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ROLE OF THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF

ROLE OF THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF

INDIA IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN

INDIA IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY IN

INDIA

INDIA

Submitted to Mr. Kishore Dere

Submitted to Mr. Kishore Dere

0 0

SUBMITTED BY:

SUBMITTED BY:

SHAKIR SHABIR

SHAKIR SHABIR

B.A. LL.B. (HONS.) 9

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Acknowledgement

Firstl! I "ould li#e to e$%ress m %ro&ou'd se'se o& (r)titude to")rds the )lmi(ht *ALLAH+ &or %ro,idi'( me "ith the )uthe'ti- -ir-umst)'-es "hi-h "ere m)'d)tor &or the -om%letio' o& m %roe-t.

I &eel msel& hi(hl deli(hted! )s it (i,es me i'-redible %le)sure to %rese't )' )ssi('me't "or# o' *Role o& the Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) i' Stre'(the'i'( Demo-r)- i' I'di)+. I "ould li#e to e'li(hte' m re)ders re()rdi'( this to%i- )'d I ho%e I h),e tried m best to  %),e the ") &or bri'(i'( more lumi'osit to this to%i-.

I )m (r)te&ul to m He)lth L)" Te)-her Mr. Kishore Dere "ho h)s hel%ed me to ,e'ture this  %roe-t )s "ell )s the libr)r o& F)-ult o& L)"! /)mi) Milli) Isl)mi).

I "ould li#e to th)'# )ll -o'-er' &or their i'terest i' %ro,idi'( me ) (ood b)-# u% m)teri)l.

Sh)#ir Sh)bir 

0.A.LL.0 1Ho's2 3th Semester 

4th Ye)r 

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

5. I'trodu-tio'

6. Ele-tio's )'d Demo-r)- i' I'di) 7. The Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di)

4. Ele-tio' Commissio' )'d the Su--ess o& Demo-r)- i' I'di) 8. Ele-tio' Commissio' )'d the 9re%)r)tio' o& Ele-tor)l Rolls :. Ele-tio' Commissio' )'d Model Code o& Co'du-t

;. Ele-tio' Commissio' o' Crimi')li<)tio' o& 9oliti-s =. Ele-tio' Commissio' o' I''er 9)rt Demo-r)- 3. More Need To 0e Do'e

5>. 0iblio(r)%h

INTRODUCTION

?he' 9t. /)")h)rl)l Nehru de-l)red I'di) )s )' i'de%e'de't demo-r)ti- -ou'tr i' his @Tryst with Destiny’ s%ee-h i' the mid'i(ht o& 54th Au(ust 534;! the "hole "orld loo#ed )t

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I'di) i' )s#)'-e. I' s%ite o& 9)'dit Nehrus stro'( belie& i' demo-r)ti- 'orms! the ro)d to demo-r)- i' I'di) ")s 'ot smooth. The moder' demo-r)ti- i'stitutio's "ere 'ot )llo"ed to  be &u'-tio'ed e&&e-ti,el i' 0ritishBI'di). The re%rese't)ti,e demo-r)-! )s e',is)(ed i' the Co'stitutio' o& I'di)! ")s to be the 'e" e$%erie'-e &or m)orit o& I'di)'s. Thus there "ere lots o& )%%rehe'sio's )bout the &uture o& demo-r)- i' 'e"l i'de%e'de't I'di)! "hi-h de-l)red itsel& )s @ sovereign, democratic and republic’ .

