PREFACE
After a great endevor WBSEBEA has published this tech-nical
diary with the profound support & contribution from different
members at all level. West Bengal Engineers' Association
invites valuable suggestions from our member towards
enrichment of the knowledge base technical diary in the next
version. Any error which has been inadvertently incorporated in
this diary may be communicated to this end for future
guidance.
Secretary
West Bengal State Electricity Board
Engineers' Association
INDEX
Content
Page No.
1. Year Callender
4
2. STD Code No.
5
3. I.S.D.
7
4. World time Chart
9
5. Air Distance
10
6. Road Distance
11
7. Greetings
12
8. National information
13
9. Festivals
14
10. Conversion facter
15
11. Graphical symbols.
16
12. Priliminaries of Tower loading concept
18
13. Concept of Tower foundation
25
14. Drawing for 220kv & above transmission system.
43
15. 132/220/440 kv transmission system.
44
16. Typical substation equipment specification
48
17. Typical F.L. current rating of transformer.
50
18. Amorphous core transformer
50
19. 33/11 kv substation (Indoor type)
51
20. 33/11 kv of substation (out door type)
52
21. Basic technology of functional details of transformer
54
22. Transformer testing
73
23. Transformer protection.
80
24. Inspection & maintenance schedule of transformer & circuit breaker
98
25. Maintenance scheduleof transforemr equipments.
105
26. Test report of transformer
109
27. Test report of CB
114
28. Significance of importance of tests of transformer oil.
116
29. Online reclamation of transformer oil
126
30. DBPC oxident for reclaimed transformer oil.
130
31. Mixing of transformer oil.
132
32. Approximate requirement of major materials for R.E. works.
135
33. Typical S/C data for 33/11 kv Transformer
138
34. Clearance
140
35. Gap setting
142
36. Relays
147
37. Earthing
184
39.Multiplying ftactor for calculating size of capacitor
202
40. Regulation constant for overhead line.
204
41. Transformer loss calculation
205
42. Surge impedence & economic loading of a overhead line.
210
43. Fuse wire rating
211
44. Cable rating
212
45. Current rating of motor.
218
46. Current rating of Almunium conductor
219
47. Permissible span of overhead lines.
224
48. Weight of materials .
225
49. Wattage of electrical domestic appliances.
228
50. Rating of electrical equipments.
229
51. Assessment of bills incase of L & MV consumers.
232
52.Conversion factor MVA. Vs. AMPS.
233
53. Trouble shooting of felxicom type MRI
234
54., Trouble shooting of Analogic type MRI.
236
55. Display item of ABB Meter
238
56. Accucheck Meter connection diagram
240
57. Data for civil work
243
58. Planning of Building
244
59. Salient features by WBSERC
246
60. VSAT Technology
250
61. Network security
254
YEAR - 2006
January February March April May June
Week 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Monday 2 9 16 23 1 8 15 22 29 7 14 21 27 4 11 18 25 30 2 9 16 23 6 13 20 27 Tuesday 3 10 17 24 2 9 16 23 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 31 3 10 17 24 7 14 21 28 Wednesday 4 11 18 25 3 10 17 24 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 Thursday 5 12 19 26 4 11 18 25 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 Friday 6 13 20 27 5 12 19 26 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 Saturday 7 14 21 28 6 13 20 27 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 Sunday 1 8 15 22 29 7 14 21 28 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26
July August September October November December
Monday 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 31 3 10 17 24 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 Tuesday 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 Wednesday 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 Thursday 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 1 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 Friday 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 2 9 16 23 30 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 Saturday 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 3 10 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 Sunday 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 4 11 18 25 2 9 16 23 30 6 13 20 27 4 11 18 25
STD CODE NO
Baroda (GUJ) 0265 Basti 05542 Begun 01474 Begusarai 06342 Belgaum 0831 Berhampur (Orissa) 0680 Berhampur (WB) 03482 Bhabhua 06189 Bhadarak 06784 Bhagalpur 0641 Bhandara 07184 Bhavnagar 0278 Bhawani Patna 06670 Bhilai 0788 Bhilwara 01482 Bhopal 0755 Bhubaneswar 0674 Bhusawal 02582 Bijapur 08352 Bikaner 0151 Bilaspur (MP) 07752 Bokaro Steel 06542 Bolangir 06652 Bolpur 03463 Bulandshahar 05732 Bongaigaon 03664 Burdwan 0342 Burla 066382 Buxar 06183 C Calicut 0495 Cambay 02698 Cannanore 0497 Chakdah 03473 Champa 07819 Chandanpur 06752 Chandigarh 0172 Chandipur 06785 Chandrapur (MP) 07172 Chanchal 03513 Chapra 06152 Chas 06548 Chatrapati 045685 Chennai 044 Chatrapur 06811 Chidambaram 04144 Chirala 08594 Chittaranjan 0341 Chittore (A.P) 08572 Chittorgarh 01472 Chowdwar 0671792 Chowk 02146 Cochin 0484 Coimbatore 0422 D Dadri 05737 Dalhousie 01899 Daltongunj 06562 Daman 02636 Danapur (PT) 0612 Darbhanga 06272 Darjeeling 0354 Deesa 02744 Dehradun 0135 Dehari on Sone 06128 Deogarh 06641 Deoghar 06432 Dewas 07272 Dhanbad 0326 Diphu 03671 Dhubri 03662 Diamondharbour 03174 Dibrugarh 0373 Digha 03220 Dimapur 03862 Dispur (GH) 0361 Durg 0788 Durgapur 0343 Dwaraka 02892 E Elnaji 04858 Eluru 08812 Erapatty 0428685 Ernakulam 0484 Erode 0424 Etawah 05682 F Faizabad 05272 Falta 031722 Faridabad 0129 Faridkot 01639 Fatehpur (UP) 0518 Ferozepur 01632 Ferozabad 05618 G Gadwal 08546 Gandhinagar (GUJ) 02712 Gandhinagar 0481 Gangotri 01377 Gangtok 03592 Ganjam 06811 Gaya 0631 Gazipur 0548 Ghatal 03225 Ghatkesar 084152 