WILL REMAIN Po WILL REMAIN

AFTER 18.24 MINUTES?

(66)

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 NUMBER OF HALF-LIVES EQUALS THE NUMBER OF HALF-LIVES EQUALS THE TIME ELAPSED DIVIDED BY THE

TIME ELAPSED DIVIDED BY THE

HALF-LIFE.

LIFE.

(67)

67 67

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 MASS REMAINING EQUALS THE MASS REMAINING EQUALS THE

STARTING MASS TIMES THE FRACTION

REMAINING.

 MASS OF MASS OF 218218₈₄₈₄Po REMAINING EQUALS:Po REMAINING EQUALS:

(68)

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 THE HALF LIFE OF POLONIUM-210 IS THE HALF LIFE OF POLONIUM-210 IS

138.4 DAYS. HOW MANY MILLIGRAMS OF

POLONIUM-210 REMAIN AFTER 415.2

DAYS IF YOU START WITH 2 mg OF THE

ISOTOPE?

(69)

69 69

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 415.2 DAYS X 1 HALF-LIFE415.2 DAYS X 1 HALF-LIFE  ______________________  138.4 DAYS138.4 DAYS  EQUALS 3 HALF-LIVESEQUALS 3 HALF-LIVES

(70)

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 THE HALF-LIFE OF COBALT-60 IS 5.27 THE HALF-LIFE OF COBALT-60 IS 5.27 YEARS. HOW MANY MILLIGRAMS OF

YEARS. HOW MANY MILLIGRAMS OF

COBALT-60 REMAIN AFTER 52.7 YEARS,

IF YOU START WITH 10 mg?

(71)

71 71

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 52.7 x 1 HALF-LIFE52.7 x 1 HALF-LIFE  ________________________  5.27 YEARS5.27 YEARS

 EQUALS 10 HALF-LIVESEQUALS 10 HALF-LIVES

(72)

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 THE HALF-LIFE OF POTASSIUM-40 IS THE HALF-LIFE OF POTASSIUM-40 IS 1.3 X 10

1.3 X 1099 YEARS. A VOLCANIC ROCK YEARS. A VOLCANIC ROCK

CONTAINS 1/8 OF THE AMOUNT OF

POTASSIUM-40 FOUND IN NEWLY

FORMED ROCKS. WHEN WAS THE ROCK

FORMED?

(73)

73 73

PARTICLE PHYSICS

 DETERMINE THE HALF-LIVES:DETERMINE THE HALF-LIVES:  1/8 IS (1/2) X (1/2) X (1/2)1/8 IS (1/2) X (1/2) X (1/2)

 THREE HALF-LIVESTHREE HALF-LIVES

(74)

COSMOLOGY

 COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY: FROM THE GREEK : FROM THE GREEK

COSMOS MEANING ORDER AND LOGOS

MEANING PLAN OR REASON.

(75)

75 75

COSMOLOGY

 NEWTON WAS THE FIRST TO PROPOSE THAT NEWTON WAS THE FIRST TO PROPOSE THAT

EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE FOLLOWS THE EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE FOLLOWS THE

SAME RULES AND ACTS IN A PREDICTABLE SAME RULES AND ACTS IN A PREDICTABLE WAY. ALL CLASSICAL PHYSICS, INCLUDING WAY. ALL CLASSICAL PHYSICS, INCLUDING

(76)

COSMOLOGY

 ARISTOTLE TO GALILEO, A PERIOD OF ARISTOTLE TO GALILEO, A PERIOD OF 2000 YEARS WHERE THERE WERE NO

2000 YEARS WHERE THERE WERE NO

CHANGES IN TEACHING PRINCIPLES.

(KNOWLEDGE WAS STAGNATE)

 ABOUT THE TIME OF GALILEO, ABOUT THE TIME OF GALILEO,

COPERNICUS PROPOSED THAT THE EARTH

WASN’T THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE.

(77)

77 77

COSMOLOGY

 GALILEO STOLE THE TELESCOPE AND GALILEO STOLE THE TELESCOPE AND PASSED IT OFF AS HIS INVENTION. HE

PASSED IT OFF AS HIS INVENTION. HE

USED THE TELESCOPE TO STUDY THE

NIGHT SKIES AND THEORIZED THAT THE

EARTH REVOLVED AROUND THE SUN.

(78)

COSMOLOGY

 HE WAS PLACED ON TRIAL BY THE HE WAS PLACED ON TRIAL BY THE

CHURCH AND SPENT THE REST OF HIS

LIFE UNDER HOUSE ARREST. HE

STUDIED MOTION, PRIMARILY THE

MOTION OF A BALL AND THE PENDULUM.

