Network Layer 4- density - A Top Down Approach

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4-1

Christian Tschudin

Departement Mathematik und Informatik, Universität Basel

Internet-Technologien (CS262)

2. IP und DNS

11.3.2015

Wiederholung/Einstiegsfragen



Was ist ein Socket?



Weshalb braucht es UDP?



Was ist ein TCP segment?

Was sind die Auswirkungen auf “read()”?



Weshalb bietet UNIX einen

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Chapter 4 Network Layer

(original slides + UBasel modifs CS262, 2015)

Computer

Networking: A Top

Down Approach

6th _edition

Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley

March 2012

A note on the use of these ppt slides:

We’re making these slides freely available to all (faculty, students, readers). They’re in PowerPoint form so you see the animations; and can add, modify, and delete slides (including this one) and slide content to suit your needs. They obviously represent a lot of work on our part. In return for use, we only ask the following:

 If you use these slides (e.g., in a class) that you mention their source (after all, we’d like people to use our book!)

 If you post any slides on a www site, that you note that they are adapted from (or perhaps identical to) our slides, and note our copyright of this material.

Network Layer 4-3

Chapter 4: network layer

chapter goals:



understand principles behind network layer

services:

 network layer service models

 forwarding versus routing

 how a router works

 routing (path selection)

 broadcast, multicast

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Network Layer 4-5 4.1 introduction

4.2 virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 what’s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol

 datagram format  IPv4 addressing  ICMP  IPv6 4.5 routing algorithms  link state  distance vector  hierarchical routing

4.6 routing in the Internet

 RIP  OSPF  BGP

4.7 broadcast and multicast routing

Chapter 4: outline

Network layer



transport segment from

sending to receiving host



on sending side

encapsulates segments

into datagrams



on receiving side, delivers

segments to transport

layer



network layer protocols

in

every

host, router



router examines header

fields in all IP datagrams

passing through it

application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical network data link physical _network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical network data link physical

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Network Layer 4-7

Two key network-layer functions



forwarding:

move packets

from router’s input to

appropriate router

output



routing:

determine route

taken by packets from

source to dest.

 routing algorithms

analogy:



routing:

process of

planning trip from source

to dest



forwarding

:

process of

getting through single

interchange

1 2 3 0111 value in arriving packet’s header routing algorithm

local forwarding table header value output link

0100 0101 0111 1001 3 2 2 1

Interplay between routing and forwarding

routing algorithm determines end-end-path through network

forwarding table determines local forwarding at this router

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Network Layer 4-39 4.1 introduction

Chapter 4: outline

IP addressing: introduction



IP address:

32-bit

identifier for host, router

interface



interface:

connection

between host/router and physical link

 router’s typically have multiple interfaces

 host typically has one or two interfaces (e.g., wired Ethernet, wireless 802.11)

 IP addresses associated

with each interface

223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001 223 1 1 1

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Network Layer 4-41

IP addressing: introduction

Q: how are interfaces

actually connected?

A: we’ll learn about that

in chapter 5, 6.

223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27

A: wired Ethernet interfaces connected by Ethernet switches

A: wireless WiFi interfaces connected by WiFi base station

For now: don’t need to worry

about how one interface is connected to another (with no intervening router)

Subnets



IP address:

subnet part - high order bits

host part - low order bits



what

’

s a subnet ?

device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address

can physically reach each other without

intervening router network consisting of 3 subnets

223.1.1.1 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 subnet 223.1.1.2 223.1.3.27 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1

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Network Layer 4-43

recipe



to determine the

subnets, detach each

interface from its host

or router, creating

islands of isolated

networks



each isolated network

is called a

subnet

subnet mask: /24

Subnets

223.1.1.0/24 223.1.2.0/24 223.1.3.0/24 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 subnet 223.1.1.2 223.1.3.27 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1

how many?

