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EVALUATION OF SOYABEAN VARIETIES FOR GROWTH AND YIELD CHARACTERS
D. C. UPRETY, O. P. S. TOMAR AND G. S. SIROHI
Plant Physiology Division, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-l100l2
Received on July 22, 1980
SUMMARY
25 varieties of soyabean were evaluated for their growth and yield characters.
It was observed that the yield was determined differentelly among the varieties. In one
group the yield was determined largely by dry matter production and photosynthetic area. In other group the partitioning of dry matter was largely responsible for the yield determination and in the third group dry matter production as well as partitioning, both
were equally important. It was also established that besides the positive correlation
of net assimilation rate and specific leaf weight with seed yield, fruit number and har vest index, the major differences in seed yield were also attributable to the duration
of development period (days from flowering to yiel~ formation).
INTRODUCTION
Except in photoperiodism and symbiotic nitrogen fixation, where it has fequently been a subject of basic studies, researches on the physiology of soyabean crop have lagged behind those on breeding and genetics. The yield of soya bean is determined by the genetic potential and interaction of wide range of environmental factors ( Evans, 1975), however, the physiological constraints which limit yield in soyabean have not been identified in detail. There is evidence from experimental approaches that increased photosynthesis increased yield (Shibles et al., 1975). Though heritability of photosyn thesis has not been measured but Buttery and Buzzell (1972) have estimated heritability of net assimilation rate (55%) and specific leaf weight (99%). Research approaches to maximize yield in soyabean will need the detail quantitative analysis of growth and yield characters. This would help in determining the morpho - physiological factors which limit yield in plants. In the present inve.>tigatioa, therefore, growth and yielding factors of 25 soyabean varieties were quantitatively analysed to identify the yield limiting factors.
MATERIALS AN)? METHODS
In the present investigation 25 varieties, namely, JS2, JS3, JS17, JN670, JN703, JN7011. Bragg, Lee, UPSM 19, UPSM38, UPSM204, UPSM214, UPSM215,
I
EVALUATION OF SOYABEAN GROWTH AND YIELD 353
UPSM229, UPSM236, PK71-5, PK71-21, PK71-24, PK71-65, PK73-39, PK73-49, PK73 50, PK73-51, PK73-52, and PK73-55 were grown in randomized design in cemented pots. 12 replicates of each variety were maintained. Five seeds of respective variety of soyabean were sown in each pot and just after establishment of the seedlings, thinning was done leaving only one plant in each pot. Growth observations such as height of plant, leaf number, leaf area, dry weight of leaf, stem and whole plant were recorded at various intervals such as 30, 40, 50, 60 and 70 days after sowing. Absolute elongation rate, absolute leaf production rate, net assimilation rate
, I and specific leaf weight were calculated according to the methods reported by Evans
(1972). For the sake of brevity, only maximum values of these characters are descri bed here. Data were also recorded on days to flower, number of pods and grain yield
•
per plant. Harve~t index was calculated by the method reported earlier Uprety et al.(1979). Data were analysed statistically following the method of analysis of variance. Correlation of seed yield with other growth and yield characters were worked out according to the method of Kempthorne (1957). All the results were tabulated in
table I.
RESULTS
Plant height ranged Jrom 47.85 cm. (PK71-5) to 74.26 cm (PK73-50). Varieties
JS-3, JN703, UPSM204 were taller type and PK71-5, PK71-65, PK71~24 and JN7011
were having comparatively shorter height. The rate of extension was also found in same order The number of leaves per plant varied from 16.25 (UPSM214) to 40.00 (PK73-39). Leaf number in varieties PK71-65, PK71-21, UPSM215. JS2 and JS3 were in higher side whereas UPSM214. UPSM38. JS-17 aod PK71-24 produced smaller number of leaves. Rate of production of leaves showed similar trend as observed in number of leaves. Leaf area in var. UPSM204, PK73-39. JN703, JS2 and JS3 was larger and it was smaller in UPSM214, PK71-5, PK73-50 and UPSM38. The range of varia tion for specific leaf weight (SLW) was from 0.OO29(PK71-21) to 0.0062 g/leaf/lOdays (UPSM-19). Higher SLW was also observed in Lee, PK73-65, PK73-50, JS2 and PK73 51 whereas it was lower in PK73-49, PK73-39 and PK71-21. Values for whole plant dry weight varied from 9.63g. (UPSM214) to 24. 13go' (UPSM236). Higher dry matter production was observed in PK71-65. JS-3, PK73-52, JS2 and Lee and lower in UPSM 214, UPSM38,PK71-5 and PK71-21. The net assimilation rate (NAR) was as low as
• O.23g./lOdays/plant (UPSM-214) and as high as 0.55g./lOdays/plant (PK71-21) in soya
bean varieties under study. Varieties UPSM236, UPSM215 and Lee, had higher
NAR and those of UPSM 214, PK73-50, PK73-52 & PK71-65 the NAR values were
considerably lower.