(79)

79 79

COSMOLOGY

 NEWTON WAS BORN ON THE DAY THAT NEWTON WAS BORN ON THE DAY THAT GALILEO DIED IN 1642. THE PHYSICAL

GALILEO DIED IN 1642. THE PHYSICAL

WORLD WASN’T UNDERSTOOD WHEN HE

WAS BORN. NEWTON WAS A PURITAN

AND WAS OBSESSED WITH SIN. HE WAS

A SOCIAL RETARD. HE HAD AN UNCANNY

ABILITY TO FOCUS ON A PROBLEM.

(80)

COSMOLOGY

 NEWTON, LIKE GALILEO AND EINSTEIN; NEWTON, LIKE GALILEO AND EINSTEIN; HAD THE ABILITY TO ASK INSIGHTFUL

HAD THE ABILITY TO ASK INSIGHTFUL

QUESTIONS. TWO OF HIS IDEAS WHICH

WERE REVOLUTIONARY IN THE 1600’S:

GRAVITY MOVES THE PLANETS AND

STARS AND THE LAWS ON EARTH AND IN

THE HEAVENS ARE THE SAME.

(81)

81 81

COSMOLOGY

 HIS BOOK “PRINCIPIA” WAS A WORK ON HIS BOOK “PRINCIPIA” WAS A WORK ON GRAVITY, FORCE, ACCELERATION, AND

GRAVITY, FORCE, ACCELERATION, AND

MOTION. HE WORKED ON THE IDEAS

FOUND IN THE BOOK FOR TWO YEARS

WORKING 20 HOUR DAYS.

(82)

COSMOLOGY

 EINSTEIN WAS SIMILAR IN PERSONALITY EINSTEIN WAS SIMILAR IN PERSONALITY TO NEWTON. HIS WAS THE THEORY OF

TO NEWTON. HIS WAS THE THEORY OF

SPECIAL RELATIVITY. TIME IS RELATIVE

TO THE SPEED YOU MOVE. MASS AND

ENERGY CURVE TIME AND SPACE. HIS

THEORETICAL FINDINGS MESSED UP

SOME OF NEWTONS LAWS.

(83)

83 83

COSMOLOGY

 HAWKING IS MORE OF A QUANTUM HAWKING IS MORE OF A QUANTUM PARTICLE MECHANICS PHYSICIST.

PARTICLE MECHANICS PHYSICIST.

THEORETICALLY HAS PROVEN THAT

BLACK HOLES GIVES OFF ENERGY AND

MASS AND WILL EVENTUALLY DISAPATE.

(84)

COSMOLOGY

 OUR GALAXY IS 30,000 PARSECS ACROSS OUR GALAXY IS 30,000 PARSECS ACROSS (560,000 MILLION MILLION MILES) AND

(560,000 MILLION MILLION MILES) AND

5,000 PARSECS THICK.

 A LIGHT YEAR IS THE DISTANCE LIGHT A LIGHT YEAR IS THE DISTANCE LIGHT TRAVELS IN ONE YEAR: 5.8 TRILLION

TRAVELS IN ONE YEAR: 5.8 TRILLION

MILES.

(85)

85 85

COSMOLOGY

 ABOUT 6000 VISIBLE STARS IN THE SKY ABOUT 6000 VISIBLE STARS IN THE SKY (MOST IN OUR GALAXY). HELD

(MOST IN OUR GALAXY). HELD

TOGETHER BY ENORMOUS GRAVITY

RESULTING IN ITS OWN MASS.

PRESSURE IS A BILLION TIMES OUR

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. NUCLEAR

FUSION OF H TO He WITH ENERGY

RELEASE.

(86)

COSMOLOGY

 SOME STARS ARE A FEW LIGHT YEARS SOME STARS ARE A FEW LIGHT YEARS FROM EARTH. THE GALAXY ANDROMEDA

FROM EARTH. THE GALAXY ANDROMEDA

IS 2.2 MILLION LIGHT YEARS FROM

EARTH. ESTIMATED 100 BILLION

GALAXIES. ANDROMEDA AND MILKY WAY

ARE IN A CLUSTER OF THIRTY GALAXIES.

ANDROMEDA AND MILKY WAY HAVE

PASSED CLOSE TO EACH OTHER SEVERAL

(87)

87 87

COSMOLOGY

 OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS 26 LIGHT YEARS OUR SOLAR SYSTEM IS 26 LIGHT YEARS FROM THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY.