223.1.1.1 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 223.1.2.6 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.3.27 223.1.1.2 223.1.7.0 223.1.7.1 223.1.8.0 223.1.8.1 223.1.9.1 223.1.9.2

Subnets

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Network Layer 4-45

IP Addresses (classic split)

0network host 10 network host 110 network host 1110 multicast address A B C D class 1.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 32 bits

given notion of “network”, let’s re-examine IP addresses:

“class-full” addressing:

IP addressing: CIDR

CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing



subnet portion of address of arbitrary length



address format:

a.b.c.d/x

, where x is # bits in

subnet portion of address

11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 subnet part host part 200.23.16.0/23

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Network Layer 4-47

IP addresses: how to get one?

Q:

How does a host get IP address?



hard-coded by system admin in a file

 Windows: control-panel->network->configuration->tcp/ip->properties

 UNIX: /etc/rc.config



DHCP: D

ynamic

H

ost

C

onfiguration

P

rotocol:

dynamically get address from as server

 “_{plug-and-play}

”

DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

goal:

allow host to dynamically obtain its IP address from network server when it joins network

 can renew its lease on address in use

 allows reuse of addresses (only hold address while connected/“on”)

 support for mobile users who want to join network (more shortly)

DHCP overview:

 host broadcasts “_{DHCP discover”} _{msg [optional]}

 DHCP server responds with “_{DHCP offer”} _{msg [optional]}

 host requests IP address: “_{DHCP request”} _msg

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Network Layer 4-49

DHCP client-server scenario

223.1.1.0/24 223.1.2.0/24 223.1.3.0/24 223.1.1.1 223.1.1.3 223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9 223.1.3.2 223.1.3.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.3.27 223.1.2.2 223.1.2.1 DHCP server arriving DHCP client needs address in this network DHCP server: 223.1.2.5 arriving client DHCP discover src : 0.0.0.0, 68 dest.: 255.255.255.255,67 yiaddr: 0.0.0.0 transaction ID: 654 DHCP offer src: 223.1.2.5, 67 dest: 255.255.255.255, 68 yiaddrr: 223.1.2.4 transaction ID: 654 lifetime: 3600 secs DHCP request src: 0.0.0.0, 68 dest:: 255.255.255.255, 67 yiaddrr: 223.1.2.4 transaction ID: 655 lifetime: 3600 secs DHCP ACK src: 223.1.2.5, 67 dest: 255.255.255.255, 68 yiaddrr: 223.1.2.4 transaction ID: 655

DHCP client-server scenario

Broadcast: is there a DHCP server out there?

Broadcast: I’m a DHCP server! Here’s an IP address you can use

Broadcast: OK. I’ll take that IP address!

Broadcast: OK. You’ve got that IP address!

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Network Layer 4-51

DHCP: more than IP addresses

DHCP can return more than just allocated IP

address on subnet:

 address of first-hop router for client

 name and IP address of DNS sever

 network mask (indicating network versus host portion of address)

 connecting laptop needs

its IP address, addr of first-hop router, addr of DNS server: use DHCP

router with DHCP server built into router

 DHCP request encapsulated

in UDP, encapsulated in IP, encapsulated in 802.1 Ethernet

 Ethernet frame broadcast

(dest: FFFFFFFFFFFF) on LAN,

received at router running DHCP server

 Ethernet demuxed to IP

demuxed, UDP demuxed to DHCP 168.1.1.1 DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP

DHCP: example

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Network Layer 4-53  DCP server formulates

DHCP ACK containing client’s IP address, IP address of first-hop

router for client, name & IP address of DNS server

 encapsulation of DHCP

server, frame forwarded to client, demuxing up to DHCP at client

DHCP: example

router with DHCP server built into router DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP DHCP UDP IP Eth Phy DHCP DHCP DHCP DHCP

 client now knows its IP

address, name and IP address of DSN server, IP address of its first-hop router

DHCP: Wireshark

output (home LAN)

Message type: Boot Reply (2)Hardware type: Ethernet Hardware address length: 6 Hops: 0

Transaction ID: 0x6b3a11b7 Seconds elapsed: 0

Bootp flags: 0x0000 (Unicast)

Client IP address: 192.168.1.101 (192.168.1.101) Your (client) IP address: 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0)

Next server IP address: 192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1) Relay agent IP address: 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0)

Client MAC address: Wistron_23:68:8a (00:16:d3:23:68:8a) Server host name not given

Boot file name not given Magic cookie: (OK)