Giridih 06532 Gudawal 074824 Gulmarg 01953 Guntur 0863 Gurazala 08649 Gurgaon 01272 Guwahati 0361 Gwalior 0751 H Hailakandi 03844 Haflong 03673 Haldia 03224 Hamirpur (UP) 05282 Hapur 0122 Hardoi 05852 Haridar 0133 Hassan 08172 Hathras 05722 Haveri 08375 Hazaribagh 06546 Hazipur (BIHAR) 06224 Hissar 01662 Hojai 03674 Hospet 08394 Hossur 08337 Husnabad 08721 Hyderabad 040 I Ichalkaranji 0230 Imphal 03852 Indore 0731 Islampur (MH) 02342 Ismailabad 01744 Itanagar 0360 Itarsi 07572 J Jabalpur 0761 Jagalpur 07782 Jagadishpur (Sultan)05362 Jagatpur 0671 Jaipur (Raj) 0141 Jalgaon 0257 Jallundhar 0181 Jammu 0191 Jamshedpur 0657 Jarora 07414 Jaunpur 05452 Jeypore 06854 Jhansi 05172 Jharia 0326 Jharsuguda 06645 Jhumritilaiya 06534 Jhunjhunu 01592 A Abohar 01634 Adipur 0283686 Adilabad 08732 Adoni 08512 Adoor 04734 Agartala 0381 Agra 0562 Ahmedabad 079 Ahmednagar 0241 Aizwal 0389 Ajmer 0145 Akbarpur (up) 05111 Akola 0724 Alamuru 08853-82 Alibaug 02141 Aligarh 0571 Alipurduar 03561-55 Allahabad 0532 Alleppy 0477 Almora 05962 Alur 08172 Alwar 0144 Amlapurum 08856 Amravati (MP) 0721 Ambaji 02749 Ambala 0171 Ambikapur 07774 Amethi 0536 Amritsar 0183 Anmand 02692 Anant Nag 01932 Anavatti 08184 Asansol 0341 Aska 06822 Attur 04282 Aurangabad (BR) 06186 Aurangabad (MH) 0240 Ayodhya 05276 Azamgarh 0546 B Baad 08386 Badarpur 03845 Badrinath 01381 Bagdogra 0353 Bakreswar 034667 Balaghat 07632 Balasore 06782 Balia 0549 Ballarpur 07174 Ballavipur 02841 Banda (UP) 0519 Bangalore 080 Bankura 03242STD CODE NO
K Kakdwip 03210 Kakinada 0884 Kalimpong 03552 Kalka 017852 Kalunga (RKL) 06619 Kanchipuram 04112 Kannauj 05694 Kanyakumari 04652 Kanpur 0512 Kapurthala 01822 Karimnagar 08722 Karimganj 03843 Karnal 0184-72 Kashipur 05947 Katihar 06452 Katni 07622 Khajuraho 076861 Khamaria 05416 Khammam 08742 Khanna 01622 Kharagpur 03222 Khurda 06755 Khurja 05738 Kisanganj 06456 Kodaikanal 04542 Kohima 04866 Kolhapur 0231 Kolkata 033 Koraput 06852 Korba 07759 Kota 0744 Krishnagar 03472 Kundara 04755 Kurnool 08518 Kurseong 03554 Kyalanur 08152 L Lanka 0367485 Latur 02382 Lucknow 0522 Ludhiana 0161 Lumding 036746 M Madhubani 06276 Madurai 0452 Mahabaleshwar 02168 Mahabalipuram 04113 Maharajgung (up) 05523 Maina (MP) 07560 Maldah 03512 Malkapuram 0891 Mangalore (PCR) 08534 Mangalore 0824 Mani 08255 Manipal (Udipi) 08252 Masauri 06129 Masur (SMO) 08376 Mathura 0565 Mayapur (W.B) 03472 Merut 0121 How 073183 Midnapore 03222 Mirzapur 05442 Moghalsarai 05412 Mohara 0171 Mokama 06133 Monghyr 06344 Moradabad 0591 Moranhat 037543 Mumbai 022 Motihari 06252 Mussoorie 01362 Muzaffarpur 0621 Muzaffar Nagar 0131 Mysore 0821 N Nagarcoil 04652 Nagpur 0712 Naini 0532 Nainital 05942 Nalanda 061194 Nalbari 03624 Nandikal 08159-86 Narasannapeta 08942 Nasik 0253 N awada 06324 New Bongaigaon 03664 New Delhi 011 Nizamabad 08462 Noida 0577 Nowgaon 03672 North Lakhimpur 03752 O Obaa 05445 Okha 02892 Ooty 0423 Osmanabad 02472 Ozar 02533 P Paburia 06847 Palghat 0491 Panagarh bazar 0343 Panaje 08251 Panduah 09113 Panipath 01742 Paradeep 06722 Pathankot 0186 Patialala 0175 Patina 0612 Phagwara 01824 Pilibhit 05882 Pondicherry 0413 Portblair 03192 Pratap Garh 05342 Premnagar 013583 Pune 020 Puri 06752 Purnia 06454 Purulia 03252 Puttur (Kerala) 08251 Q Quilandy 04961 Quilon 0474 R Raibareilly 0535 Raichur 08532 Raigarh 07762 Raipur (MP) 0771 Rajahmundry 0683 Rajgar (MP) 07372 Rajganjpur 06624 Rajgir 06119 Rajkot 0281 Rajnagar 06729 Rameswaram 04573 Ramgarh Cantt. 06553 Rajganjpur 06624 Ramnagar 05419 Ranchi 0651 Raniganj 0341 Ratlam 07412 Raxaul 06255 Rayagade 06856 Renukut 054461 Rewa 07662 Rishkesh 0136-4-11 Rohtak 01262 Roorkee 01332 Rourkella 0661 Rupanarayanpur 03444 S Sagar 08183 Sagar (MP) 07582 Sahugunj 06436 Saidapur 08473 Salem 0427 Samastipur 06274 Sambalpur 0663 Sanglo 0233 Satana 02555 Satna 07672 Secunderabad 040 Seoni 07692 Shahjhanpur 05842 Shaktinagar (VS) 054463 Shillong 0364 Sibsagar 03772 Silchar 03842 Siugguri 0353 Simla 0177 Sindri 06544 Sirsa (UP) 053289 Sitamarhi 06226 Swan 06154 Sonepat 01264 S rinagar 0194 Srirampur 02422 Sundargarh 06622 Surat 0261 Suri 03462 T Taccode 08253 Tajpur 062752 Talchar 06765 Tanuku 08819 Tezu 03804 Tejpur 03712 Thal 021433 Thane 022 Tinsukia 0374 Tiruneveli 0462 Tirupati 08574 Tiruvellore 04116 Trichur 0487 Trivandrum 0471 Triveni 03167 Tumkur 0816 Tundla 05611 Tura 03651 Tuticorin 0461 U Uchagaon 0831 Udaipur 0294 Udhampur 01992 Udipi (Monipal) 08252 Ujjain 0734 Ullal 0824 Uliasnagar 0251 Unnao 0515 Upleta 02826 Utkamong (Ooti) 0423 Uttarkashi 01374 V Vadipatti 04543 Vapi 02638 Vairag 02184 Valakom 047570 Valliur 04637 Varanasi 0542 Vashi 022 Vasko 08345 Vellore 0416 Vijayawada 0866 Visavadar 02873 Visakhapatnam 0891 Vissannapet 086737 Vizianagram 08922 Virindaban 05664 W Wardha 07152 Warora 071763 Whitefield 08045 Wokha 0386 Y Yamunanagar 01732 Yamunotri 01379 Yeotmal 07232 Z Zaheerabad 084512ISD CODE NO
Country Code City Code
Greece 30 Athens 1 Piraesus 1 Guyana 592 Corprivertion 39 Georgetown 2 New Amsterdam 3 Hongkong 852 Hongkay 1 Hungary 36 Budapest 1 Derbrecer 32 Imonesia 62 Ban 361 jakapta 21 Iran 98 Asara 631 Mashar 51 Iraq 964 Baghdad 1 Babylon 30 Nastriya 42 Israel 972 Bethlehem 2 Jerusalem 2 Ramalla 2 Itally 39 Rome 6 Malano 2 Japan 81 Kyoto 75 Osaka 6 Tokyo 3 Yokohama 45 Jordan 962 Amman 6 Kenya 254 Nairobi 2
Korea (South) 82 Pusan 51
Seoul 2
Kuwait 965 Kuwait
-Iebanonl 961 Grand Beirut 1
Zahle 8
Iibya 218 Benina 63
Sabh 71
Sert 54
Macedonia 389 Skopje 91
Country Code City Code
Angola 244 Luanda 2
Argentina 54 Buenos Aires 1