FROM THE CENTER OF OUR GALAXY.

 SPACE IS A VACUUM WITH NO AIR AND SPACE IS A VACUUM WITH NO AIR AND NO AIR PRESSURE.

NO AIR PRESSURE.

 THE UNIVERSE IS EXPANDING. ( MUST THE UNIVERSE IS EXPANDING. ( MUST

UNDERSTAND THE DOPPLER EFFECT AND

RED/BLUE SHIFT)

(88)

COSMOLOGY

 THE FASTER A LIGHT SOURCE MOVES AWAY THE FASTER A LIGHT SOURCE MOVES AWAY

FROM US THE MORE THE LIGHT STRETCHES FROM US THE MORE THE LIGHT STRETCHES

TO LONGER WAVELENGTHS (RED SHIFT). TO LONGER WAVELENGTHS (RED SHIFT).

WHEN AN OBJECT IS APPROACHING, SHORTER WHEN AN OBJECT IS APPROACHING, SHORTER

WAVELENGTHS AND A BLUE SHIFT. MOST WAVELENGTHS AND A BLUE SHIFT. MOST

GALAXIES HAVE RED SHIFTS. ESTIMATING GALAXIES HAVE RED SHIFTS. ESTIMATING

DISTANCE AND VELOCITY, THE AGE OF THE DISTANCE AND VELOCITY, THE AGE OF THE

(89)

89 89

COSMOLOGY

 TIMELINE:TIMELINE:

 10 BILLION YEARS: FORMATION OF 10 BILLION YEARS: FORMATION OF MILKY WAY.

MILKY WAY.

 5 BILLION YEARS: FORMATION OF OUR 5 BILLION YEARS: FORMATION OF OUR SUN.

SUN.

 4.6 BILLION YEARS: FORMATION OF 4.6 BILLION YEARS: FORMATION OF EARTH.

(90)

COSMOLOGY

 3.8 BILLION YEARS: EARTHS CRUST 3.8 BILLION YEARS: EARTHS CRUST

SOLIDIFIES.

 3.5 BILLION YEARS: FIRST PROKARYOTIC 3.5 BILLION YEARS: FIRST PROKARYOTIC

CELL ORGANISMS.

 3 BILLION YEARS: BLUE GREEN ALGAE AND 3 BILLION YEARS: BLUE GREEN ALGAE AND

PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

(91)

91 91

COSMOLOGY

 1.5 BILLION YEARS: EUKARYOTIC CELL 1.5 BILLION YEARS: EUKARYOTIC CELL ORGANISMS.

ORGANISMS.

 545 MILLION YEARS: CAMBRIAN 545 MILLION YEARS: CAMBRIAN EXPLOSIAN.

EXPLOSIAN.

 490 MILLION YEARS: FISH, FIRST 490 MILLION YEARS: FISH, FIRST VERTEBRATES.

VERTEBRATES.

(92)

COSMOLOGY

 360 MILLION YEARS: SEED BEARING 360 MILLION YEARS: SEED BEARING

GYMNOSPERM PLANTS.

 340 MILLION YEARS: PRIMITIVE INSECTS.340 MILLION YEARS: PRIMITIVE INSECTS.  300 MILLION YEARS: RISE OF THE 300 MILLION YEARS: RISE OF THE

REPTILES.

 280 MILLION YEARS: SUPERCONTINENT 280 MILLION YEARS: SUPERCONTINENT

PANGAEA

(93)

93 93

COSMOLOGY

 225 MILLION YEARS: BREAK UP OF 225 MILLION YEARS: BREAK UP OF PANGAEA.

PANGAEA.

 213 MILLION YEARS: JURASSIC PERIOD.213 MILLION YEARS: JURASSIC PERIOD.  130 MILLION YEARS: ANGIOSPERMS 130 MILLION YEARS: ANGIOSPERMS

FLOWERING PLANTS.

 65 MILLION YEARS: EXTINCTION OF 65 MILLION YEARS: EXTINCTION OF DINOSAURS.

(94)

COSMOLOGY

 60 MILLION YEARS: RATS, MICE, AND 60 MILLION YEARS: RATS, MICE, AND

SQUIRRELS.

 50 MILLION YEARS: PRIMITIVE MONKEYS.50 MILLION YEARS: PRIMITIVE MONKEYS.  20 MILLION YEARS: CHIMPANZEE AND 20 MILLION YEARS: CHIMPANZEE AND

HOMINIDS.

 4 MILLION YEARS: DEVELOPMENT OF 4 MILLION YEARS: DEVELOPMENT OF

HOMINID BIPEDALISM.