Option: (t=53,l=1) DHCP Message Type = DHCP ACK Option: (t=54,l=4) Server Identifier = 192.168.1.1 Option: (t=1,l=4) Subnet Mask = 255.255.255.0 Option: (t=3,l=4) Router = 192.168.1.1

Option: (6) Domain Name Server

Length: 12; Value: 445747E2445749F244574092; IP Address: 68.87.71.226;

IP Address: 68.87.73.242; IP Address: 68.87.64.146

Option: (t=15,l=20) Domain Name = "hsd1.ma.comcast.net." reply

Message type: Boot Request (1) Hardware type: Ethernet

Hardware address length: 6 Hops: 0

Transaction ID: 0x6b3a11b7 Seconds elapsed: 0

Bootp flags: 0x0000 (Unicast) Client IP address: 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) Your (client) IP address: 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) Next server IP address: 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0) Relay agent IP address: 0.0.0.0 (0.0.0.0)

Client MAC address: Wistron_23:68:8a (00:16:d3:23:68:8a) Server host name not given

Boot file name not given Magic cookie: (OK)

Option: (t=53,l=1) DHCP Message Type = DHCP Request Option: (61) Client identifier

Length: 7; Value: 010016D323688A; Hardware type: Ethernet

Client MAC address: Wistron_23:68:8a (00:16:d3:23:68:8a) Option: (t=50,l=4) Requested IP Address = 192.168.1.101 Option: (t=12,l=5) Host Name = "nomad"

Option: (55) Parameter Request List

Length: 11; Value: 010F03062C2E2F1F21F92B 1 = Subnet Mask; 15 = Domain Name

3 = Router; 6 = Domain Name Server 44 = NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server ……

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Network Layer 4-55

IP addresses: how to get one?

Q:

how does network get subnet part of IP addr?

A:

gets allocated portion of its provider ISP’s address

space

ISP's block 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/20 Organization 0 11001000 00010111 00010000 00000000 200.23.16.0/23 Organization 1 11001000 00010111 00010010 00000000 200.23.18.0/23 Organization 2 11001000 00010111 00010100 00000000 200.23.20.0/23 ... ….. …. …. Organization 7 11001000 00010111 00011110 00000000 200.23.30.0/23

Hierarchical addressing: route aggregation

“Send me anything with addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20” 200.23.16.0/23 200.23.18.0/23 200.23.30.0/23 Fly-By-Night-ISP Organization 0 Organization 7 Internet Organization 1

ISPs-R-Us “Send me anything with addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16” 200.23.20.0/23 Organization 2 . . . . . .

hierarchical addressing allows efficient advertisement of routing information:

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Network Layer 4-57 ISPs-R-Us has a more specific route to Organization 1

“Send me anything with addresses beginning 200.23.16.0/20” 200.23.16.0/23 200.23.18.0/23 200.23.30.0/23 Fly-By-Night-ISP Organization 0 Organization 7 Internet Organization 1

ISPs-R-Us “Send me anything with addresses beginning 199.31.0.0/16 or 200.23.18.0/23” 200.23.20.0/23 Organization 2 . . . . . .

Hierarchical addressing: more specific routes

IP addressing: the last word...

Q:

how does an ISP get block of addresses?

A:

ICANN

:

I

nternet

C

orporation for

A

ssigned

N

ames and

N

umbers http://www.icann.org/



allocates addresses



manages DNS

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Network Layer 4-59

Exhaustion of Ipv4 addresses

4.1 introduction

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Network Layer 4-69

The Internet network layer

forwarding table

host, router network layer functions:

routing protocols • path selection • RIP, OSPF, BGP IP protocol • addressing conventions • datagram format

• packet handling conventions

ICMP protocol

• error reporting • router

“signaling”

transport layer: TCP, UDP

link layer physical layer network layer ver _length 32 bits data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment) 16-bit identifier header checksum time to live

32 bit source IP address head. len type of service flgs fragment offset upper layer

32 bit destination IP address options (if any)

IP datagram format

IP protocol version number header length (bytes)

upper layer protocol to deliver payload to

total datagram length (bytes)

“type” of data for_{fragmentation/}

reassembly max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) e.g. timestamp, record route taken, specify list of routers to visit.

how much overhead?