Cordoka 51 Mendoza 61 Australia 61 Ad elaide 8 Brisbane 7 Melbourne 3 Sydney 2 Perth 9 Bangladesh 880 Bogra 51 Dhaka 2 Khulna 41 Belgium 32 Antwerp 3 Bhutan 975 Brazil 55 Brasilia 61 Rio De Janeiro 21 Burma 95 Mandalay 2 Rangoon 1 Canada 1 Chawa 613 Chile 56 Toronto 416 Conception 42 Santiago 2 Beijng 1 SChina Shangae 21 Colombia 57 Medlin 4 Cuba 53 Havana 7 Denmark 45 Aalborg 8 Horsens 5 Naestved 3 Egypt 20 Alexandria 3 Cairo 2 Port Said 66 Fiji 679 Suya 1 France 33 Paris 1 Germany 49 Berlin 30
ISD CODE NO
Mexico 52 Acapuloo 746 Mexico city 5 Namibia 264 Industira 61 Tsumlo 671 Nepal 977 Kathmandu -Netherlands 31 Amsterdam 20 Holland 1747New Zealand 64 Aukland 9
Hamilton 71 Ellington 4 Nigeria 234 Abuja 9 Lagos 1 Norway 47 Oslo 2 Oman 968 Musoat -Pakistan 92 Islamabad 51 Karachi 21 Lahore 42 Rawalpindi 51 Peru 51 Areouota 54 Lima14 pOLANO 48 Bedzin 33 Sopot 58 qATAR 974 Doha -Rowna 40 Buzao 31 Oradea 91 Russia 7 Moscow 095 St. Piherbuze 812 Saudi Arabia 966 Al Khobar 3
Damman 3
Layla 1
Senegal 221 Dahar
-Singapore 65 Singapore
-Somalia 252 Mogadisclo 1
South Africa 27 Cape Town 21
Pretoria 12
Johannesburg 11
Country Code City Code Country Code City Code
Spain 34 Badalona 3
Vigo 86
Sri Lanka 94 Colombo 1
Sudan 249 Medani 51 Port Sudan 31 Switzerland 41 Berne 31 Geneva 22 Zurich 1 Taiwan 886 Taichung 4 Taipel 2 Thailand 66 Bangkok 2 Thonbiri 2 Turkey 90 Anhara 41 Uganda 256 Entebbe 42 Undant 7 Kier 044 U.A.E. 971 Abudhabi 2 Dubai 4 Sharjah 6
United Kingdom 44 Birmingham 21
Bristol 272 London (Inner) 71 London (Outer) 81 Manchester 61 USA 1 Alaska 907 Chicago 312 Newyork 212 Hollywood 218 Lasvegas (ny) 702 Phladefhia 215 San Francisco 415 Washington DC 202 Uzbekistan 7 Tashrent 37 Venezuela 58 Carasas 2 Varacay 43 Vietnam 84 HB-
-Yugos Lavia 381 Belgrade 11
Country +/- Hours (IST)
Abudhabi (United Arab Emirates) -1½ 10.30 am Addis Abada (Ethopia) -2½ 9.30 am Amsterdam (Netherlands) -4½ 7.30 am Anchorage (Alaska) -22 2.00 pm Antigoa (West Indies) -9½ 2.30 am
Athens (Greece) -3½ 8.30 am
Auckland (New Zealand) +6½ 6.30 am
Baghdad (Iraq) -2½ 9.30 am
Bahrain -1½ 10.30 am
Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei) +2½ 2.30 pm Bangkok (Thailand) +1½ 1.30 pm Barbados (West Indies) -9½ 2.30 am
Beirut (Lebanon) -3½ 8.30 am Bermuda -9½ 2.30 am Blantyre (Malawi) -3½ 8.30 am Bagota (Colombia) -10½ 1.30 am Boston (USA) -10½ 1.30 am Brisbane (Australia) +4½ 4.30 PM Brussels (Belgium) -4½ 7.30 am Budapest (Hungary) -4½ 7.30 am Cairo (Egypt) -3½ 8.30 am Caracas (Venezuela) -8½ 2.30 am Chicago (Usa) -11½ 12.30 am
Colombo (Srilanka) — 12.00 noon Copenhegen (Denmark) -4½ 7.30 am Dacca (Bangladesh) +½ 12.30 pm Damascus (Syria) - 3½ 8.30 am Daes Salam (Tanzania) - 2½ 9.30 am Darwin (Australia) +4 4.00 pm
Delhi (India) 12.00 noon
Detroit (USA) -10½ 1.30 am
Dhahran (Saudia Arabia) -2½ 9.30 am
Doha (Qatar) -2½ 9.30 am
Dubai (United Arab Emirates) -11½ 0.30 am
Entebbe (Uganda) -2½ 0.30 am Frankeurt (Germany) -4½ 7.30 am Freeport (Bahamas) -10½ 1.30 am Georgetown (Guyana) -9½ 2.45 am Hong Kong +2½ 2.30 pm Honolulu (Hawai) -22 2.00 pm Khartoum (Sudan) -3½ 8.30 am
Kolkata (India) -12.00 noon
Kingston (Jamaica) -10½ 1.30 am Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) +2 2.00 pm
Kuwait -2½ 9.30 am
Leningrand (USSR) -3½ 6.30 am
Lima (Peru) -10½ 1.30 am
London (England) -5½ 6.30 am Los Angeles (USA) -13½ 10.30 am
Lusaka (Zambia) -3½ 8.30 am
Madrid (Spain) -4½ 7/.30 am
Mauritius -1½ 10.30 am
Melbourne (Australia) +4½ 4.30 pm Mexico City (Mexico) -12 12.00midnig
Miami (USA) -10½ 1.30 am
Montreal (Canada) -10½ 1.30 am
Mumbai (India) 12.00 noon
Nairobi (Nenya) -2½ 9.30 am
Nadi (Fiji) +6½ 6.30 pm
Nassau (Bahamas) -10½ 1.30 am New York (USA) -10½ 1.30 am Nicosia (Cyprus) -3½ 8.30 am Osaka (Japan) +3½ 3.30 pm Oslo (Norway) -4½ 7.30 am Panama City (P.R.) -10½ 1.30 pm Paris (France) -4½ 7.30 am Perth (Australia) +2½ 2.30 pm Philadelphia (Usa) -10½ 1.30 am Prague (Czechoslovakia) -4½ 7.30 am Rangoon (Burma) +1 1.00 pm Rome (Italy) -4½ 7.30 am
St. Lucia (West Indies) -9½ 2.30 am
Seychelles -1½ 10.30 am
Singapore +2 2.00 pm
Stockholm (Sweden) -4½ 7.30 am Sydney (Australia) +4.½ 4.30 pm Tel Aviv (Israel) -3½ 9.30 am
Tokyo (Japan) +3½ 3.30 pm
Toronto (Canada) -10½ 1.30 am Trinidad (West Indies) -9½ 2.30 am
Country +/- Hours (IST)
WORLD TIME CHART
AIR DISTANCES
DISTANCE SHOWN IN THOUSAND KILOMETERS
1 KILOMETER = 0.621 MILE
Amsterdam — 2.2 18.1 4.8 9.2 6.9 5.2 0.4 9.3 11.4 10.2 0.4 7.9 10.4 16.5 9.0 0.4 14.1 1.3 8.6 10.5 16.6 13.7 9.3 0.6 Athens 2.2 — 17.5 2.8 7.9 5.2 3.3 1.8 8.5 9.8 8.7 2.4 6.2 9.6 14.9 9.3 2.1 12.3 1.1 8.3 9.0 15.3 9.0 9.5 1.6 Auckland 18.1 17.5 — 14.7 9.6 12.3 14.2 18.2 9.1 7.6 8.7 18.4 11.3 8.0 2.6 9.0 18.6 5.3 18.4 9.6 8.4 2.2 8.9 8.8 18.4 Bahrain 4.8 2.8 14.7 — 5.4 2.4 0.5 4.4 6.4 7.0 6.0 5.1 3.4 7.4 12.1 8.5 4.8 9.5 3.9 7.1 6.3 12.5 6.5 8.3 4.3 Bangkok 9.2 7.9 9.6 5.4 — 3.0 4.9 9.0 1.7 2.3 1.2 9.5 2.2 2.2 7.4 4.2 9.4 5.4 8.8 3.7 1.4 7.5 2.5 4.6 9.0 Mumbai 6.9 5.2 12.3 2.4 3.0 — 1.9 6.6 4.3 4.7 3.6 7.2 1.0 5.1 9.8 6.3 7.0 7.3. 6.2 5.6 3.9 10.1 5.0 6.7 6.5 Dubai 5.2 3.3 14.2 0.5 4.9 1.9 — 4.8 6.0 6.6 5.5 5.5 2.9 6.9 11.6 7.6 5.2 9.0 4.3 6.8 5.8 12.0 6.6 7.9 4.8 Frankfurt 0.4 1.8 18.2 4.4 9.0 6.6 4.8 — 9.2 11.2 9.9 0.7 7.6 10.3 16.3 9.2 0.5 13.8 1.0 8.6 10.3 16.5 9.4 9.4 0.3 Hong Kong 9.3 8.5 9.1 6.4 1.7 4.3 6.0 9.2 — 3.3 2.5 9.6 3.8 1.1 7.4 2.5 0.6 6.0 9.3 2.2 2.6 7.4 0.8 2.9 9.3 Jakarta 11.4 9.8 7.6 7.0 2.3 4.7 6.6 11.2 3.3 — 1.2 11.7 3.6 2.8 5.2 5.8 11.6 3.0 10.9 5.5 0.9 5.3 3.7 5.8 11.1 Kuala Lumpur 10.2 8.7 8.7 6.0 1.2 3.6 5.5 9.9 2.5 1.2 — 10.6 2.6 2.5 6.4 4.6 10.4 4.2 9.7 4.6 0.3 6.6 3.2 5.3 10.0 London 0.4 2.4 18.4 5.1 9.5 7.0 5.5 0.7 9.6 11.7 10.6 — 8.2 10.8 16.9 9.5 0.4 14.5 1.4 8.9 10.9 17.0 9.8 9.6 0.8 Chennai 7.9 6.2 11.3 3.4 2.2 1.0 2.9 7.6 3.8 3.6 2.6 8.2 — 4.8 8.8 6.1 8.0 6.3 7.2 5.9 2.9 9.1 4.7 6.8 7.6 Manila 10.4 9.6 8.0 7.4 2.2 5.1 6.9 10.3 1.1 2.8 2.5 10.8 4.8 — 6.3 2.7 10.8 4.9 10.4 2.5 2.4 6.3 1.0 3.0 10.4 Melbourne 16.5 14.9 2.6 12.1 7.4 9.8 11.6 16.3 7.4 5.2 6.4 16.9 8.8 6.3 — 7.8 16.8 2.7 