Theoretical and experimental methods on
bend-twist coupling and damping properties
with the relationship to lay-up of the
composite propeller marine: A review
Azzam Ahmed
Textiles College, Donghua University, Wenhui Road 300 Songjiang District Shanghai Shanghai, Songjiang 210600, China
E-mail- [email protected]
Prof: Li Wei
E-mail [email protected] Donghua University –china-shanghai
Abstract:
This paper cites a review of the literature published on theoretical and experimental methods on bend-twist coupling and damping properties with relationship to lamination basically for composite propeller marine and also demonstrates the effects of stacking sequence on characteristics of propeller composite of marine. In this review paper the authors reported the materials for fabrication propeller composite and mechanical properties for composite materials.
Keywords:bend-twist coupling, damping property, composite propeller, stacking sequences
Introduction
hydrodynamic performance by increasing the cavitation inception speeds. Moreover, composites can offer the potential benefits of reduced corrosion and cavitation damage, improved fatigue performance, lower noise, improved material damping properties, and reduced lifetime maintenance cost[4].
Literature Review – Structural Design of Composite Propellers
impossible to improve the propeller simply by arrange the ply angles and the optimum propeller satisfies the two requirements of optimization, reducing the range over which the torque varies and improving the cooperation between the propeller and the engine[27]. Flow around marine propeller in open water is analyzed using incompressible RANS computations with k- turbulence model. The numerical results are in agreement with experimental data and the general characteristics of the propeller flow seem to be quite well predicted[28]
Mechanical properties of composite propeller
A study on mechanical properties of carbon fiber reinforced plastics by three-point bending testing and transverse static response that by changes of stacking composition methods of CFRP composite materials. It was found as interface number increases, the maximum load was increased and specimens stacked in quasi-isotropic plies had large operations in its maximum load rather than cross plies. Therefore, it was found that it is correct to stack in quasi-isotropic plies when composing stacking of CFRP composite materials[29]. Pitch-based short carbon fibers were treated by both a gaseous oxidation and a cryogenic treatment approach. It was found by scanning electron microscopy that the fiber surface roughness was increased by various oxidative conditions, whereas the fiber diameter was reduced by the cryogenic treatment. In both cases, appropriate treatments could effectively improve the mechanical properties in their epoxy composites due to the enhanced fiber–matrix interfacial bonding[30]. Thermo-mechanical tensile cyclic loading (up to 10 cycles) was applied to T700/epoxy unidirectional laminates at room temperature and the Results showed that tensile stiffness significantly increased as temperature decreased, while the thermo-mechanical cycling had little influence on it. Tensile strength, however, decreased as temperature decreased down to CT, while the decreasing rate of strength was reduced after CT cycling[31].Hydrothermal effects on the tensile strength of carbon/epoxy laminates with molded edges It is concluded that the mechanical properties of advanced composites depend on the environmental conditions and the fabrication techniques used to produce the laminates. Therefore, it is necessary to account for these factors when experimentally determining the design allowable[32].The effect of voids on the tensile properties of 45 , 0,90 , 45 and 45 , 0 ,
45 0,90 composites. The influence of voids on the tensile strength and modulus of both stacking sequence is compared in terms of the size and the shape of the voids. The effect of voids on the initiation and propagation of tensile failure of both stacking sequence composite was investigated. The results show that the size and aspect ratio of the voids increase with increasing void content[33].