Table I. Growth and yield characters of soyabean varieties
1..0.1 VI .j:o"
Plant Absolute Leaf Leaf Leaf area Specific leaf Net Dry wt. of Days to Fruit Seed yield Harvest height extension No. production sq weight g/sq. assimi· whole flower No. g/plant Index (%) Varieties (cms) rate cm/ rate cm/plant cm/1Odays lation plant (g) daYI no/day rate g/sq. plant.
cmflO days/plant
2 3 4 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
!'
Bragg 60.88 1.05 25.00 0.30 2205.10 0.0034 0.37 12.72 45 29.40 3.70 29.00r>
Lee 52.01 0.95 27.75 0.60 2185.81 0.0050 0.49 18.02 47 29.20 4.68 21.80c::: ;:!
JS2 52.88 0.8736.50 0.77 2b35.76 0.0047 0.43 18.06 45 49.20 5.96 26.40 JS3 7263 1.42 36.75 0.80 2569.00 0.0037 0.40 18.98 51 32.00 4.60 23.80
v~
JSI7 58.23 1.00 22.25 0.47 1613.47 0.0035 0.46 16.35 57 12.20 1.90 11.40;;
JN670 63.38 1.25 22.00 0.46 1864.56 0.0043 0.28 15.07 58 18.00 1.77 10.80 I'" JN703 70.80 1.20 30.75 0.65 2791.91 0.0037 0.35 13.35 58 29.40 2.'3 22.20"
~JN7011 30.81 0.90 27.25 0.57 1497.36 0.0040 0.36 12.88 52 36.00 4.29 33.00 UPSMI9 52.28 0.97 24.50 0.55 1388.48 0.0062 040 10.87 44 32.80 6.19 45.80
~
UPSM38 65.71 1.20 19.50 0.42 1277.45 0.0043 0.37 9.80 58 16.20 2.36 23.80~
UPSM204 72.28 1.10 26.50 0.57 2834.33 0.0042 0.30 14.11 3S 26.40 3.05 21.00 fl UPSM214 55.88 0.97 16.25 0.35 962.44 0.0043 0.23 9.63 58 9.60 1.86 18.60!" r;>
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f'
..
''',
m ~ f'"'
c::
> ::i ~2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0 ." !;;> 0
PK73-4:9
58.38
1.05
25.50
0.55
1741.44
0.0022
0.30
14.58
51
21.60
2.74
6.20
~
PK73-50
74.26
1.60
22.25
0.47
1270.85
0.0048
0.24
16.74
51
19.60
2.24
13.20
m
=
>PK73-51
62.91
1.22
31.S0
0.67
1961.68
0.0047
0.46
13.39
48
44.60
6.83
40.80
Z
PK73-52
52.38
0.95
30.50
0.65
1876.59
0.0041
0.24
18.92
46
29.40
4.31
22.20
0 ~ 0
PK73·55
57.48
1.10
29.50
0.65
1654.27
0.0049
0.41
17.69
58
18.40
2.93
16.00
~
C.D.
at
4.35
6.200
187.209
0.0008
0.072
3.720
5.285
6.729
1.231
8.692
oooj :=
5%
P.
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m f'"' ~ Yo) VI VI,
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356 D. C. UPRETY. O. P. S. TOMAR AND G. S. SIROHI
Table JI. Correlation of yield, fruit number and harvest index with growth characters of soyabean varieties.
NAR SLW Dry wt. of
whole plant
Leaf area
Vegetative stage
Seed yield
Fruit No. Harvest Index
0.1831
0.2110 0.1077
0.0189
0.1561 0.1732
0.0896
0.0427 0.0964
0.1690
0.1876 0.0671
Flowering stage
Seed yield
Fruit No.
0.8139**
0.58806-
0.5162-
0.3123
0.1045
0.1831
0.2722
0.3506
Harvest Index 0.6384- 0.4929- 0.0485 0.0830
I
Pod formation stage
Seed yield
Fruit No.