16.0 8.3 6.0 4.0 7.5 8.2 16.3 Osaka 9.0 9.3 9.0 8.5 4.2 6.3 7.6 9.2 2.5 5.8 4.6 9.5 6.1 2.7 7.8 — 9.6 8.0 9.7 0.8 4.9 7.8 1.7 0.4 9.4 Paris 0.4 2.1 18.6 4.8 9.4 7.0 5.2 0.5 9.6 11.6 10.4 0.4 8.0 10.8 16.8 9.6 — 14.3 1.1 0.0 10.7 17.0 9.8 9.7 0.5 Perth 14.1 12.3 5.3 9.5 5.4 7.3 9.0 13.8 6.0 3.04.2 14.5 6.3 4.9 2.7 8.0 14.3 — 13.3 5.0 3.9 3.3 6.4 8.5 13.8 Rome 1.3 1.1 18.4 3.9 8.8 6.2 4.3 1.0 9.3 10.9 9.7 1.4 7.2 10.4 16.0 9.7 1.1 13.3 — 9.0 10.0 16.0 9.6 99 0.7 Seoul 8.6 8.3 9.6 7.1 3.7 5.6 6.8 8.6 2.2 5.5 4.6 8.9 5.9 2.5 8.3 0.8 9.0 5.0 9.00 — 4.7 8.7 1.5 1.2 8.8 Singapore 10.5 9.0 8.4 6.3 1.4 3.9 5.8 10.3 2.6 0.9 0.3 10.9 2.9 2.4 6.0 4.9 10.7 3.9 10.0 4.7 — 4.0 3.2 5.3 10.3 Sydney 16.6 15.3 2.2 12.5 7.5 10.1 12.0 16.5 7.4 5.5 6.6 17.0 9.1 6.3 0.7 7.8 17.0 3.3 16.3 8.7 6.3 — 7.3 7.8 166 Taipei 13.7 9.0 8.9 6.5 2.5 5.0 6.6 9.4 0.8 3.7 3.2 9.8 4.7 1.0 7.5 1.7 9.8 6.4 9.6 1.5 3.2 — — 2.1 9.6 Tokyo 9.3 9.5 8.8 8.3 4.6 6.7 7.9 9.4 2.9 5.8 5.3 9.6 6.8 3.0 8.2 0.4 9.7 8.5 9.9 1.2 5.3 — 2.1 — 9.6 Zurich 0.6 1.6 18.4 4.3 9.0 6.5 4.8 0.3 9.3 11.1 10.0 0.8 7.6 10.4 16.3 9.4 0.5 13.8 0.7 8.8 10.8 16.6 9.5 9.16 —ROAD DISTANCE OF MAJOR CITIES
AGARTALA 3305 3824 2286 2998 3493 4304 2708 3330 2891 2801 2281 1863 2252 3593 2696 3365 3507 1681 3661 3442 AGRA 855 1819 1556 449 1957 2278 200 1253 691 230 290 1242 369 1208 785 1005 1715 885 2119 1229 AHMEDABAD — 1514 1829 1135 1848 1832 886 1220 442 625 1168 2006 1133 552 999 504 1165 1656 1818 675 ALLAHABAD 1207 1652 1102 892 1790 2216 643 1086 803 673 193 799 237 1444 618 1155 1419 402 1952 1465 AMRITSAR 1332 2453 2202 223 2603 3011 446 1899 1258 707 926 1888 945 1854 1431 1665 2237 1531 2765 1875 ASANSOL 1842 2187 523 1503 1857 2544 1262 1693 1394 1304 789 226 825 2040 1122 1746 2300 395 2024 1955 BANGALORE 1514 - 1430 2268 334 546 2019 556 1601 2049 1855 1883 1900 1033 1034 1035 440 2071 303 839 BARODA 119 1408 1604 1181 1739 1763 1151 1127 379 789 1230 1937 1311 433 774 457 1158 1582 1735 454 BHOPAL 571 1379 1175 990 1517 1925 741 813 191 735 585 1456 703 789 345 605 1143 1016 1679 810 BHUBANESWAR 1829 1430 - 1994 1225 1895 1745 1063 1335 1775 1283 480 1266 1691 830 1516 1455 862 1387 1608 CALICUT 1648 520 1923 2741 715 222 2494 910 1998 2523 2260 2346 2339 1171 1483 1193 576 2476 566 984 CHANDIGARH 1135 2268 1994 - 2406 2814 248 1702 1053 510 661 1691 748 1657 1234 1466 2028 1332 1568 1678 CHENNAI 1848 334 1225 2406 - 669 2157 704 1795 2187 2049 1678 2038 1367 1172 1366 909 2096 162 1173 COCHIN 1832 546 1895 2814 669 - 2565 112 1804 2457 2385 2347 2446 1351 1580 1390 798 2601 548 1169 COIMBATORE 1669 333 1633 2669 426 195 2412 912 1964 2369 2218 2057 2297 1192 1441 1241 800 2434 410 1005 DELHI 886 2019 1754 248 2157 2565 - 1453 806 263 481 1442 569 1408 985 1220 1782 1086 2319 1429 GWALIOR 852 1700 1496 568 1834 2246 319 1134 497 351 280 1232 359 1085 666 891 1467 406 2000 1110 HUBLI 1101 391 1620 2101 638 774 1854 486 1060 1060 1772 2032 1851 641 995 646 190 1998 653 437 HYDERABAD 1220 566 1063 1702 704 1112 1453 - 999 1483 1253 1516 1334 739 468 754 765 1469 865 545 IMPHAL 3067 3489 2100 2752 3298 4035 2503 2923 2744 2533 2134 1620 1979 3316 2455 3218 3360 1534 3460 337 INDORE 442 1601 1355 1052 1795 1804 806 999 - 405 689 1620 768 589 445 414 1115 1205 1963 523 JABALPUR 901 1335 1087 1046 1529 1885 800 733 589 845 543 1167 584 1143 257 943 1088 736 1697 1003 JAIPUR 625 2049 1775 510 2187 2457 263 1483 405 - 917 1472 298 1176 1015 1248 1488 1115 2300 1300 JAMSHEDPUR 1870 1842 439 1566 1637 2306 1317 1578 1477 1347 867 308 838 1958 1097 1788 2229 473 1799 979 JULIANDUR 1285 2416 2413 154 2617 3082 375 1821 1171 891 855 1869 868 1778 1354 1591 2146 1460 2785 791 KANPUR 1168 1855 1283 661 2049 2385 481 1253 689 517 - 1010 79 1278 777 1103 1813 596 2217 1312 KOLHAPUR 911 484 1622 1910 910 934 1664 578 870 1518 1779 2045 1858 426 1050 456 2091 2047 907 247 KOLKATA 2006 1883 480 1691 1678 2347 1442 1516 1620 1472 1010 - 963 2081 1220 1849 974 621 1840 2102 LUCKNOW 1133 1900 1266 748 2038 2446 569 1334 768 598 79 963 - 1370 866 1182 1883 566 2200 1391 LUDHIANA 1220 2358 2088 105 2552 3027 310 1756 1115 570 790 1783 803 1770 1280 1528 1805 1395 2720 1726 MADURIA 1922 432 1687 2785 480 326 2539 995 2091 2496 2345 2110 2424 1458 1568 1467 872 2561 333 1238 MEERUT 1092 2072 1822 381 2266 2741 66 1470 815 327 537 1497 453 1468 994 1242 1805 934 2434 1440 MUMBAI 552 1033 1691 1657 1367 1351 1408 739 589 1176 1278 2081 1370 - 861 197 584 1856 1336 164 NAGUR 999 1034 830 1234 1172 1580 985 468 445 1015 777 1220 866 861 - 700 1247 993 1334 882 NASIK 504 1035 1516 1466 1366 1390 1220 754 414 1248 1103 1849 1182 197 700 - 701 1679 1363 209 PANJIM 1165 440 1455 2028 909 798 1782 765 1115 2496 1613 974 1885 584 1247 701 - 1804 739 501 PATNA 1656 2071 862133220962601 1086 1469 1205 1115 596 621 566 1856 993 1679 1804 - 2264 2738 PONDICHERRY 1818 303 1387 2568 162 548 2319 865 1963 2349 2217 1840 2200 1336 1334 1363 739 2264 - 1142 PUNE 675 839 1608 1678 1173 1169 1429 545 623 1300 1314 2102 1391 164 882 209 501 1758 1142 -RANCHI 1781 2098 560 1480 1767 2455 1214 1434 1333 1243 726 414 912 1816 958 1615 1630 30219*35 1975 SHILLONG 2698 3120 1739 2383 2929 3666 2134 2554 2309 2164 1699 1251 1610 2947 2086 2800 2925 1019 3051 2968 SHIMLA 1254 2387 2113 119 2525 2933 368 1821 1171 629 846 1610 867 1776 1353 1567 2130 1434 2687 1797 SURAT 273 1284 1579 1325 1695 1593 1182 983 607 932 1296 1912 1375 301 747 262 913 1742 1789 432 DISTANCE IN KILOMETERS AHM E D A B A D P A T N A P O N D IC H E R R Y P U N E B A N G A L O R E B H U B A N E S W A R C H A N D IG A R H C H E N N A I C O C H IN D E L H I H Y D E R A B A D IN D O R E J A IP U R K A N P U R K O L K A T A L U C K N O W M U N M B A I N A G P U R N A S IK P A N J INDay of Universal Forgiveness.