 20 bytes of TCP  20 bytes of IP  = 40 bytes + app

(17)

Network Layer 4-71

ICMP: internet control message protocol

 used by hosts & routers

to communicate network-level information

 error reporting:

unreachable host, network, port, protocol

 echo request/reply (used by ping)

 network-layer “above” IP:

 ICMP msgs carried in IP datagrams

 ICMP message: type, code

plus first 8 bytes of IP datagram causing error

Type Code description

0 0 echo reply (ping)

3 0 dest. network unreachable 3 1 dest host unreachable 3 2 dest protocol unreachable 3 3 dest port unreachable 3 6 dest network unknown 3 7 dest host unknown

4 0 source quench (congestion control - not used)

8 0 echo request (ping) 9 0 route advertisement 10 0 router discovery 11 0 TTL expired 12 0 bad IP header

Traceroute and ICMP

 source sends series of

UDP segments to dest

 first set has TTL =1

 second set has TTL=2, etc.  unlikely port number

 when nth set of datagrams

arrives to nth router:

 router discards datagrams  and sends source ICMP

messages (type 11, code 0)  ICMP messages includes

name of router & IP address

 when ICMP messages

arrives, source records RTTs

stopping criteria:

 UDP segment eventually

arrives at destination host

 destination returns ICMP

“_{port unreachable”}

message (type 3, code 3)

 source stops

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Network Layer 4-73

IP fragmentation, reassembly

 network links have MTU

(max.transfer size)

-largest possible link-level frame

 different link types, different MTUs

 large IP datagram divided

(“fragmented”) within net

 one datagram becomes several datagrams

 “_{reassembled” only at} final destination

 IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments

fragmentation:

in:one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams

reassembly

…

ID =x offset =0 fragflag =0 length =4000 ID =x offset =0 fragflag =1 length =1500 ID =x offset =185 fragflag =1 length =1500 ID =x offset =370 fragflag =0 length =1040

one large datagram becomes several smaller datagrams

example:

 4000 byte datagram  MTU = 1500 bytes 1480 bytes in data field offset = 1480/8

IP fragmentation, reassembly

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Application Layer 2-166

Chapter 2: outline

2.1 principles of network

applications

 app architectures  app requirements

2.2 Web and HTTP

2.3 FTP

2.4 electronic mail

 SMTP, POP3, IMAP

2.5 DNS

2.6 P2P applications

2.7 socket programming

with UDP and TCP

DNS: domain name system

people: many identifiers:

 SSN, name, passport #

Internet hosts, routers:

 IP address (32 bit) -used for addressing datagrams

 “_{name”, e.g.,}

www.yahoo.com -used by humans

Q: how to map between IP address and name, and vice versa ?

Domain Name System:

 distributed database

implemented in hierarchy of many name servers

 application-layer protocol: hosts,

name servers communicate to

resolve names (address/name translation)

 note: core Internet function, implemented as application-layer protocol

 complexity at network’s “_edge”

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DNS: services, structure

why not centralize DNS?

 single point of failure  traffic volume

 distant centralized database  maintenance

DNS services

 hostname to IP address

translation

 host aliasing

 canonical, alias names

 mail server aliasing  load distribution  replicated Web servers: many IP addresses correspond to one name

A: doesn

’

t scale!

Root DNS Servers

com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers

poly.edu DNS servers umass.edu DNS servers yahoo.com DNS servers amazon.com DNS servers pbs.org DNS servers

DNS: a distributed, hierarchical database

client wants IP for www.amazon.com; 1st _approx:

 client queries root server to find com DNS server

 client queries .com DNS server to get amazon.com DNS server  client queries amazon.com DNS server to get IP address for

www.amazon.com

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DNS: root name servers

 contacted by local name server that can not resolve name  root name server:

 contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known

 gets mapping

 returns mapping to local name server

13 root name

“servers” worldwide

a. Verisign, Los Angeles CA (5 other sites)

b. USC-ISI Marina del Rey, CA l. ICANN Los Angeles, CA

(41 other sites) e. NASA Mt View, CA f. Internet Software C. Palo Alto, CA (and 48 other sites)

i. Netnod, Stockholm (37 other sites) k. RIPE London (17 other sites)

m. WIDE Tokyo (5 other sites) c. Cogent, Herndon, VA (5 other sites)

d. U Maryland College Park, MD h. ARL Aberdeen, MD

j. Verisign, Dulles VA (69 other sites )

g. US DoD Columbus, OH (5 other sites)