Harvest Index
0.4673
0.6986-*
0.6964**
0.4264
0.4154
0.5621**
0.2176
0.1384
0.1508
0.1411
0.3155
0.0590
*Significant. '-Highly significant.
SS and PK71-24 flowered between 52 to 58 days. Production of (ruits ranged from 9.60 (UPSM214) to 58.21 (PK71-5). Fruit number were higher in PK71-21, PK,73-39, PK73 51, and JS-2 and it was very low in UPSM214, JSI7, UPSM38, PK73-65 and PK73-50. Per plant seed yield ranged from 1.77 (JN670) to 6.83g. (PK73-5l). Varieties PK71-5. UPSM-19, JS-2, UPSM236 and UPSM215 were high yielding and var. UPSM214, JSI7 PK73-50 and UPSM38 were low yielding. Harvest index was found as low as 6.2% (PK73-49) and as higb as 48.6%(PK71-5). Higher harvest index was also observed in UPSMJ9, PK73·51, UPSM215, PK73-39, PK71-21 and JN7011. Varieties PK73-49, JN670, JSI7, PK73-50 and UPSM214 had lower values of harvest index.
The correlation coefficient values are given in table II. It was observed
that seed yield, fruit number and harvest index were positively correlated with
net assimilation rate and specific leaf weight. These correlations were significant
during flowering and pod formation stage. Correlation was not established during
vegetative growth stage.
DISCUSSION
To analyse the influence of growth and yield components on the yielding capa city, v&rieties, were classified in to three groups according to their per plant yield. (A) high yielding (yield was more than 5g). (B) middle order yielding (yield range from 3 to 5 g.) 'and (C) low yielding (yield less than 3g). (Table III).
•
Table Ill. Relative evaluation of soyabean varieties for growth and yield characters Varieties Whole plant Net assimila-Leaf No. Leaf area Specific Days to flower Fruit Nc. Harvest Index dry weight tion rate leaf wt. (g{plant) (g/sq. cm./IO days) (Sq. cm./plant) {g/'sq. em./IO days) H:>15.0 H:>0.40 H:>35.0 H:>2000 H:>0.0040 Early:<47 ds. H:>30.00 H:>30% M:-12to M:-0.30to0.40 M:-25.0t035.0 M:.-1500 to M:-0.003 to Medium 47 to M:-20.0t030.0 M:-20.0 to 15.0 2000 52 days. 30.0% L:<12;0 L:0.<30 L:<25.0 L:<1500 L:<0.0030 Late:>S2days. L:<20.00 L:<20.0% 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9IT! ~
l:.Iighyielding t"'" c:: (>5.0g/plant) >!oj PK73-S1 M H M M H Medium H H
~
PK71-S L H M L H Early H H UPSM~lP L H L L H Early H H~ fA
J~-2. H H H H H Early H M UPSM-236 H H M M M Early H M
~
ITI UPSM-215 M H H M H Early H H=
> :zPK.73-39 L M H H L Medium H H Medium type yielding
~
(3.0 to 5.0g/plant) ~ PK71·21 L H H L L Medium H H;!
Lee H H M H H Early M M > :z JS·3 H H H H M Medium H M CI UPSM-229 H M M H M Medium M M~ IT!
PK.73-S2 H L M M H Early M M
t"'" CI
JN7011 M M M L H Medium H H PK.71-6S H L H H H Medium H L Bragg M M M H M Early M M UPSM-204 M M M H H Late M M low yielding
«
3.0g/plant) PK73-65 H H M H H Late L L JN7031 M M M H M Late M Mw VI ....:I
contd
...
00
(.'·,<:.·C""'"
2
3
4
5
6,
7
8
9
P"71~,2~ PK73:49 UPSM-38 J';I(73-,50 J8-17 U,PSM~~J4 J,N670
M L l., H H L H
J., M M L "H L L
L M L L L ~J L
M M L L M L M
~ L H H M ~ H
Late Medium Late Medium Late Late Medium
L M L L L L L
L L L L L L L
w v.
S'
r
e~S
,0:a
~6
S
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,
H:-Higber
values
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'M:-Middle
ordl'f
values
p
'L:-Lower
values.