Demo-r)ti- i' the se'se th)t ) (o,er'me't is ele-ted throu(h &ree )'d -om%etiti,e ele-tio's  b)sed o' )dult su&&r)(e. I'di) tod) is -o'sidered )s the "orlds @l)r(est demo-r)ti- -ou'tr. The su--ess o& demo-r)- i' I'di) h)s )ttr)-ted the )tte'tio' o& )lmost e,er %oliti-)l s-ie'tist )rou'd the "orld. *Co',e'tio')l "isdom h)s it th)t I'di) is the "orlds l)r(est demo-r)-! but &e" h),e re-o('i<ed th)t it is so )()i'st the odds+5. The dur)bilit o& 

demo-r)- i' I'di) )'d its %eo%les &irm &)ith i' the b)llot ,er o&te' b)&&led s#e%ti-s. Atul Kohli uotes )' editori)l o& the New York Times 1O-tober =! 53332

 As 360 million Indians voted over the last month, the world’s largest and most   fractious democracy once again set a stirring example for all nations. . . India’s rich diversity  sometimes loos lie an obstacle to unity. !ut the latest election has proved that a commitment to resolving differences peacefully and democratically can transform diversity into a source of strength.

The editori)l! )--ordi'( to Kohli! %oi'ts to ) si('i&i-)'t %he'ome'o' * for more than five decades India’s democracy has succeed against considerable odds +6. M)' &)-tors seem to

h),e -o'tributed to the su--ess o& demo-r)- i' I'di) o,er the l)st &i&t e)rs. 9eriodi-')tio')l )'d )ssembl ele-tio's! u'der the su%er,isio' o& Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di)! )re ) stro'( i'di-)tor o& the su--ess o& ) &u'-tio'i'( demo-r)-.

*"ver the past #0 years!+ M)'or)')' Moh)'t "rites! *the elections have been by and large  free and fair. $here has been peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another. $his is a crucial test for the functioning of liberal democracy +7. Atul Kohlis ide) )bout

I'di)s su--ess&ul demo-r)- )lso em)')tes &rom the su--ess o& %eriodi- ele-tio's *in which 1 Rudolp! Su"#nne $oe%e& '2002() *New D+men"+on" +n Ind+#n

Democ&#c,!- .ou&n#l o/ Democ&#c, 1'1(2344)

2 5ol+! Atul 'ed)( '2001() Te Succe"" o/ Ind+#6" Democ&#c,) C#m%&+dge C#m%&+dge Un+7e&"+t, 8&e""! p)1)

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all political offices are contested, and in which all adults are %ualified to vote&'.

*Demo-r)ti-i'stitutio's )'d %r)-ti-es -)me to be more &irml rooted i' I'di)' %oliti-s i' the er) o&   %eriodi-)l ele-tio's b)sed o' )dult &r)'-hise+ "rites R)e'dr) or) )'d Suh)s 9ulsi#)r 

)ddi'( th)t * (emocracy has evolved in independent India basically through representative  politics, mobili)ation of masses and power*sharing +8.

Elections an De!oc"ac# in Inia

Demo-r)- rests o' the "ill o& the @demos’ . These "ills )re m)'i&ested more e&&e-ti,el )t the time "he' re%rese't)ti,es o& the %eo%le )re sele-ted or ele-ted. I' ) re%rese't)ti,e t%e o&  demo-r)-! "ills o& the demos )re tem%or)ril tr)'s&erred to their re%rese't)ti,es &or ) s%e-i&i- %eriod o& time! "ith the -o'se't o& the demos. Mo'tesuieu "rote i' 5;4= th)t si'-e it ")s 'ot %ossible i' ) l)r(e st)te &or the %eo%le to meet )s ) le(isl)ti,e bod! the must -hoose re%rese't)ti,es to do "h)t the -ould 'ot do themsel,es:. The re%rese't)ti,es 1to

"hom %o"er is to be tr)'s&erred2 )re sele-ted b holdi'( re(ul)r ele-tio's. A demo-r)ti- %oliti-)l sstem must )--e%t 'o other )uthorit th)' the "ill o& the %eo%le )'d their &reel

(i,e' -o'se't )s the b)sis o& (o,er')'-e. It is this &reel (i,e' -o'se't o' -ert)i' i'ter,)ls throu(h ele-tio's th)t le(itimi<es the %oliti-)l sstem. Moder' re%rese't)ti,e demo-r)-! there&ore! "ould 'ot be %ossible "ithout %eriodi- ele-tio's. I' &)-t! the ,er ide) o&  re%rese't)ti,e sstem -)''ot be -o'-ei,ed "ithout re(ul)r ele-tio's.