Hearty Congratulation on the new Arival.
Heartiest Congratulation on Griha Pravesh
Wedding
Best Wishes for a long & happy Married life
Many Heaven's choicest Blessing be showered
on the young couple.
Wish you both a happy & prosperous Wedded
life
Convey our Blessings to the Newly Married
couple.
Best Wishes on your Wedding anniversary.
General
Congrtualation of the Distinction conferned to
you.
Hearly congratulations on your success in the
Examiantion
Best Wishes for a safe & pleasant journey
Many Thanks for your Good wishes which I/
We reciprocate Most Hearitily
Congratulations
Loving Greetings.
Wishing the function Every Success.
Many thanks for your kind massage to
greeting.
Best Wishes for your success in the
Examination.
GREETINGS
National
a) Kind rememberence and all good wishes for
the independence day.
b) Sincere greetings for the republic day.
c) Long live the republic
Election
a) Hearty congratulations on success in Election
b) Best wishes for your success in the Election
Festival
Heartiest Diwali Greeting
Id Mubarak
Heartiest Bijoya Greetings
A Merry Christmas to you
My Heartiest Holi Greetings to you
Heartiest Pangal Greetings
Heartiest Onam Greeting
Heartiest Ugadi Greeting
Wish you a happy Bihu
A Happy Easter
Heartiest Greetings on Buddha Jayanti
Heartiest Guru Ravidas Purnima Greetings
Special Occations
A Happy New Years to you
Many Happy Returns of the day
Greeting on the duation of Paryushan
NATIONAL INFORMATION
States
Main Language
Capital
Best Season
Area in
100 sp.km
Andhra Pradesh
Telugu
Hyderabad
Nov. to Mar
277
Assam
Assemise
Dispur
Oct to May
79
Arunachal Pradesh
Tribal
Itanagar
Oct to May
89
Bihar
Hindi
Patna
Oct to Mar
174
Delhi
Hindi
New Delhi
Oct to Mar
1.5
Goa
Konkani, Marathi
Panaji
Oct. to May
3.8
Gujrat
Gujrati
Gandhinagar
Oct to Mar
196
Haryana
Hindi
Chandigarh
Oct to Mar
44
Himachal Pradesh
Hindi, Pahari
Shimla
April to Oct
56
Jammu & Kashmir
Kashmiri
Jammu (Winter)
Dec. to Mar
22
Srinagar (Summer)
Apr. to Oct.
Karnataka
Kanada
Bangalore
Nov. to Apr
192
Kerala
Malayalam
Trivandrum
Oct to Apr.
39
Madhya Pradesh
Hindi
Bhopal
Sept to March
443
Maharashtra
Marathi
Mumbai
Nov to May
308
Manipur
Manipuri
Imphal
Sep to Apr.
22
Meghalaya
Tribal
Shilong
Nov to Mar
22
Mizoram
Mizo
Aizwal
Oct to May
21
Nagaland
Angami
Kohima
Oct to Mar
17
Orissa
Oriya
Bhubaneswar
Oct. to Mar
156
Punjab
Punjabi
Chandigarh
Oct to Mar
50
Rajasthan
Hindi
Jaipur
Oct to Mar
7
Tamilnadu
Tamil
Chennai
Nov. to Mar
130
Tripura
Tripuri
Agartala
Sept. to Mar
10
LIST OF FESTIVAL - 2006
NAME OF FESTIVALS
DAYS
DATES
NEW YEAR'S DAY SUNDAY 1ST JANUARY
ID-UD-ZOHA WEDNESDAY 11TH JANUARY
MAKAR SANKRANTI / PONGAL SATERDEY 14TH JANUARY
NETAJI BIRTHDAY MONDAY 23RD JANUARY
REPUBLIC DAY THURSDAY 26TH JANUARY
SARASWATI PUJA FRIDAY 3RD FEBRUARY
SREE PANCHAMI FRIDAY 3RDFEBRUARY
MUHARRAM THURSDAY 9TH FEBRUARY
SHIV RATRI SUNDAY 26TH FEBRUARY
DOL-JATRA/HOLI TUESDAY 14TH MARCH
GOOD FRIDAY FRIDAY 14TH MARCH
YEARLY BANK CLOSING SATURDAY 1ST APRIL
RAMNAVAMI FRIDAY 7TH APRIL
MAHAVIR JAYANTI TUESDAY 11TH APRIL
BENGALI NEW YEAR SATURDAY 15TH APRIL
MAY DAY MONDAY 1ST MAY
RABINDRAJAYANTI TUESDAY 9TH MAY
FATEHA-DOAZ DAHAM TUESDAY 11TH APRIL
BUDDHA PURNIMA SATURDAY 13TH MAY
JAMAI SASTHI MONDAY 13TH JUNE
RATHJATRA TUESDAY 27TH JUNE
GURU PURNIMA TUESDAY 11THJULY
BIRTHDAY OF BHANU BHAKT TRURS DAY 13 TH JULY
(FOR DARJEELING DIST)
RAKHI PURNIMA WEDNESDAY 9TH AUGUST
INDEPENDENCE DAY TUESDAY 15TH AUGUST
JANMASTAMI WEDNESDAY 16TH AUGUST
SABEMIRAJ TUESDAY 22THAUG
SABEBARAT SATURDAY 9THSEPTEMBER
MAHALAYA FRIDAY 22ND SEPTEMBER
HALF YEARLY BANK CLOSING THURS DAY 28TH SEPTEMBER
DURGA PUJA MONDAY-WEDNESDAY 29TH SEP-2ND OCT
EKADASI OF DURGA PUJA TUES DAY 3RD OCTOBER
LAXMI PUJA FRIDAY 6TH OCTOBER
DIPAWALI/KALIPUJA SATURDAY 21STOCTOBER
ID-UL-FITRE WEDNESDAY 25TH OCTOBER
JAGADDHATRI PUJA THURSDAY 10TH NOVEMBER
BHATRIDWITIYA TUESDAY 24TH NOVEMBER
GURUNANAK BIRTH DAY SUNDAY 5TH NOVEMBER
CONVERSION FACTORS
Quantity Imperial Unit Metric Unit Imperial to Metric Unit Metric to Impertal Unit Length Inch (in Milimeter (mm) or 1 in = 25.4 mm 1 cm = 0.39 in
Foot (ft) Centimeter (cm) 1 ft = 30.5 cm 1 m = 3.28 ft Yard (yd) Centimeter or meter (m) 1 yd = 0.194 m 1 m = 1.09 yd Furlong (fur) Meter or Kilometer (km) 1 fur = 301 m 1 km = 4.97 fur Mile Kilometer (km) 1 mole = 1.61 km 1 km = 0.621 mile International nautical 1 mole = 1862 m 1 km = 3.28 ft.
