Pleural fluid Pleural fluid Select one: Select one:
acts as a lubricant allowing the pleurae to slide past each other. acts as a lubricant allowing the pleurae to slide past each other. is located in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae. is located in the space between the parietal and visceral pleurae. All of these are correct.
All of these are correct. increases surface tension. increases surface tension.
holds the pleural membranes together. holds the pleural membranes together.
Constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles is seen in Constriction of smooth muscle in bronchioles is seen in Select one: Select one: emphysema. emphysema. pulmonary edema. pulmonary edema. pneumothorax. pneumothorax. asthma. asthma.
Which of the following statements is FALSE ? Which of the following statements is FALSE ? Select one:
Select one:
The walls of the alveoli have a rich supply of lymphatic vessels. The walls of the alveoli have a rich supply of lymphatic vessels.
The superficial and deep lymphatic vessels exit the lungs at the main bronchi. The superficial and deep lymphatic vessels exit the lungs at the main bronchi. In older smokers, lung tissue can appear gray or black due to the accumulation o In older smokers, lung tissue can appear gray or black due to the accumulation o f debris particles.
f debris particles.
The superficial lymphatic vessel drains lymph fluid from the superficial lung ti The superficial lymphatic vessel drains lymph fluid from the superficial lung ti ssue and visceral pleura.
ssue and visceral pleura.
Phagocytic cells within the lungs phagocytize carbon particles from inspired air Phagocytic cells within the lungs phagocytize carbon particles from inspired air .
.
An individual with _____________ has fluid in alveoli, which causes an increased An individual with _____________ has fluid in alveoli, which causes an increased thickness of the respiratory membrane.
thickness of the respiratory membrane. Select one: Select one: emphysema emphysema asthma asthma pneumothorax pneumothorax pulmonary edema pulmonary edema Surfactant Surfactant Select one: Select one:
decreases the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli. decreases the surface tension of fluid in the alveoli. helps keep the lungs from collapsing.
helps keep the lungs from collapsing.
decreases the energy required to keep the lungs inflated. decreases the energy required to keep the lungs inflated. has all of these characteristics.
has all of these characteristics.
is lacking in babies with hyaline membrane disease. is lacking in babies with hyaline membrane disease.
Concerning oxygen transport in the blood, which of these statements is NOT corre Concerning oxygen transport in the blood, which of these statements is NOT corre
ct?
Select one:
Most of the oxygen in plasma combines reversibly with hemoglobin.
Oxygen combines with the heme group of hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin.
Oxygen bound to hemoglobin does not affect the partial pressure of oxygen in blo od.
An increase in temperature increases the amount of oxygen released in the tissue capillaries.
A low pH reduces the amount of oxygen released in the tissue capillaries.
The air pressure in the lungs can be increased by Select one:
contracting the internal intercostals muscles. relaxing the diaphragm.
Both relaxing the diaphragm and by decreasing the volume of the lungs. increasing the volume of the lungs.
decreasing the volume of the lungs.
Equalization of intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures and collapse of alveol i and small bronchioles is seen in
Select one: emphysema. pneumothorax. pulmonary edema. asthma.
When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, Select one:
both pH of the blood increases and the number of hydrogen ions in the blood decr eases.
All of these events occur.
the number of hydrogen ions in the blood decreases. pH of the blood increases.
the blood becomes more acidic.
The surfactant found in the fluid lining the alveoli is Select one:
made only by fetal cells.
brought into the alveoli in the inspired air. synthesized by alveolar cells.
synthesized by cells in the liver. synthesized by endothelial cells.
3, 10 3, 9 2, 9 2, 10
If the composition of air is 20 percent oxygen with an atmospheric pressure of 7 00 mm Hg, the partial pressure of oxygen would be
Select one: 20 mm Hg. 14 mm Hg. 1400 mm Hg. 700 mm Hg. 140 mm Hg.
Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient because Select one:
blood flow and air flow are coordinated (blood flow is highest around alveoli wi th highest Po2).
the difference in partial pressures is substantial. All of these are correct.
the distances involved in exchange are small. the total surface area of the membrane is large.
Hyperventilation (a rapid rate of respiration) will cause Select one:
a decrease in pH of the blood.
both a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH of the blood .
a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood.
both a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood and an increase in pH of the bloo d.
an increase in pH of the blood.
Given below are the layers of the respiratory membrane. In what order would oxyg en pass through this membrane under normal circumstances?