The )uthors o& Demo-r)- i' Asi) m)i't)i' th)t demo-r)- de'otes ) sstem th)t meets three esse'ti)l -o'ditio's. O'e o& the -o'ditio's the -ite is * a highly inclusive level of political   participation in the selection of leaders and policies, at least through regular and free

 9o#nt,! 9#no&#n:#n '200;() <Teo&+=+ng Ind+#n Democ&#c,!- +n Ind+#n

Democ&#c, 9e#n+ng #nd 8&#ct+ce"! R#:end&# >o&# #nd Su#" 8ul"+k#& 'ed"() New Del+ S#ge 8u%l+c#t+on"! p) 10?)

; 5ol+! Atul! op) c+t)

 >o&#! R#:end&#! Su#" 8ul"+k#& 'ed")( '200;() Ind+#n Democ&#c, 3 9e#n+ng" #nd 8&#ct+ce") New Del+ S#ge 8u%l+c#t+on"! pp) 2;32?)

4 D#l! Ro%e&t '1@@() Democ&#c, #nd It" C&+t+c") New Del+ O&+ent Longm#n! p) 2@

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elections, such that no ma+or adult- social group is excluded +; Com%etiti,e ')ture o& 

ele-tio's is ide'ti&ied )s o'e o& the m)or reuireme'ts &or &u'-tio'i'( demo-r)- b Mro' ?ei'er i' his @ mpirical (emocratic $heory’ / Ele-tio's -re)te ) se'time't o& %o%ul)r 

-o'se't )'d %)rti-i%)tio' i' %ubli- )&&)irs )'d %ro,ide &or orderl su--essio' i' (o,er'me't  b %e)-e&ul tr)'s&er o& )uthorit to 'e" rulers3. *$he constitution of a country+! s)s

R.9.0h)ll)! *has been called the vehicle of a nation’s life+. A--ordi'( to him the ele-tio' is the %ro-ess b "hi-h the %eo%le -hoose the i'strume't o& (o,er'me't to -o'du-t the ')tio's li&e5>.

I' ) demo-r)ti- sstem %o"er ori(i')tes &rom the %eo%le. It is i' this -o'te$t th)t the Lo#  S)bh) S%e)#er! Somnath Chatterjee s)s! *... democracy rests on the belief that the people are the source as well as the purpose of power in the polity. It is their consent expressed   periodically through elections, either directly or indirectly legitimi)es the decision*maing   process+. He )dds! *$hrough elections, we undertae the tas of translating the consent of the  people into the authority to govern. $hey are also an opportunity to test a country’s health in terms of progress and development +55. The si('i&i-)'-e o& ele-tio's i' demo-r)- is eu)ll

em%h)si<ed b T.N. Sesh)'! the &ormer Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er o& I'di) "he' he "rites! *The o'l ") i' "hi-h ou -)' est)blish demo-r)- b the "ill o& the %eo%le is b

? L#&&, D+#mond! .u#n . L+n=! S)9) L+p"et 'ed")( '1@@() Democ&#c, +n A"+#) New Del+ >+"t##& 8u%l+c#t+on"! p) 2@

 e+ne&! 9,&on '1@?() Emp+&+c#l Democ&#t+c Teo&,!- +n 9) e+ne& #nd E&gun O=%udun! 'ed")( Compet+t+7e Elect+on" +n De7elop+ng Count&+e") Du&#m! NC Duke Un+7e&"+t, 8&e""! 8) ;)

@ 9#cken=+e! ).)9) '1@() F&ee Elect+on") London eo&ge Allen #nd Unw+n! pp)131;

10 Sw#m+n#t#n! T)! /o&me& C+e/ Elect+on Comm+""+one& o/ Ind+# w&ote +n +" Fo&ewo&d to R)8) B#ll#6" '1@?( Elect+on" +n Ind+# '1@031@?2() New Del+ Sult#n C#nd #nd Son")

11 Add&e"" +n # Con/e&ence o/ Commonwe#lt C+e/ Elect+on Oce&"! New Del+! 2;3 24 Fe%&u#&, 200

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the -o'du-t o& ) &ree )'d &)ir ele-tio'+56. The su--ess&ul "or#i'( o& &orm)l demo-r)-!

