ISSN 1307-234X RESEARCH ARTICLE © 2007 www.fisheriessciences.com ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
TWO NEW RECORDS FOR THE FISH FAUNA OF
LAKE SAPANCA BASIN (SAKARYA, TURKEY)
Müfit Özulu
ğ
1, Ali Serhan Tarkan
2∗, Özcan Gaygusuz
2and Çi
ğ
dem Gürsoy
31Istanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Vezneciler-34118 Istanbul/Turkey 2Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Ordu Cad. No: 200, 34470 Laleli, Istanbul/Turkey
3Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Natural and Applied Sciences Institute, 17100, Çanakkale/Turkey
Abstract:
Two freshwater fish species, Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) and Gambusia holbrookiGirard, 1859, were recorded for the first time from Lake Sapanca Basin. P. phoxinus were captured from Mahmudiye stream while G. holbrooki was captured from Maşukiye stream. The measural and meristic characters of the specimens were similar to those reported elsewhere for the species. P. phoxinus known as predator of trout’s eggs was caught in big numbers in same stream with Salmo trutta macrostigma. The inclusion of these species has increased the species list of fish fauna of Lake Sapanca.
Keywords: Lake Sapanca, new records, fish fauna, streams
∗Correspondence to: Ali Serhan Tarkan, Istanbul University, Faculty of Fisheries, Ordu Cad. No: 200, 34470 Laleli, Istanbul/Turkey. Tel: +90 212 455 57 00/16419, Fax: +90 212 514 03 79
Introduction
Lake Sapanca is one of the most important lakes in the Marmara Region of Turkey. Its water is used as a source of drinking water by the city and district of Adapazarı and as a rec-reational area. Although Lake Sapanca’s water is enriched by water from trout farms, which are common in this region, with more than thirty in the vicinity of the lake, it has an oligotrophic character (Albay et al., 2003).
Although its high species richness and im-portance of fisheries, fish fauna of Lake Sa-panca has poorly been studied. First fish re-cords were given in 1926 by Karekin Deveci-yan who reported the fish species which were brought to İstanbul Fish Market from Lake Sapanca (Deveciyan, 1926). Then, Kosswig and Battalgil (1943), Kosswig (1952), Numann (1958), Ladiges (1960), Ongan (1982), Rahe and Worthmann (1986), Karabatak and Ok-german (2002) and OkOk-german et al. (2006) gave more detailed lists of fish species from the lake. However, there has not been any study conducted on the fishes inhabiting the streams which feed the lake.
Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) is a cyprinid fish which prefers clear and cold run-ning waters, occurs occasionally in lakes. This fish species is known as predator of trout’s eggs and can consume them in high numbers. It may easily ascend the trout zones in running waters and become a significant threat for trout populations (Geldiay and Balık, 1996). Gam-busia holbrooki Girard, 1859 and Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard, 1853) are possibly one of the earliest deliberate introductions of freshwater fish in Turkey although there are no exact records of early introductions (İnnal and Erk’akan, 2006). Gambusia species were in-troduced to Lake Amik to control malaria (Öztürk and İkiz, 2004). These fish species were then distributed to all suitable water bodies in Turkey (Geldiay and Balık, 1996).
Our aim is to report these two unrecorded fish species for Lake Sapanca Basin. These fish species were obtained from ongoing pro-ject aimed to determine fish fauna of the streams flowing into the lake.
Materials and Methods
Study site
Lake Sapanca is located in the Marmara re-gion of north-west Turkey (40°41' to 40°30' N, 30°09' to 30°20' E) and one of the most im-portant lakes in the region in terms of fisheries, recreation and drinking water resource (Fig. 1). Its surface area is 46.8 km2 with a maximum
depth of 55 m. It is 30 m above sea level. 13 streams mainly flow into the lake namely, Karaçay, Yanık, Kurtköy, Mahmudiye, İ stan-bul, Maşukiye, Keçi, Sarp, Balıkhane, Eşme, Limon, Maden and Arifiye. The lake has one outlet (Çark).
The specimens examined in present study were collected by electroshocker and gill nets from Maşukiye and Mahmudiye streams.
We have chosen two or three different sam-pling stations on the streams based on their physical properties (i.e. stone or sandy, high or low velocity, slope situation). The samples were fixed and preserved in a 5% formaldehyde solution. Meristic counts and mensural measurements were made on the left side of each specimen.
Figure 1. Map of Lake Sapanca, *=sampling localities for to new records.
Results and Discussion
We found two new fish species from two streams which flow into the Lake Sapanca namely; P. phoxinus, and G. holbrooki. P. phoxinus was captured from Mahmudiye stream in 14 July 2006 while G. holbrooki
from Maşukiye stream in 02 June 2006.