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.2;;
EVALUATION OF SOYABEAN GROWTH AND YIELD 359
•
Among the high yielding cultivars in case of PK71-5, UPSM-19 and PK73-39, the total dry matter production was poor and leaf area was lower but flowering started very
early and the duration from flowering to seed development was quite large.- It was
apparent from the values of fruit no. and harvest index that whatever the photosynthate
pro,duced were translocated efficiently for building up the yield. In the~e cases duration
f~,r: yield development was not limiting. Higher yield in these varieties appeared to be due to efficient partitioning (bioconversion of dry matter to yield) rather than more photosynthate production. In case o(varieties JS-2, UPSM2l5, UPSM236 and PK73
5),
both the dry matter production as well as partitioning were sufficiently high. Thesevarieti~s also flowered early. Thus in these cases higher yield was due to both higher
photosynthate production and efficient partitioning of dry matter to reproductive parts.
Out of second group of varieties (middle order yielder) in PK71-65. the leaf area as well as dry matter production was sufficiently high but the low harvest index and poor net assiJIlHation rate made these varieties middle order yielder. Varietes PK71-21 and IN 7011 though having higher harvest index, their dry matter production and photosynthatic area (Ieafnumber and area) were lower. thereby restricting the supply of photosynthate and bringing these varieties in middle order yielding. In other varieties namely UPSM229, .163, Lee, Bragg and UPSM204, total dry matter, photosynthetic surface as well as pa,rtitioningof dry matter to yield (Harvest Index) were of middleorder.
In the third group (low yielding) vat'. PK71-24, UPSM38,PK73-50, and UPSM
214, the dry matter, total photosynthetic area as well as harvest index
were significantly lower resulting in the lower values of seed yield. It was
interesting to note that these varieties flowered very late. In varieties IN 670, JSl7, and PK73-65, the production of dry matter and the total photosynthetic surface was noflimitillg, }:iowever, these varieties flowered late. In case of varieties PK73-49, and'
JN703, the dry matter: net a~similation rate and harvest index were of middle order but
the limitation of late flowering was effective for their low yield.
Data also established that the net assimilation rate which represents the increase in whole plant dry matter per unit leaf area per unit time.1iod specific leaf weight which is the product of leaf area and weight, considered to be physiological indices closely connected with photosynthetic activity of leaves, (Buttery & Buzzell 1972) were found significant indicators of yield. Most of the varieties of first group (high yielding) were having higher values for both these characters whereas those in 3rd group (low yielding) had low values of NAR. The correlation of NAR and SLW at flowering and yield formation can be interpretted as a response of the photosynthetic apparatus to an in creased demand for assimilates to afford rapid growth of seed production.
Further as observed in the present study. shibles & Weber (1966) also indicated that grain yield was not only influenced by total dry matter production but also by
the mann~r in which the photosynthate was distributed (translocated) within the plant.
360 D. C. UPRETY, O. P. S. TOMAR AND G. S. SIROHI
total dry matter production, the major differenc"Cs in seed yield were also attributable to the duration of development period (Days from flowering to yield formation). Since most of the varieties mature at the same time. the efficienGY of C6D:version of photosynthate to yield increased significantly if flo wert appear early.
Thus it can be out-lined that the yield in soyabean varieties can be deternUned
differentially. In one gro~p of varieties the yield was determined largely by total bio::
mass production and photosynthetic surface. In other group the yield was attributable., to the partitioning of dry matter to yield rather than total dry matter production. Partitioning was, however, highly influenced by the duration of yield formation (Days from flower to yield formation). In the third groDp yield was affected both by total biomass production as well as the partitioning to yield- .
R.BF£RENCES
Buttery, B. R. and Buzzell, R. I. (1972). Some differences between soyabean cllitivars observed
by growth analysis. Can. J. Plant. Sci., 5% : 13-20.
Evans. G. C. (1972). Quantitative analysis of plant growth. Blackwell Scientific publications, Oxford
(U. K.)
Evans, L. T. (1975). Crop physiology some case histories. Cambridge University Press, London 328-57.
KemPthorne.O (1957). An introduction to genetic statistics. 1st Ed.287-304, John Willey &: Sonds
Inc. New York.
Shibles, R, Anderson, I. C. and Zibson A. H. (1973), Cited from Evans, L. T. crop physiology some
case histories PP. lSl-89. .
Shibles. R. M. and Weber, C. R. (1966). Introduction of solar radiation interception by various
soyabean planting patterns. Crop Sci., 5 : 575-577.
Uprety D. C., Tomar O. P. S. and Sirohi G. S. (1979). A note on the yield determining factors in