mile (for Navigation)
Mass Ounce (oz) Gram (g) 1 oz = 28.3g 1 g = 0.0358 oz Pound (ib) Gram or Kilogram (kg) 1 lb = 254 g 1 kg = 2.20 lb Stone Kilogram (kg) 1 s tone = 6.15 kg 1 kg = 0.157 stone Ton Tonne (t) 1 ton = 1.02 t 1 t = 0.984 ton Area Square inch (in2) Square centimeter (cm2) 1 in2 = 6.45 cm2 1 cm2 = 0.155 in2
Square foot (ft2) Square centimeter (cm2) 1 ft2 = 929 cm2
or
Square meter (m2)
Square yard (yd2) Square meter (k2) 1 yd2 = 0.836 m2 1m2 = 108 yd2
Perch (p) Square meter (m2) 1 p =25.3 m2 1 m2=0.395 p Rood (rd) Hectare (ha) 1 rd = 0.101 ha 1 h a = 9.88 rd Acre (ac) Hectare (ha) 1 ac = 0.405 ha 1 ha = 2.47 ac Square mile Square kilometer (km2) 1 sq.mile = 2.95 km2 1 Km2=0.386 sq.mile Volume Cubic inch (in2) Cubic centimeter (cm2) 1 in2 = 16.4 cm3 1 cm3=0.610 in3
Cubic foot (ft3) Cubic meter (m3) 1 ft3 = 0.0283 m3 1 m3=35.3 ft.2 Cubic yard (yd3) Cubic meter (m3) 1 yd3 = 0.765 m3 1 m3=1.31 yd3 Bushel (bus) Cubic meter (m3) 1 bus = 40.0364 m3 1 m3=27.5 bus Volume (fluid) Fluid ounce (fl oz) Mililiter (ml) 1 ft oz = 28.4 ml 1 ml = 0.0352 ft. oz
Pint (pt) Mililiter (ml) or liter (1) 1 pt = 568 ml 1 ml = 1.76 pt Gallon (gal) Liter (1) or cubic leter (m3) 1 gal = 4.55 liter 1 m3 = 220 gel Acre foot cubic liter (m3) or 1 acre foot = 1230 m3
magaliter (ML) = 1.23 ML 1 ml=0811 acre foot Force Pound-force (1bf) Newton (N) 1 lbf = 4.45 N 1 N = 0.225 1bl
Ton-force (tonf) Kilonewton (kN) 1 tonf = 9.95 Kn 1 kN = 0.100 tonf Pressure Pound per square Kilopascal (k Pa) 1 psi = 6.89 kP2 1 kPa = 0.145 psi
inch (psi)
Atmosphere (atm) Kilopascal (kPa) or 1 atm = 9;.96 101 kPa
megapascal (MPa) 1 mPa = 09.87 atm Ton per square inch Megapascal (MPa) 1 ton/in2=15.4 MPa 1 MPa=0.647 ton/in2 (ton/in2)
Inch per mercury Milibar (mb) 1 in Hg=33.9 mb 1mb=0.0295 in Hg (in Hg( (for navigaton)
Velocity Mile per hour (mph) Kilometer per hour (km/h) 1 mph=1.61 km/h 1 km/h=0.621 mph Knot (kn) =1 kn=1.58 km/h
(for navigation)
Temperature Degree Fahrenheit (F) Degree C elcius (oC) oC=5/9 (F-32) oF=9/5 (C+32) Density Pound per cubic inch Gram per cubic cm 1 1b/in2=2.7 g/cm3 1 g/cm3=0.036 inch
(ib/in2) (g/cm2) =tonne per cubic
meter (t/m3) 1 1b/in3=27.7 t/m3 1 t/m=0.0316 1b/in3 Ton per cubic yard tonne per cubic meter (t/m3) 1 ton/yd3=1.33 t/m3 1 t/m=0.752 ton/yd2 Energy British thermal unit Kilojoule (KJ) 1 Btu = 1.06 KJ 1 KJ=0.948 Btu
(Btu)
Description
Symbol
B.1. CONTROL GEAR AND
DISTRIBUTION
FUSE-BOARDS
1.
Main fuse-board without
switches, lighting ... ... ...
2.
Main fuse-board with swi tches,
lighting ... ... ....
3.
Main fuse-board without
switches, power ... ... ...
4.
Main fuse-board with switches,
power
5.
Distribution fuse - board without
switches, lighting ...
6.
Distribution fuse-board with
swticehs, lighting ...
7.
Distribution fuse - board without
switches power ...
8.
Distribution fuse-board with
sitches power ...
9.
Main switches, lighting .. ..
10. Main s witchs, power ... ...
11.
Meter ... ... ...
B.2. CEILING OUTLETS
12. Single light pendams .. ...
13. Counter weight pendant .. ...
14. Rod pendant
15. Chain pendant
16. Light Bracket
17. Batten lampholder
18 . Water - tight light fitting
Description
Symbol
19. Bulk-head fitting
20. Power factor capacitor (when
installed remote from the lamp
unit
21. Lighting outlet connection to
an emergency system
22. Choke (when installed remote
from the lamp unit)
B.3. SWITCH OUTLETS
23. One-way switch
24. Two-way switch
25. Intermediate switch
26. Pendant switch
27. Pull Switch
B.4. SOCKET OUTLETS
28. Socket-outlet, 3 pin 5 A
29. Socket outlet and switch
com-bined. 3 pin 5 A
30. Socket - outlet, 2pin 15A.
31. Socket-outlet, 3 pin 15A
32. Socket-outlet and switch
combined, 2 pin 15A.
33. Socket outlet and switch
com-bined 3 pin 15 A.
B.5. FIXED HEATING
OUT-LETS
34. Convention heater
35. Electric unit heater
36. Immersion heater
37. Thermostat
38. Immersion heater with
incor-porated thermostat
GRAPHICAL SYMBOLS
for use in connection with interior electrical installation
CW
R
C
BN
WBSEBEA - 19
39.
Self-conditioned electric water heater
40. Humidistat
B.6. BELLS AND BUZZERS
41. Bell push
42. Bell
43. Buzzer
44. Indicator (at 'N', Insert number of
ways)
45. *Relay
B.7. CLOCKS
46. Synchronous clock outlet
47. Impulse clock outlet
48. Master clock
B.8. FIRE ALARMS
49. Fire alarm push
50. Automatic contact
51. Bell connected to fire alarm
52. Fire alarm indicator (at 'N' Insert
number of ways)
B.9. PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
53. Amplifier ..
54. Control board
55. Microphone outlet
Description
Symbol
Description
Symbol
*
This general symbol is applicable to any system by the addition of an identifying symbol
(ap-propriate to particular system) in the upper half, for example, bell system relay.
Where items of operations are combined, the symbols may be combined, for example, idicator
and bell At 'N' insert the number of ways.
H V V ä ä
v
Nv
v
A
...
s
Û
ÛX
N
N
56. Loudspeaker outlet
B.10.RADIO RECEPTION
OUT-LETS
57. Receiver outlet
58. Aerial
B.11. FIXED APPARATUS
OUT-LETS
59. Ceiling fan
60. Braket fan
61. Exhaust fan
62. Fan regulator
63. Cooker control unit
B.12. EARTHING
64. Earth point
65. Surge diverter
B.13. OTHER SYMBOLS
66. Pilot or corridor lamp
67. Indicator (buzzer may be added if
required)
68. Relay
69. Reset position
70. Horn or hooter
71. Siren
PRELIMINARIES OF TOWER LOADING CONCEPT
1. Classification of Loads :
(a) Climatic Loads : Related to Reliability requirements
(b) Failure containment Loads - Related to security requirements
(c) Construction & maintenance Loads - Related to safety requirements. (a) Climatic Loads :
Due to action of wind on conductor / G.W., insulator and do not act continuously. This load shall be determined under either of the following climatic conditions which every is more stringent.
(i) 100% design wind pressure at everyday temperature. (ii) 36% design wind pressure at minimum temperature. (b) Failure containment Loads :
These loads comprises of (i) Anti cascading loads
(ii) Torsional and longitudinal loads.
(a) Cascade failure may be caused by failure of items such as insulators, hardware, joints, failures of major components due to defective materials.
(b) Caused due to breakage of conductors and groundwires.
(c) Construction & maintenance Loads : During construction and maintenance of
Transmis-sion Lines.
Computation of loads : (A) Transverse load, (B) Longitudinal Load (C) Vertical Load (A) Transverse Load - Reliability requirements - Normal condition
(i) Wind load on tower structures, conductors, ground wires and insulator strings.
(ii) Component of mechanical tension of conductor and ground wire due to line deviation.
Transverse load : FWt - FWe - FWt - Fwd whereFwt - Wind on tower body
Fwe - Wind on Conductor GW Fwi - Wind on insulator
Fwd - Mechanical tension
(B) Longitudinal Load - No load for suspension or tension tower but only for D.E. Tower
(C) Vertrical Load - Due to wt. of conductor / groundwire, insulator and asscesories and S/W
of tower str on weight span.
Security requirements : Broken wire condition.
(A) Transverse Loads :
(i) For tangent type tower - 75% of W.L. on insulator, conductor / groundwire and tower body, for tension tower Full wind on insulator, conductor / groundwire and tower body.
(ii) Component of mechanical tension due to line deviation.
50% of tension At 32o & 75% Full wind for conductor Suspension
100% of tension At 32o & 70% Full wind for Groundwireq Tower
Tension AT 32o Full wind (B) Longitudinal Load :
50% of tension at 32o, 75% Full Wind- for Suspension Tower
100% of tension at 32o Full Wind- for Tension Tower
(C) Vertical Load - S/W of conductor, G.W. Insulator S/W of Tower on span 60% of wt. span. Safety requirement :
(A) Transverse Load -(i) W.L. - Nil
(ii) Due to mechanical tension at 32o, Nil wind for line deviation.
(B) Longitudinal Load
:-For Suspension Tower:-For sub-conductor & G.?W. as 10,000 N & 5000 N respectively For Tension Tower2 x T (T-50% of tension at 32o Nill Wind) Under stringing
1.5 x T (T-50% of tension at 32o Nil Wind)Stringing completed
(C) Vertical Loads (S/W conductor, G.W., insulator, and S/W of Tower body) x 2 S/W - self weight. For Anticascading check
(A) Transverse Load - At no wind condition
(B) Longitudinal Load - At 32 deg, Nil wind tension, Zero degree line deviation.