Studies on the fish fauna in Lake Sapanca done by different researchers were tabulated in Ta-ble 1. Fish species reported in the present study were not previously recorded from Lake Sa-panca Basin, and thus constitutes new records. The individuals had all the distinguishing features of the species, including metric and meristic characters that agree with those re-ported for the species. See Figures 2-4 for gen-eral appearances and Table 2 for morphometric data of two new species recorded for the first time in the present study. Some of their diag-nostic features are as following;
Phoxinus phoxinus(Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: 14 July 2006, 11 specimens, Length: 39.6-55.8 mm SL
Diagnostic characteristics: Body elongate. Mouth small and subterminal. Upper jaw is a little longer than lower jaw. Head length longer than body depth. Dorsal and anal fins are slightly rounded. Caudal peduncle is long. 10 gill rakers on the first branchial arch; pharyn-geal teeth 5.1-1.5, dorsal fin rays III 71½; anal fin rays III 71½; pelvic fin rays I 13-15; ventral fin rays II 7. Colour: Body greenish, speckles
on whole body, randomly distributed black dots on flanks, belly light-yellow.
Ecology and Distribution: Lives in cold, running or still, yet well oxygenated waters over gravel substrate. Feeds on algae, plant debris, mollusks, crustaceans and insects. Spawning period is between May and June and reaches mature size at 2 or 3 years. Its distri-bution range is Eastern Europe and Northern Asia (Geldiay and Balık, 1996).
Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859
Material examined: 02 June 2006, 1 speci-men, Length: 19.8 mm SL
Diagnostic characteristics: Small fishes. Scales are large. Mouth is large and lower jaw is prominent. Eyes are large. Dorsal fin rays II 6; posterior edge of the joins of the first elon-gate anal fin ray in the males distinctly serrated (Fig. 3); lateral line scales 32. Colour: Body light grayish-brown; small speckles on body, dorsal and anal fins.
Table 1. Fish species found in Lake Sapanca according to different sources.
Family Fish Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X Atherinidae Atherina boyeri* Risso, 1810 X X X X X Clupeidae Alosa maeotica* Grimm, 1901 X X X X X X
Clupeonella abrau muhlisi* Neu, 1934 X X Cobitidae Cobitis vardarensis* Karaman, 1928 X X X X Nemacheilus angorae Steindachner, 1897 X X X Cyprinidae Abramis brama (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X
Alburnus albidus (Costa, 1938) X X
Alburnus alburnus (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X
Alburnoides bipunctatus (Bloch, 1782) X
Alvonus brunner? X
Aspius aspius (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X X X Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X X X X Carassius carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X X
Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) X
Chalcalburnus chalcoides (Güldenstädt, 1772) X X X X X X Chondrostoma angorense* Elvira, 1987 X
Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758 X X X X X X X Petroleuciscus borysthenicus* (Kessler, 1859) X X X X X
Rhodeus amarus* (Bloch, 1782) X X X X X X X
Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X X X X X Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X X X X X
Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X X
Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X
Varicorhinus tri? X
Vimba vimba (Linnaeus, 1758) X X X X X X X
Esocidae Esox lucius Linnaeus, 1758 X X X X X X X Gobiidae Knipowitschia caucasica* (Berg, 1916) X X X Neogobius gymnotrachelus* (Kessler, 1857) X X X X X Neogobius melanostomus* (Pallas, 1814) X X X X X
Neogobius syrman* (Nordmann, 1840) X
Neogobius fluviatilis* (Pallas, 1814) X X X X Proterorhinus marmoratus (Palas, 1814) X X X
Percidae Lepomis gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758) X
Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758 X X X X X Petromyzontidae Lampetra fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) X
Salmonidae Onchorhynchus mykiss* Walbaum, 1792 X X X Salmo trutta labrax Pallas, 1811 X
Salmo trutta macrostigma Dumeril, 1858 X
Siluridae Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 X X X X X X Syngnathidae Syngnathus abaster Risso, 1827 X X X
Syngnathus tenuirostris Rathke, 1837 X
Syngnathus nigrolineatus Eichwald, 1831 X X
1= Deveciyan (1926); 2= Kosswig and Battalgil (1943) 3= Numann (1958); 4= Ladiges (1960); 5= Ongan (1982); 6= Rahe and Worthmann (1986); 7= Ergüven (1989); 8=Karabatak and Okgerman (2002); 9= Okgerman et al. (2006)
Recent authorities were used for the fish species presented in the table. Species which the names were changed marked with an asterisk;
*Atherina mochon=Atherina boyeri; Caspialosa maeotica=Alosa maeotica; Cobitis taenia=Cobitis vardarensis;
Chalcalburnus chalcoides sapancae=Chalcalburnus chalcoides; Chondrostoma knerii=Chondrostoma angorense;
Leuciscus boysthenicus=Petroleuciscus boysthenicus; Leuciscus cephalus=Squalius cephalus; Rhodeus sericeus= Rhodeus amarus; Vimba vimba tenella=Vimba vimba; Gobius lacteus=Neogobius fluviatilis; Salmo gairdneri= Onchorhynchus mykiss; Meogobius gymnotrachilus=Neogobius gymnotrachelus; Gobius melanostomus=Neogobius melanostomus; Gobius syrman=Neogobius syrman; Bubyr caucasicus kosswigi, Pomatoschistus caucasicus kosswigi
=Knipowitschia caucasica.