(95)

95 95

COSMOLOGY

 2 MILLION YEARS: WIDESPREAD USE OF 2 MILLION YEARS: WIDESPREAD USE OF

STONE TOOLS.

 1 MILLION YEARS: FIRST FIRE MAKING BY 1 MILLION YEARS: FIRST FIRE MAKING BY

HUMANS.

 160 THOUSAND YEARS: FIRST MODERN 160 THOUSAND YEARS: FIRST MODERN

HUMANS (HOMOSAPIENS)

 50,000 YEARS: FIRST SOPHISTICATED 50,000 YEARS: FIRST SOPHISTICATED

HUNTING ACTIVITIES WITH TOOLS.

(96)

COSMOLOGY

 32,000 YEARS: FIRST RECORD OF CAVE 32,000 YEARS: FIRST RECORD OF CAVE PAINTINGS.

PAINTINGS.

 15,000 YEARS: ADOPTION OF 15,000 YEARS: ADOPTION OF AGRICULTURE.

AGRICULTURE.

(97)

97 97

COSMOLOGY

 1 AD: POPULATION: 170 MILLION.1 AD: POPULATION: 170 MILLION.  1622: SLIDE RULER1622: SLIDE RULER

 1876: BELL TELEPHONE1876: BELL TELEPHONE  1901: RADIO1901: RADIO

 1950: POPULATION: 2.5 BILLION1950: POPULATION: 2.5 BILLION  1968: INTERNET 4 HOSTS1968: INTERNET 4 HOSTS

(98)

COSMOLOGY

 2005: POPULATION: 6 BILLION AND 200 2005: POPULATION: 6 BILLION AND 200 MILLION INTERNET HOSTS.

(99)

99 99

COSMOLOGY

 73 MILLION PEOPLE ARE BORN EACH 73 MILLION PEOPLE ARE BORN EACH YEAR.

YEAR.

 56 MILLION PEOPLE DIE EACH YEAR.56 MILLION PEOPLE DIE EACH YEAR.  100 MILLION TREES ARE DESTROYED 100 MILLION TREES ARE DESTROYED

EACH YEAR JUST FOR JUNK MAIL.

 50,000 KITTENS AND PUPPIES ARE BORN 50,000 KITTENS AND PUPPIES ARE BORN EACH DAY. 7 MILLION DOGS AND CATS

EACH DAY. 7 MILLION DOGS AND CATS

ENTER ANIMAL SHELTERS EACH YEAR.

(100)

COSMOLOGY

 MAJOR RELIGIONS:MAJOR RELIGIONS:  CHRISTIAN: 2 BILLIONCHRISTIAN: 2 BILLION  ISLAM: 1.5 BILLIONISLAM: 1.5 BILLION

 HINDU: 900 MILLIONHINDU: 900 MILLION  BUDDIST: 376 MILLIONBUDDIST: 376 MILLION  JEWS: 14 MILLIONJEWS: 14 MILLION

(101)

101 101

COSMOLOGY

 60,000 WOMEN WERE BURNED AT THE 60,000 WOMEN WERE BURNED AT THE

STAKE FOR WITCHCRAFT.

 15,500 PEOPLE EXECUTED IN PRISON IN 15,500 PEOPLE EXECUTED IN PRISON IN

THE UNITED STATES FROM 1608 TO 2006.

 350,000 CHURCHES IN AMERICA.350,000 CHURCHES IN AMERICA.

 1999: 3.2 MILLION CASES OF CHILD 1999: 3.2 MILLION CASES OF CHILD

ABUSE.

(102)

COSMOLOGY

 WAR DEATHS:WAR DEATHS:

 WORLD WAR ONE: 20 MILLION KILLEDWORLD WAR ONE: 20 MILLION KILLED  WORLD WAR TWO: 35 MILLION KILLEDWORLD WAR TWO: 35 MILLION KILLED  KOREAN WAR: 10 MILLIONKOREAN WAR: 10 MILLION

(103)

103 103

COSMOLOGY

 2005: 37 MILLION PEOPLE LIVING IN 2005: 37 MILLION PEOPLE LIVING IN POVERTY.

POVERTY.

 2005: 800,000 PEOPLE ARE HOMELESS.2005: 800,000 PEOPLE ARE HOMELESS.  2007: 280,000 DEATHS DUE TO CANCER 2007: 280,000 DEATHS DUE TO CANCER

IN AMERICA.

 2004: 32,000 PEOPLE DIED FROM 2004: 32,000 PEOPLE DIED FROM SUICIDE.