(C) Vertical Load - Sum of wt. at conductor / G.W. as per wt span of intact conductor / G.W., wt of insulator string and accessories.
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D.E. (N.C.)EFFECT OF WIND
Basic wind speed VbReference wind speed VR
VR = Vb/Ko, Ko = Factor to convert 3 sec. peak gust into averaging period of 10 min - 1.375
Designed
wind = Vd = VR x K1 x K2 K1 Risk coeff
speed K2 Teerain Roughness coeff.
Designed wind = Pressure Pd = 0.6 Vd2
On Tower body
Fwt = Pd x Cdt X Ae x GT Pd Design wind pressure in N/m2
Cdt = Drag coeff Ac = Net suface area
GT = Gust response factor, related to ground roughness & ht above ground level. Wind on conductor & G.w.
Fwc = Pd x Cdc x L x d x Gc
Pd = design wind pressure, Cde - drag coeff - for conductor - 1 for GW 1./2
L = wind Spain in meter d = diameter of cable in meter Gc = yest response fatter Wind load on Insulator st.. Fri - Cd x Pd x Ai x Gi Edi = drag coeff taken as 1.2 Pd = design wind pressure Gi = Gust response factor
Di = 50% of profelted area of insulator
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SAG TENSION CALCULATION :
Sag tension parabolic eqn
f2 [f- (K-E alpha t) ] = (12 delta2 E q2) / 24
f = Working tensile stress of conductor on kg/cm2
k = Computed from initial temperature and wind pressure conditions assumed. E = Final Modules of Elasticity in kg/cm2
alfa = Coef of linear expansion of conductor per dg C. t = Change of t emperature = Final - initial in deg C. 1 = Span length in meter
dealt = Wt of conductor / m / Cm2 = W/A kg/m/cm2
where A = cross sectional area of conductor in cm2
q = loading factor = SQRT ((W2 + P2) / W2))
Where W = Wt at conductor in kg/m length of conductor P = Wind load in kg/m length of conductor
If suffix "1" corresponds to temp. condition at Every day temperature with maximum wind "2" to everyday temperature with still wind and "3" to maximum temperature in still wind condition, the above sag - tension formula are written as follows :
(a) Everyday temp. 32 deg c in still wind (assumed as starting initial condition Suffix - 1) f2
2 [f2-(K-E alpha t)] = (1
2 delta2 E q 2
2) / 24 (1)
Assume (12 delta2 E) / 24 = Z and initial temp t2 = 32 dg C
t = 0, E alpha t = 0, q2 = 1
Ultimate strength of conductor f2 = FOS (4) x cross actional area on cm2 (A)
Substiutng the above values in the equation and solving K = f2 - Z/f22
(B) Every day temperature ith full wind (suffix - 1)
f 1
2 [f
1- {k-E alfa (t1 - t2)} = Zq1 2 - (2)
Value of K computed from (a) is substituted in (2) and the cubic equation is solved for f2- the maximum tensile stress of the conductor.
If T1 is the maximum tension at the Everyday temperature with full wind T1 = f1A
F.O.S. = T (Ultimate Strength) / T1 FOS is equal to o r > 70% i.e. 1.454.
value at k computed from (a) and q3 = 1, substitute in (3) and solved for f3 - find f3 at maximum temperature & still wind.
q3 delta 12
Maximum sag = --- m (inclined) 8f2
SPAN 300.00 M. Wind Acting Perpendicular to the line
Characteristics of Wires Conductor Groundwire
Name ... Panther GSW
ACSR
Strands In Aluminium NCCM 30/0.30
Strand in Steel NOCM 7/0.30
Diameter .. Cm 2.100 0.945
Sectional Area CM2 2.617 0.546
Unit Weight KG/M 0.976 0.428
Modulus of Elasticity KG/CM2 0.78700E + 06 0.19330E=07 Coffe. of Linear Exrn. PER DG 0.17800E-04 0.11500E=04
Ultimate Strength KG 9127. 5710.
Wind Pressure Details
Full Wind Pressure ... KG/.M2 166.00 207.00
Exposure Factor .. 1.000 1.000
CONDUCTOR
SR WIND WIND Temp Sag Tension FOS Fos
No FACT Press [DDG-C) (M) (KG) AVAL REQD
1 1.0000 16.000 32.0 4840.3 1.886 1.428
2 0.0000 NIL 32.0 5.125 2142.4 4.260 4.000
3 0.3600 59.760 4.0 3328.3 2.742 1.429
4 0.0000 NIL 4.0 4.175 2629.8 3.471 1.429
5 0.0000 NIL 75.0 6.640* 1653.6 5.519 1.429
GW Made Parallel AP Condition 4 (Parallel Factor for GW = 0.9000)
GROUND - WIRE
SR WIND WIND Temp Sag Tension FOS Fos
No FACT Pres [DDG-C) (M) (KG) AVAL REQD
1 1.0000 207.000 32.0 2691.1 2.122 1.426
2 0.0000 NIL 32.0 4.379 1099.6 5.192 4.000
3 0.3600 74.520 4.0 1733.8 3.293 1.428
4 0.0000 NIL 4.0 3.758* 1281.4 4.456 1.428
5 0.0000 NIL 53.0 4.874 988.0 5.780 1.428
11.7.1 METHOD OF ERECTION :
There are four main methods of erection of steel transmission towers which a re described below : (i) Build-up method or Pecemeal method.
(ii) Section method.
(iii) Ground assembly method. (iv) Helicopter method. 11.7.1.1. Build Up Method
This method is most commonly used in this country for the erection of 6.6 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV and 400 kV transmission line towers due to the following advantages :
(i) Tower materials can be supplied to site in knowcked down condition which facilitates easier and cheaper transportation.
(ii) It does not require any heavy machinery such as cranes etc.
(iii) Tower erection activity can be done in any kind of terrain and mostly throughout the year. (iv) Availability of workmen at cheap rates.
This method consists of erecting the towers, member by member. The tower members are kept on ground serially according to erection sequence to avoid search or time loss. The erection progresses from the bottom upwards. The four main corner leg members of the first section of the tower are first erected and guued off. Sometimes more than one contiguous leg sections of each corner leg are bolted together at the ground and erected.
The cross bracs of the first section which are already assembled on the ground are raised one by one as a unit and bolted to the already erected corner leg angles. First section of the lower thus built and horizontal struts (belt members) if any, are bolted in position. For assembling the second section of the tower, two gin poles are placed one each on the top of diagonally opposite corner legs. These two poles are used, for raising parts of second section. The leg members and braces of this section are then hoisted and assembled. The gin poles are then shifted to the corner leg members on the top of second section to raise the parts of third section of the lower in position for assembly. Gin poles are thus moved up as the tower grows. This process is continued till the complete tower is erected. Cross-arm members are assembled on the ground and raised up and fixed to the main body of the tower. For heavir towers, a small boom is rigged on one of the tower legs for hoisting purposes. The members / sections are hoisted either manually or by winch machines operated from the ground. For smaller base towers / vertical configuration towers one gin pole is used instead of two gin poles. In order to maintain speed and efficiency, a small assembly party goes ahead of the main erection gang and its purpose is to sort out the tower membrs, keeping the members in correct position on the ground and assembling the panels on the ground which can be erected as a complete unit.
Sketches indicating different steps or erection by build up method are shown in Annexure-'L'. 11.7.1.2. SECTION METHOD :
In the section method, major sections of the tower are assembled on the ground and the same are erected as units. Either a mobile crane or a gin pole is used. The gin pole used is approximately 10 m long and is held in place by means of guys by the side of the tower to be erected. The two opposite sides of the tower section of the tower are assembled on the ground. Each assembled side is then lifted clear of the ground with the gin or derrick and is lowered into position on bolts to stubs or anchor bolts.
The first face of the second section is raised. To raise the second face of this section it is necessary to slide the foot of the gin on the strut of the opposite face of the tower. After the two opposite faces are raised, the lacing on the other two sides is bolted up. The last lift raises the top of the towers. After the tower top is placed and all side lacings have been bolted up all the guyes are thrown off except one which is used to lower the gin pole. Sometimes whole one face of the tower is assembled on the ground, hoisted and supported in position. The opposite face is similarly assembled and hoisted and then the brancing angles connecting these two faces are fitted.