)--ordi'( to Ramashray Roy, de%e'ds o' ) set o& three b)si- -o'ditio's

 irst, the mandate for governance must come from the people and must be given  freely. 1econdly, political leaders and activists must agree on the democratic rules of the  games and compete among themselves for capturing political power2 And, lastly, there must 

exist a general acceptance of norms as well as institutional structure that will enable competing political parties to maintain and preserve democracy.3I

T$e Election %o!!ission o& Inia

Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) is ) %erm)'e't Co'stitutio')l 0od! "hi-h ")s est)blished i' )--ord)'-e "ith the Co'stitutio' o' 68th /)'u)r 538>. The Commissio' -o'du-ts ele-tio's i' )--ord)'-e "ith the -o'stitutio')l %ro,isio's! su%%leme'ted b l)"s m)de b 9)rli)me't. The m)or l)"s i'-lude Re%rese't)tio' o& the 9eo%le A-t! 538>! "hi-h m)i'l de)ls "ith the  %re%)r)tio' )'d re,isio' o& ele-tor)l rolls! the Re%rese't)tio' o& the 9eo%le A-t! 5385 "hi-h

de)ls! i' det)il! "ith )ll )s%e-ts o& -o'du-t o& ele-tio's )'d %ostBele-tio' dis%utes.

The &ou'di'( &)thers o& the Co'stitutio' o& I'di) (),e the I'di)'s ) Co'stitutio' th)t e',is)(es i'de%e'de't! 'eutr)l )'d )%oliti-)l i'stitutio's "hose &u'-tio'i'(! the ,isu)li<ed "ould e'sure the %reser,)tio' o& the demo-r)ti- -h)r)-ter o& the ')tio'. The Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) ")s o'e o& these i'stitutio's m)'d)ted to -o'du-t &ree )'d &)ir ele-tio's i' the -ou'tr. The Co'stitue't Assembl ")s -o'-er'ed )bout the i'-lusi,e'ess o& )ll eli(ible (rou%s %)rti-ul)rl the "e)#er se-tio's o& the so-iet. He'-e! the 'e-essit ")s &elt &or )' i'de%e'de't -o'stitutio')l )uthorit to est)blish the %ri'-i%le o& eu)lit "hi-h )r(ues th)t )ll -iti<e's eli(ible to be o' the rolls should be (i,e' the o%%ortu'it to e$er-ise their  &r)'-hise. Dr. B.R. Ambekar sou(ht &or the i'-lusio' o& su-h (rou%s b)sed o' the %ri'-i%le o& eu)lit54. 9)rti-i%)ti'( i' the Co'stitutio')l Assembl Deb)tes! Dr. Ambed#)r! the Ch)irm)' o& the Dr)&ti'( Committee! s)id

 It has been brought to the notice both of the drafting committee as well as 4entral  5overnment that in these provinces the executive government is instructing or managing  12 Se"#n! T)N) '1@@() A $e#&t Full o/ Bu&den) New Del+ UBS! p) 10

1 Ro,! R#m#"&#, '1@?1() <Elect+on"! Electo&#te #nd Democ&#c, +n Ind+#!-Ind+#n .ou&n#l o/ 8u%l+c Adm+n+"t&#t+on '8e&"pect+7e(! Octo%e&3Decem%e& p) 1@

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things in such a manner that those people who do not belong to them either racially, culturally or linguistically, are being excluded from being brought on the electoral rolls. $he house will reali)e that franchise is a most fundamental thing in a democracy. o person who is entitled to be brought into the electoral rolls on grounds which we have already mentioned  in our constitution, namely, an adult of 7 years of age should be excluded merely as a result  of the pre+udice of a local government, or whim of an officer. $hat would cut at the very root  of democratic government .