1) layer of fluid lining the alveolus 2) alveolar epithelium
3) alveolar epithelium basement membrane 4) interstitial space
5) capillary endotheliums basement membrane 6) capillary endothelium Select one: 1, 3, 2, 5, 6, 4 4, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
Given these respiratory passageways: 1) alveoli
2) bronchi 3) bronchioles
4) respiratory bronchioles 5) terminal bronchioles
From largest to smallest, the correct order for these passageways is: Select one: 5, 2, 3, 4, 1 3, 1, 2, 5, 4 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
The primary functions of the respiratory system include all of the following EXC EPT:
Select one:
to provide innate immunity
to protect respiratory surfaces from dehydration and environmental variations maintain homeostasis by regulating the acid/base balance
to increase the diffusion distances of gases
to provide an area for gas exchange between air and circulating blood
________ is an above normal amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. Select one:
Hypoxia
Hyperventilation Apnea
Hypercapnia
Most carbon dioxide is transported Select one:
in combination with sodium ions in the blood. as bicarbonate ions in the blood.
dissolved in the plasma.
by oxygen atoms in the blood.
in combination with blood proteins.
Which of these does NOT influence the exchange of gases across the respiratory m embrane?
Select one:
the concentration gradient for gases across the membrane the rate at which each gas diffuses through the fluids
the thickness of the membrane
Which of these structures has no cartilage in it? Select one: trachea bronchiole bronchi epiglottis larynx
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen released by h emoglobin to the peripheral tissues?
Select one:
increased temperature in the tissues decreased Pco2 in tissues
All of these are correct. increased pH
increased tissue Po2
Which of these statements concerning elastic recoil of the lung is correct? Select one:
The tendency of the visceral pleura to adhere to the parietal pleura keeps the l ungs from recoiling fully.
Elastic recoil of the lungs keeps the lungs from collapsing. A pneumothorax is the removal of air from the pleural cavity. Surfactant tends to enhance the elastic recoil of the lungs. All of these are correct statements.
Which of these statements concerning ventilation is NOT correct? Select one:
During labored breathing, the internal intercostal and abdominal muscles assist in expiration.
During inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli is less than atmospheric pressur e.
During quiet breathing, passive recoil of the lung and thoracic wall cause expir ation.
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles decreases the volume of the thor acic cavity.
When the diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume increases.
During normal, quiet inhalation Select one:
air is drawn into the lungs because of the contraction of the internal intercost al muscles.
there is an increase in the atmospheric air pressure. the volume of the thoracic & pleural cavities increases.
air is introduced into the pleural cavity thus increasing the pressure around th e lungs.
Fibrous connective tissue reducing elasticity of lungs is seen in Select one:
pneumothorax. pulmonary edema. asthma.
emphysema.
The actual gas exchange between inspired air and the blood occurs across the cap illaries of the Select one: respiratory bronchioles. terminal bronchioles. bronchi. bronchioles.
alveolar ducts and alveoli.
All of the following are functions of the respiratory system EXCEPT: Select one:
air movement past the vocal cord makes sound and speech possible regulation of blood pH by changing blood carbon dioxide levels
provides acquired immunity that prevents microorganisms from entering the body provides innate immunity
gas exchange between the blood and air
Respiration refers to Select one:
ventilation, the movement of air into and out of the lungs. gas exchange between the air in the lungs and blood.
gas exchange between blood and tissues. All of these are parts of respiration.
gas exchange between the blood and the tissues.
Cy Dill noticed that when he traveled from his home at 1,100 ft. elevation, to h ike in the forest at 8,000 ft. elevation, his respiratory rate was elevated even while he was resting. This is because
Select one:
there would be a decrease in blood pH at that altitude.
the partial pressure of oxygen is lower at higher elevations.
Which of these statements concerning diffusion across the respiratory membrane i s correct?
Select one:
Usually, blood entering the alveolar capillaries has a higher partial pressure o f oxygen than the alveoli.
Increasing the rate of ventilation will decrease the rate of oxygen diffusion in to the alveolar capillaries.
A decrease in partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli will increase the diffus ion rate of oxygen into the alveolar capillaries.
Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli will increase the rate of diffusion across the respiratory membrane.
Decrease in surface area of the respiratory membrane, such as occurs in emphysem a, decreases the rate of diffusion across the membrane.
The pleural cavities Select one:
lie between the visceral and parietal pleura. are lined with mucous membrane.
are found within the mediastinum.
both lie between the visceral and parietal pleura and are filled with pleural fl uid.
are filled with pleural fluid.
During which of the following times is the alveolar pressure higher than the atm ospheric pressure?
Select one:
at the beginning of expiration at the end of expiration
at the end of inhalation
Alveolar pressure is never higher than the atmospheric pressure. at the beginning of inhalation
The C-shaped cartilages that form the lateral and anterior sides of the trachea Select one:
make up the vocal cords.
function to protect the trachea and maintain an open air passage. give rise to the structure known as the Adams apple in men.
are called the thyroid cartilages.