Theoretical and experimental methods on bend-twist coupling for composite propeller
Propeller characteristics of a candidate propeller (propeller 4102) were calculated for five different ply stacking sequences and were compared with the same propeller made from rigid material. It was shown that the ply stacking sequence does have a significant effect on the propeller characteristics and These results demonstrate the improvements in propeller performance that are possible using the bend–twist coupling of composite laminates. Additionally, this study shows that the numerical approach developed by the authors is well suited for analyzing the performance characteristics of composite propellers[34].Self-twisting composite marine propellers, when subject to hydrodynamic loading, will not only automatically bend but also twist due to passive bend–twist (BT) coupling characteristics of anisotropic composites. The results show that the self- twisting propeller produced the same performance as the rigid propeller at the design flow condition, and it produced better performance than the rigid propeller at off-design flow conditions, including behind a spatially varying wake[35]. The effects of vibration coupling between bending and twisting in symmetric laminates, and between extension and bending in antisymmetric laminates on damping were studied. A modal strain energy method was applied in a finite-element formulation to solve for the natural frequencies, mode shapes and energy dissipation of the laminates. The results of the first three modes, which includes two flexural modes and one torsional mode, are presented. The coupling effects on damping in flexural modes were found to be more significant than those in torsional modes, and such effects appear to be dependent upon the fiber angle and the vibration mode of interest. The coupling effects appear to increase damping in flexural modes, and were found to be maximized at a fiber angle around 300 The
seam, where two clamshells which have symmetric lay-up meet, is very critical. The retention strengths of the joints depend on the laminate composition and the stacking sequence. And the results show from the experiments is that the joint strength of a laminate which composes of 0°-plies and angle-plies and has the angle-plies at the outer layers is stronger than that of a laminate with the same plies composition but having 0°-plies at the outer layers[38]. Development of a design methodology for a composite, bend-twist coupled, tidal turbine blade has been undertaken. Numerical modeling was used to predict the response of the main structural member for the adaptive blade. The analysis indicates a non-linear blade twist response. The results show it has been found that the distribution of twist along the length of the beam does not vary linearly and it appears that the effect of altering the ply angle of the outer roving creates two optima, at which the induced twist present in the beam is maximum, for a bend that is significantly less than maximum. The relationship between tip load and induced twist is shown to be linear[39]. A strong correlation was identified between the divergence ship speed and the change in the tip pitch angle of the blades in brief communication static divergence of self-twisting composite rotors. The methodology used is equally applicable to other structures, such as tidal and wind turbines[40]. The effect of bend-twist coupling on the shear buckling behavior of laminated composite plates is examined by using a finite strip procedure. The degree of bend-twist coupling in the laminated composite plates is varied by changing the level of anisotropy in the plies and by altering the lay-up configuration of the plies in the laminated stack. The results show that, for a given degree of anisotropy in the plies of a laminate and for a given laminate thickness, the stacking sequence of the plies significantly alters the degree of bend-twist coupling, The shear buckling performance of composite plates having the same dimensions and being made from the same material are therefore shown to be quite different, for square plates or plates with a moderate aspect ratio the influence of bend-twist coupling on buckled mode shape is shown to be noticeable through increased distortion, for the larger aspect ratio plates it is shown that the presence of bend-twist coupling can cause a complete change in the mode shape from a symmetric to an antisymmetric nature or vice versa and amplitude modulation is shown to be clearly evident in the shear buckling mode shapes of long plates[41]. In composite laminated plates various mechanical properties may be attained by changing the lay-up arrangement. The bent–twist coupling is one of the significant properties which dominate the mechanical performance of a laminated plate structure in large out-of plane deformations. The effects of bend–twist coupling on the post-buckling behavior of composite laminated plates have been studied by implementing a finite strip approach based on the concept of a rigorous post-buckling solution for composite plates and plate structures, namely the semi-energy approach. All the plates are assumed to be symmetrically balanced laminates having uniform in plane stiffness properties. As far as the out-of-plane stiffness properties are concerned, all the properties, except for the bend–twist coupling terms which are assumed to change from one laminate to another, are the same among different laminates. The comparison between the results revealed markedly different behaviors among different laminates due to the bend–twist coupling effects. An overall review of presented results has led to the conclusion that if the post-buckling strength of a composite laminated plate is to be estimated based on the stress values, it is absolutely essential to include the effects of bend–twist coupling terms in the appropriate analysis[42].