The Co'stitue't Assembl ")s &)-ed "ith ) dilemm) "hether to h),e ) -e'tr)li<ed Ele-tio' Commissio' or to )llo" the st)tes to h),e their o"' se%)r)te Ele-tio' Commissio's. A&ter ) lo'( deb)te it ")s &i')ll de-ided to )--e%t ) u'i&ied ele-tio' )uthorit &or the "hole -ou'tr to e'sure u'i&ormit o& the ele-tio' %ro-edure )'d %r)-ti-e. The result ")s Arti-le 764 i' the Co'stitutio' o& I'di)! re%l)-i'( Arti-le 6=3 u'der Co'stitue't Assembl Deb)tes. Arti-le 764152 %ro,ides th)t the su%eri'te'de'-e! dire-tio' )'d -o'trol o& the %re%)r)tio' o& the ele-tor)l rolls &or! )'d the -o'du-t o&! )ll ele-tio's to 9)rli)me't )'d to the Le(isl)ture o&  e,er St)te )'d o& ele-tio's to the o&&i-es o& 9reside't )'d i-eB9reside't held u'der this Co'stitutio' sh)ll be ,ested i' ) Commissio'! the Ele-tio' Commissio'. Cl)use 162 o& Arti-le 764 s)s th)t the Ele-tio' Commissio' sh)ll -o'sist o& the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er! )'d )' 'umber o& other Ele-tio' Commissio'ers! )s the 9reside't m) &rom time to time )%%oi't. Till the )%%oi'tme't o& t"o )dditio')l members to the Ele-tio' Commissio' b )' Ordi')'-e54 o& the Go,er'me't i' 5337! the Commissio' -o'sisted o& o'l the Chie& Ele-tio'

Commissio'er. Si'-e 5337 the -o'-e%t o& multiBmember Commissio' h)s bee' i' o%er)tio'! "ith de-isio' m)#i'( %o"er b m)orit ,ote. The R)i, G)'dhi Go,er'me't h)d )lso )%%oi'ted i' 53=3 ) multiBmember Ele-tio' Commissio' b i'-ludi'( t"o )dditio')l members o& the Ele-tio' Commissio'. It ")s re,erted to o'e m)' Ele-tio' Commissio' b the .9. Si'(h Go,er'me't i' 533558. At %rese't the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er is )ssisted

i' his &u'-tio's b the t"o Ele-tio' Commissio'ers! three De%ut Ele-tio' Commissio'ers! )'d si$ Se-ret)ries.

The Co'stitutio' does 'ot %res-ribe )' u)li&i-)tio' &or the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er or  the Ele-tio' Commissio'ers. The m)i' -o'-er' o& the m)#ers o& the Co'stitutio' ")s to h),e 1; Te O&d+n#nce #mended te C+e/ Elect+on Comm+""+one& #nd ote& Elect+on Comm+""+one&" 'Cond+t+on o/ Se&7+ce"( Act! 1@@1

1 B#m%&+! C)8 '1@@;() Ind+#n 8ol+t+c" S+nce Independence) Del+ S+p&#! p)@4) ?

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)' Ele-tio' Commissio'! i'de%e'de't o& e$e-uti,e )'d %oliti-)l -o'trol. The 9reside't )s %er  Arti-le 764162 )%%oi'ts the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er )'d other Ele-tio' Commissio'ers. The h),e te'ure o& si$ e)rs! or u% to the )(e o& :8 e)rs! "hi-he,er is e)rlier. Si'-e i' ) 9)rli)me't)r demo-r)- the 9reside't &u'-tio's o' the )d,i-e o& the 9rime Mi'ister! the )-tu)l %o"er o& )%%oi'tme't is "ith the l)tter.