TLD, authoritative servers

top-level domain (TLD) servers:

 responsible for com, org, net, edu, aero, jobs, museums, and all top-level country domains, e.g.: uk, fr, ca, jp

 Network Solutions maintains servers for .com TLD

 Educause for .edu TLD

authoritative DNS servers:

 organization’s own DNS server(s), providing

authoritative hostname to IP mappings for organization’s named hosts

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Local

DNS

name server



does not strictly belong to hierarchy



each ISP (residential ISP, company, university) has

one

 also called “default name server”



when host makes DNS query, query is sent to its

local DNS server

 has local cache of recent name-to-address translation pairs (but may be out of date!)

 acts as proxy, forwards query into hierarchy

requesting host cis.poly.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu root DNS server local DNS server dns.poly.edu 1 2 3 4 5 6 authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu 7 8 TLD DNS server

DNS name

resolution example

 host at cis.poly.edu

wants IP address for gaia.cs.umass.edu

iterated query:

 contacted server

replies with name of server to contact

 “I don’t know this

name, but ask this server”

(23)

Application Layer 2-174 4 5 6 3

recursive query:

 puts burden of name

resolution on contacted name server

 heavy load at upper

levels of hierarchy? requesting host cis.poly.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu root DNS server local DNS server dns.poly.edu 1 2 7 authoritative DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu 8

DNS name

resolution example

TLD DNS server

DNS: caching, updating records



once (any) name server learns mapping, it

caches

mapping

 cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time (TTL)

 TLD servers typically cached in local name servers

• thus root name servers not often visited



cached entries may be

out-of-date

(best effort

name-to-address translation!)

 if name host changes IP address, may not be known Internet-wide until all TTLs expire



update/notify mechanisms proposed IETF standard

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DNS records

DNS:

distributed db storing resource records

(RR)

type=NS

 name is domain (e.g., foo.com)

 value is hostname of authoritative name server for this domain

RR format: (name, value, type, ttl)

type=A

 name is hostname  value is IP address

type=CNAME

 name is alias name for some

“canonical” (the real) name

 www.ibm.com is really

servereast.backup2.ibm.com

 value is canonical name

type=MX

 value is name of mailserver

associated with name

DNS protocol, messages



query

and

reply

messages, both with same

message

format

msg header

 identification:16 bit # for

query, reply to query uses same #  flags:  query or reply  recursion desired  recursion available  reply is authoritative identification flags # questions

questions (variable # of questions) # additional RRs # authority RRs

# answer RRs

answers (variable # of RRs)

authority (variable # of RRs)

additional info (variable # of RRs)

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name, type fields for a query RRs in response to query records for authoritative servers additional “helpful” info that may be used

identification flags

# questions

questions (variable # of questions) # additional RRs # authority RRs

# answer RRs

answers (variable # of RRs)

authority (variable # of RRs)

additional info (variable # of RRs)

DNS protocol, messages

2 bytes 2 bytes

Inserting records into DNS



example: new startup “Network Utopia”



register name networkuptopia.com at

DNS registrar

(e.g., Network Solutions)

 provide names, IP addresses of authoritative name server (primary and secondary)

 registrar inserts two RRs into .com TLD server:

(networkutopia.com, dns1.networkutopia.com, NS) (dns1.networkutopia.com, 212.212.212.1, A)



create authoritative server type A record for

www.networkuptopia.com; type MX record for

networkutopia.com

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Attacking DNS

DDoS attacks



Bombard root servers

with traffic

 Not successful to date

 Traffic Filtering

 Local DNS servers cache IPs of TLD

servers, allowing root server bypass 

Bombard TLD servers

 Potentially more dangerous

Redirect attacks



Man-in-middle

 Intercept queries 

DNS poisoning

 Send bogus relies to DNS server, which caches

Exploit DNS for DDoS



Send queries with

spoofed source

address: target IP