Theoretical and experimental methods on damping property for composite propeller
were also important parameters influencing the loss factor of the laminates and damping effects depended not only on the viscoelastic properties of the interleaved polymer material but also on the arrangements of the reinforcing carbon fiber in the laminates which controlled the stiffness of the intralaminar zone and the strain of the interleaf films[45]. A review about damping deal with first step, composite damping mechanisms and methodology applicable to damping analysis is described and presents damping studies involving macromechanical, micromechanical and viscoelastic (relaxation and creep) approaches; models for interphase damping, damping and damage in composites[46]. Many researches focus on predicting the damping with viscoelastic layers[47-50]. The effect of temperature on natural frequency and damping is investigated in two different composite materials, Kevlar 29 fiber woven and polyethylene cloth, used especially to design ballistic armor. A damping monitoring method is used experimentally to measure the frequency response curve and it is also modeled numerically using a finite element program. The results show that polymer matrix composites have temperature dependent mechanical properties. This relationship is functional and they have different effects against temperature[51]. The damping property of materials can be defined as the ratio of dissipated energy over the total strain energy during the loading– unloading process, called the specific damping capacity (SDC). To characterize the damping properties of materials, a test plan is designed to extract the SDC of a single layer composite from hysteresis data. Finally the results are compared with experimental results for symmetric laminated specimen. This evaluation shows a very good agreement between theoretical and experimental results in the range of low frequency loading from 0.2 to 4 Hz. The complex compliance matrix changes the governing equation in to a complex form which contains both stiffness and
damping properties[49]. The effect of fiber orientation angle and stacking sequences on damping, resonance
the experimental results by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA).The results show a good agreement between analytical and experimental results[48].By used the finite element based modal strain energy method for predicting the modal loss factor of laminated composite beams with integral viscoelastic layers. Both the frequency dependence of viscoelastic damping materials and the contribution of energy dissipation due to fiber-reinforced composites are taken into account. The effects of damping of fiber-reinforced composite materials, ply angle of compliant layers, and location of viscoelastic layers on the loss factor and frequency of damped composite beams have also been studied. The results show loss factors and frequencies predicted through the present approach compare well with previous studies. The present analytical method to predict the damping of the damped composite system also has the potential capacity to deal with practical structures with a more complex geometry and boundary conditions[50].The aims of effect of fiber array on damping behaviors of fiber composites to investigate the fiber array effect on modal damping behaviors of fiber composites. Three different fiber arrays, i.e., square edge packing (SEP), square diagonal packing (SDP), and hexagonal packing (HP), were considered to represent the microstructures of the unidirectional composites. Results indicated that the structures constructed from the composites with SDP fibers exhibit better damping behaviors than the other two cases[66]. Advanced fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) composites are increasingly being used in weight sensitive structural applications due to their high stiffness /weight ratio. Here, we highlight another property of these materials which is equally desirable in such applications, namely their potential for vibration damping, and show the factors affecting the damping in FRP composites. The results show that the damping properties of FRP composites can be readily predicted and the basic mechanisms governing the modal damping in laminated beams and plates were highlighted, and these were shown to follow accurately the variation in such parameters as fiber orientation, stacking sequence and the nature of deformation[67].A three-dimensional material damping estimation methodology is proposed for planar isotropic material symmetry by using a constitutive viscoelastic vibration model. The proposed material model is verified, via finite-element techniques, on three laminate structures. Comparisons made between the results from the detailed (layer-wise) model of the laminate and the effective three-dimensional model show that the estimated homogenized model is reasonably accurate, in terms of predicted vibration responses. Finally, estimations of planar isotropic material damping are done for two practically interesting experimental structures, a carbon fiber–epoxy laminate structure and an aluminum laminate including a constrained viscoelastic layer damping treatment. The dynamic three-dimensional effective homogeneous material models, for these two cases, are found to be close to measurements in a frequency interval corresponding to the first 17 modes[68].In prediction of material coupling effect on structural damping of composite beams and blades investigates the effect of material coupling on static and modal characteristics of composite structures. Incorporation of stiffness and damping coupling terms into a beam formulation yields and the results show There is reasonably good correlation between experimental data and numerical results obtained by the present finite element for the case of the small model blade equivalent section stiffness and damping properties[69]. The effects of fiber orientation angle and stacking sequence on the damping characteristics are investigated. The results show that the dynamic performance of the composite structure can be improved by completing the damping design[70]. Nonlinear damping and forced vibration analysis of laminated composite beams studied the damping and forced vibrations of three-layered, symmetric laminated composite beams and nonlinear forced vibration analysis of laminated composite beams was investigated. Higher order zig-zag theories were used for the displacement field. Based on the harmonic balance method and Galerkin procedure, a scalar complex nonlinear amplitude frequency relationship was established and a closed form analytical solution for this problem was determined[71].
Conclusion
significant properties which dominate the mechanical performance of a laminated plate structure in large out-of plane deformations. The effects of bend–twist coupling on the post-buckling behavior of composite laminated plates have been studied by implementing a finite strip approach based on the concept of a rigorous post-buckling solution for composite plates and plate structures, namely the semi-energy approach. The damping property of materials can be defined as the ratio of dissipated energy over the total strain energy during the loading–unloading process, called
the specific damping capacity (SDC). The effect of fiber orientation angle and stacking sequences on damping,
resonance frequency, and dynamic stiffness was discussed with a focus on the effect of moisture absorption by dried specimens were immersed in distilled water for a certain period to absorb water for 8, 16, and 24 d, respectively, and the moisture content absorbed in the specimen was measured and results show The damping increased with the increase of moisture content; however, the dynamic stiffness reduced with the reduction of resonance frequency. Finally we can say any change on stacking sequence will change the properties of laminate composite including the bend-twist coupling property and damping property depend on kind of the stacking sequence that used.
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