The i'de%e'de'-e o& Ele-tio' Commissio' i' -)rri'( out its &u'-tio's )'d res%o'sibilities is e'sured b )' e$%ress %ro,isio' i' Arti-le 764182 o& the Co'stitutio'. It s)s th)t the Chie&  Ele-tio' Commissio'er sh)ll 'ot be remo,ed &rom his o&&i-e e$-e%t i' li#e m)''er! )'d o' the li#e (rou'ds! )s ) /ud(e o& the Su%reme Court )'d the -o'ditio's o& the ser,i-e o& the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er sh)ll 'ot be ,)ried to his dis)d,)'t)(e duri'( his te'ure. It me)'s th)t the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er -)' be remo,ed &rom o&&i-e o'l throu(h im%e)-hme't b 9)rli)me't. The e'o the s)me st)tus )'d re-ei,e s)l)r )'d %er#s )s ),)il)ble to /ud(es o& the Su%reme Court o& I'di).

Election %o!!ission an t$e S'ccess o& De!oc"ac# in

Inia

The Co'stitutio' o& I'di) %ro,ides &or %eriodi- ele-tio's! "hi-h e'sure demo-r)ti- tr)'s&er o&   %oliti-)l %o"er &rom o'e set o& re%rese't)ti,e to other. The Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di)! )  %o"er&ul 'o'B%)rtis)' -o'stitutio')l bod! -o'du-ts the l)r(est ele-tor)l e$er-ise i' the "orld. It is the res%o'sibilit o& the Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) to -o'du-t &ree )'d &)ir  ele-tio' i' this l)'d o& more th)' :;> millio' ,oters "ith di,erse so-ioBe-o'omi- )'d  %oliti-)l b)-#(rou'ds.

The Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) h)s bee' su--ess&ull -o'du-ti'( ')tio')l )s "ell )s st)te ele-tio's si'-e 5386. I' re-e't e)rs! ho"e,er! the Commissio' h)s st)rted to %l) more )-ti,e role to e'sure (re)ter %)rti-i%)tio' o& %eo%le i' the %oliti-)l )&&)irs. L)te K.R.  N)r))')'! the &ormer 9reside't o& I'di) %r)isi'( the %roB)-ti,e role o& Ele-tio' Commissio'

s)id

$he 4ommission very %uicly adapted itself to the changed political milieu that came about in the country. rom a relatively passive role that it had played in the earlier years  following our independence, it %uicly responded and centre stage to play a vigorous,

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 proactive role to ensure that the democratic process in the country remains, as was envisaged  by all at the time of Independence, free and fair in both character and content .5:

The 9rime Mi'ister o& I'di) %roudl de-l)res th)t the Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) h)s 'o eu)ls )'"here i' the "orld. To uote him!

8hen the 9nited ations and the 5overnments of other democracies reach out to our   lection 4ommission seeing its assistance in conducting elections we feel a sense of pride in our democratic processes and institutions. "ur lection 4ommission has no peers anywhere in the world. It has established an enviable record of efficiency and transparency in the conduct of elections from :ashmir to :anyamumari.5;

The Ele-tio' Commissio' )'d the Su%reme Court )re the t"o i'stitutio's th)t -omm)'d hi(h de(ree o& res%e-t &rom the -iti<e's5=.   Rudol& )'d Rudol& m)i't)i' th)t *the lection

commission +oined the 1upreme 4ourt in improving the legal conditions that mae representative government and democratic participation possible+. A--ordi'( to them Ele-tio' Commissio' h)s )lso -o'tributed to the m)#i'( o& ) re(ul)tor st)te i' I'di)53.

Ele-tio' Commissio's role i' the su--ess o& I'di)s Demo-r)- is re&le-ted i' the "riti'(s o&  ) %oliti-)l s-ie'tist! "ho s)s! *$he lection 4ommission is the means to the end of a vibrant  representative democracy&70.