? = Species which the names could not be found in the literature.
Table 2. Morphometric data of two new fish species caught from the streams of Lake Sapanca.
Figure 2. Gambusia holbrooki, 19.7 mm SL; Turkey:Lake Sapanca.
Figure 3. Gonopodium from Gambusia holbrooki; Turkey: Lake Sapanca
P.phoxinus (n=11) G. holbrooki (n=1)
mean min max SD
SL (mm) 49.2 39.6 55.8 5.13 19.8
in percents of SL
Head length 24.3 22.5 26.1 0.01 25.6
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin 22.5 19.7 25.3 0.02 17.8
Predorsal length 55.3 51.2 57.0 0.02 57.8
Preanal length 64.8 61.9 66.5 0.01 41.5
Depth of caudal peduncle 10.4 9.1 11.2 0.01 14.5
Length of caudal peduncle 25.9 24.5 27.2 0.01 54.8
in percent of HL
Head depth at eye 53.7 48.7 56.0 0.03 46.6
Snout length 29.8 25.8 33.0 0.03 31.8
Eye diameter 27.3 23.7 32.2 0.03 33.4
Figure 4. Phoxinus phoxinus, 11.5 mm SL; Turkey: Lake Sapanca. Two fish species reported in the present
study were caught from the streams which flow into the Lake Sapanca. In Turkey, P. phoxinus is known from Thrace region and Anatolia (Polonezköy, Sakarya Basin and northeast Black Sea region (Geldiay and Balık, 1996). We found this species in quite big num-bers in all zones along the Mahmudiye stream. This finding would suggest that there is a habitat overlap between Salmo trutta mac-rostigma (Dumeril 1858) and P. phoxinus in the stream. However, we do not know that occurrence of P. phoxinus population has con-sumed eggs of naturally isolated S. t. mac-rostigma and destructive effect on the popula-tion of this species. Further studies are cer-tainly needed to better understand interactions between these co-occurring fish species in the stream.
Gambusia species prefer slow flowing wa-ters and high vegetation (Rupp, 1997). Indeed, we caught one specimen in mouth of Maşukiye stream which had almost stagnant water on that time (02 June 2006). In Turkey, even though there have been many reports on G. affinis, only recent studies (Kuru, 2004; Özuluğ et al., 2005a and 2005b; Tarkan et al., 2006) reported presence of G. holbrooki. This species separated from G. affinis with the pos-terior edge of the joints of the first elongate anal fin rays in the males was distinctly ser-rated as proposed by Berg (1949b) and Rauchenberger (1989). These teeth are absent in G. affinis. Tortonose (1970) and Spillmann (1961) also described this species-specific characteristic. This feature which distinguishes
tioned in Özuluğ et al. (2005a). This fact sug-gests that G. holbrooki might have been wrongly identified as G. affinis so far. For this reason, a comprehensive taxonomic revision is quite necessary for Gambusia species living in Turkish waters.
We presume that P. phoxinus and G. hol-brooki have not been found so far due to ab-sence of detailed study in the streams of Lake Sapanca. Some researchers caught several fish species from the streams based on few surveys. For instance; Ergüven (1989) recorded Lam-petra fluviatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) from Yanık and Kurtköy streams. We found one larval specimen of a Lampetra species from Yanık stream during our fish surveys in the streams last year. However, we could not identify it as our sample was not adult individual which is necessary for definite identification. Kux and Steiner (1972) reported only Lampetra lanceolata for the first time from Black Sea coast of Turkey. However, L. fluviatilis has never been reported from Black Sea coast and Turkey with exception of Ergüven (1989). It has mostly been cited in Europe (coastal wa-ters and rivers of north-western Mediterranean Sea, along European Atlantic coast, North Sea and the whole of Baltic Sea) (Vladykov, 1984). This fact indicates that more detailed studies are needed regarding identification of Lampetra species in Lake Sapanca and Turkey as well.
Conclusion
its inlets and outlets. Especially, there seems to be a big gap on the fishes inhabiting in the streams of the lake. This suggests that fish fauna of Lake Sapanca Basin should be exten-sively studied in detail to determine latest situation.
Acknowledgments
We are deeply indebted to Adnan Sümer, Güneş Emir, Murat Aliefendioğlu, Pelin Saliha Çiftçi for their help in sample collection in the field.
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