11.7.1.3. GROUND ASSEMBLY METHOD
This method consists of assembling the tower on ground, and erecting it as a complete unit. The complete tower is assembled in a horizontal position on even ground. The tower is assembled along the direction of the line to allow the cross arms to be fitted. One slopping ground, however, elaborate packin of the low side is essential before assembly commences. After the assembly is complete the tower is picked up from the ground with the help of a crane and carried to its location, and set on its foundation. For this method of erection, a level piece of ground close to footing is chosen from the tower assembly. This method is not useful when the towers are large and heavy and the foundations are located in arable land where building and erecting complete towers would cause damage to large areas or in hilly terrain where the assembly of complete tower on sloping ground may not be possible and it may be difficult to get crane into position to raise the complete tower.
In India, this method is not generally adopted because of prohibitive cost of mobile crane, and non-availability of good approach roads to tower locations.
11.7.1.4. HELICOPTER METHOD :
In the helicopter method, the transmission tower is erected in section. For example bottom section is first lifted on to the stubs and then the upper section is lifted and bolted to the first section and the process is repeated till the complete tower is erected. Sometimes a completely assembled toer is raised with the help of helicopter. Helicopters are also used for lifting completely assembled towers with guys from the marshalling yards where these are fabricated and then transported one by one to line locations. Helicopter hovers over the line location while the tower is securely guyued. The ground crew men connect and tighten the tower guys. As soon as the guy wires are adequately tensioned the helicopter disengages and files to the marshalling yard. This method is adopted where approach is v very difficult or to speed up the construction of the transmission line. 11.7.2. TIGHTENING OF NUTS AND PUNCHING OF THREADS AND TACK WELDING
OF NUTS :
All nuts shall be tightened properly using correct sized spanners. Before tightening it is ensured that filter washers and plates are placed in relevant gaps between members, bolt of proper size and length are inserted and one spring washer is inserted under e each nut. In case of step bolts, spring washer shall be placed under the outer nut. The tightening shall be carried on progressively from the top downwards, care being taken that all bolts at every level are tightened simultaneously. It may be better to employ four persons, each covering one leg and the face to his right. The threads of bolts shall be projected outside the nuts by one to two threads and shall be punched at three positions on the top inner periphery of the nut and bolt to ensure that the nuts are not loosened in course of time. If during tightening a nut is found to be slipping or running over the bolt threads, the bolt together with the nut shall be changed outright.
11.7.3. PAINTING OF JOINTS :
For galvanized towers is coastal or highly polluted areas, the joints shall be painted with zinc paint on all contact surfaces during the course of erection.
11.7.4. CHECKING THE VERTICALITY OF ERECTED TOWERS :
CONCEPT OF TRANSMISSION TOWER FOUNDATION
Foundation of any structure plays an important role in safety and satisfactory performance of the structure as it transsmits the loads from structure to earth. Without having a sound and safe foundation, structure cannot performs the functions for which it has been designed. The foundations in various types of soils have to be designed to suit the soil conditions of particular type.
In addition to foundations of normal towers, there are situations where considering techno-economi-cal aspect for special towers required or river crossing which may be located either on the bank of the river or in the mind stream or both, pile foundation may be provided.
Type of loads on foundation :
The foundation of towers are normally subjected to three types of forces. These are : (a) the compression or downward thrust
(b) the tension or uplift
(c) the lateral forces of side thrusts in both transverse and longitudinal directions.
The magnitudes or limit loads for foundations should be taken 10% higher than these for the corresponding towers.
The base slab of the foundation shall be designed for additional moments developing due to eccentricity of the loads.
The additional weight of concrete in the footing below ground level over the earth weight and the full weight of concrete above ground level in the footing and embeded steel part also be taken into account; adding to the downthrust.
Soil parameters
For designing the foundations, following parameters are required. (a) Limit bearing capacity of soil.
(b) Density of soil
(c) Angle of earth frustum
The above values are available from soil test report. 7.4. STABILITY ANALYSIS :
7.4.1. In addition to the strength design, stability analysis of the foundation shall be done to check the possibility of failure by over turning, uprooting of stubs, sliding and tilting of foundation etc. The following primary type of noil resistance shall be assumed to act in resisting the loads imposed on the footing in earth.
7.4.2 Resistance against uplift.
The uplift loads shall be assumed to be resisted by the weight of earth in an inverted frustum of a pyramid of earth whose sides make an angle equal to the angle of reporc of the earth with the vertical in average soil. The volume of earth computation shall be as per e nclosed drawing (Fig.3) The weight of concrete embdded in earth and that above the ground level shall also be considered for resisting the uplift. In case where the frustum of earth pyramid of two adjoining legs overlaps each other, the earth frustum shall be assumed truncated by a vertical plane passing through the centre line of the tower base. Over load factor (OLF) of 10% (Ten percent) shall be considered over the design load i.e. OLF=1.10 for suspension tower and 1.15 for angle ower including dead end and anchor tower. However, for special tower OLF shall be 1.20.
7.4.3. Resistance against down thrust :
The following load combinations shall be resisted by the bearing strength of the soil :
by 25%.
7.4.4. Resistance against side thrust :
The chimner shall be designed as per limit state method for the combined action of axial forces, tension and compression and the associated maximum bending moment. In these calculations, the tensile strength of concrete shall be ignored.
7.4.5. Resistance against uprooting of stub. :
OLF of 10% (Ten percent) shall be considered i.e. OLF = 1.10 for normal suspension towers and 1.15 for angle tower including Dead end / anchor tower. For special towers OLF shall be 1.20.
7.4.6. The foundation and chimney shall be checked against axial tension combined with bending also. Upper Portion A1 = B2 + 4 x B H L Tan a + A (HL tanA) 2 A2 = B2 + 4 x B x (H
L tan a + HU tan B) + A (HL tan a + HU tan B) 2 VU = HU/ 3 [A1 + A2 +
√A
1 x A2] Lower Portion B2 H L + 2B HL 2 tana + A / 3 HL3 - tan2FORMULA FOR CONICAL PYRAMID FRUSTUM OF EARTH FIG.3 β α β B HL HU α HLtenα HUtanβ HUtanβ H'Ltanα B
Annexure - I
GUIDELINES FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FOUNDATIONS IN DIFFERENT SOILS
Sl. Name of soil encountered Type of foundation to be adopted
1. In good sil (silty sand mixed with clay) Normal Dry
2. Where top layer of Black Cotton soil extends upto Partial Black Cotton 50% of the depth with good soil there after.
3. Where top layer of black cotton soil exceeds 50% Black Cotton and extends upto full depth or is followed by
good soil.
4. Where top layer is good soil upto 50% of the Black Cotton depth but the lower layer is a black cotton soil
5. Where subsoil water is met at 1.5 ml or more Wet below the ground level in good soil
6. Good soil locations which are in surface water for Wet long period with water penetration not exceeding
1.0 m below ground level (e.g. paddy fields).
7. In good soil where subsoil water is encountered Partially submerged between 0.75m and 1.5m depth from ground level.
8. In good soil where subsoil water is encountered Fully Submerged within 0.75 m depth from ground level
9. Where top l ayer of normal dry soil extends upto Dry Fissured Rock 85% of the d epth followed by fissured rock
without presence of water.
10. Where top layer is lissured rock followed by good Special foundation soil/sandy soil with/without presence of water
11. Where normal soil/tissured rock extends upto 85% Dry fissured Rock with of the depth followed by hard rock under cut in Fisured Rock
combined with anchor bar for hard rock ddsign 12. Where fissure rock os encountered with subsoil Submerged Fissured Rock
water within 0.75m or below 0.75m from G.L. (Top layer may be either a good soil or black cotton soil)
15. Where hard rock is encountered from 1.5m to Hard Rock Foundation 2.5 m below G./L. (Top layer either in Black cotton) design with chimneys soil or fissured Rock) designed for wet black
cotton soil.
16. Where fissured rock is encountered at the bottom Composite Foundation of pit (with black cotton soil at top)
17. Where hard rock is encountered at bottom with Hard Rock water and black cotton soil at top and hard rock
layer depth is less than 1.5 m.
18. Sandy soil with clay content not exceeding 10% Dry Sandy soil foudation 19. Sandy soil with water table in the pits Wet sandy soil design to be developed considering the depth of water. 20. Where top layer upto 1.5 m below G.L. is normal Normal dry with undercut
dry soil and thereafter hard soil/murrum
21. Where bottom layer is marshy soil with top layer Soil investigation is to be of good soil/fissured rock/black cotton carried out and special
foundation design to be developed.
22. Where the top layers are a combination of clinker Normal dry with undercut mixed with firm soil, gravel and stone chips upto
60% of foundation deapth from ground level followed by hard murrum
23. Where top layers are combination of hard Special foundation design murrum, soft rock etc. followed by yellow/black is to be developed after
clayee soil carrying out soil
investigation.
Any other combination of soil not covered above shall require development of special foundation design.