14 Speec o/ te 8&e"+dent o/ Ind+# on te occ#"+on o/ te olden .u%+lee Cele%&#t+on o/ te Elect+on Comm+""+on o/ Ind+# on .#nu#&, 1?! 2001)

1? 8&+me 9+n+"te& D&) 9onmo#n S+ng6" Speec #t te $T Le#de&"+p In+t+#t+7e Con/e&ence! New Del+

1 A n#t+onw+de "u&7e, w#" conducted %, te Cent&e /o& te Stud, o/ De7elop+ng Soc+et+e" /o& te Ind+#n Counc+l o/ Soc+#l Sc+ence" Re"e#&c #nd Ind+# tod#, :u"t #/te& te ele7ent n#t+on#l elect+on +n .une #nd .ul, 1@@4) Te "u&7e, nd" t#t 42 pe& cent o/ 1!00 &e"pondent" &#ted te Elect+on Comm+""+on #" t&u"two&t,! te +ge"t "co&e! /ollowed %, @ pe& cent /o& te Sup&eme Cou&t) Ind+# Tod#,! Augu"t 1! 1@@4)

1@ Rudolp! L,o,d #nd Su"#nne Rudolp '2001( <Redo+ng te Con"t+tut+on#l De"+gn-! +n! Atul 5ol+ 'ed)( Te Succe"" o/ Ind+#6" democ&#c,) C#m%&+dge C#m%&+dge Un+7e&"+t, 8&e""! pp) 1;31)

20 8ete&! op) c+t)! p) )

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The Commissio' i' the %)st ")s -o'sidered )s ) "i'( o& the )dmi'istr)tio' to -om%lete the &orm)lities o& the ele-tio'65. A 'e" d')mism ")s i'stilled i' the Commissio' )&ter T.N.

Shesh)' too# o,er )s the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er i' 5335.+St)rti'( "ith the te'ure o&  T.N. Shesh)' )s Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er... The Ele-tio' Commissio' ()i'ed ) ')tio')l %romi'e'-e )s ) %rime &or-e i' restori'( )'d m)i't)i'i'( &ree )'d &)ir ele-tio's i' I'di)+66. T.N. Sesh)' (),e teeth to ele-tor)l %ro,isio's )'d ) model -ode o& -o'du-t ")s

m)de to o%er)te "ith (re)t &irm'ess! sho"i'( the *hitherto undiscovered and untapped   power of the 4ommission hidden in the 4onstitution&. The Commissio' si'-e the' h)s

i'iti)ted ,)rious ele-tor)l re&orm me)sures. It is dee%l -o'-er'ed )bout -rimi')li<)tio' o&   %oliti-s )'d %)rti-i%)tio' o& -rimi')ls i' the ele-tor)l %ro-ess )s -)'did)tes. The Commissio'

h)d (o'e to the e$te't o& dis-i%li'i'( the %oliti-)l %)rties "ith ) thre)t o& de re-o('itio' i& the  %)rties &)iled i' m)i't)i'i'( i''er %)rt demo-r)-.

Election %o!!ission an t$e "ea"ation o& Electo"al

Rolls

To m)i't)i' )' )--ur)te )'d u%BtoBd)te re-ord o& )ll eli(ible ,oters is the esse'ti)l  %rereuisite o& e,er &u'-tio'i'( demo-r)-! "ithout "hi-h 'o &ree )'d &)ir ele-tio' -)' be  %ossible. The ele-tor)l rolls bei'( the determi')te o& "hose ,otes sh)ll &orm the (o,er'me't

)re the &ou'd)tio' o& moder' demo-r)-.

As m)'d)ted b Arti-le 764 o& the Co'stitutio' )'d Re%rese't)tio' o& 9eo%les A-ts! the  %rim)r &u'-tio' o& the Ele-tio' Commissio' is to su%eri'te'd! dire-t )'d -o'trol the  %re%)r)tio' o& Ele-tor)l Rolls. Thus! Ele-tor)l Rolls o& e,er Co'stitue'-! )s desired b the Co'stitutio' m)#ers! is %re%)red u'der the su%eri'te'de'-e! dire-tio' )'d -o'trol o& the Ele-tio' Commissio'. The Commissio' %l)s )' @ activist’s role’  to root out the bo(us ,oters )'d e'list the (e'ui'e o'es )s it #'o"s th)t more th)' t"o %er -e't error m)#es ,oter lists u')--e%t)ble. I' the re-e't ele-tio' to the Le(isl)ti,e Assembl o& ?est 0e'()l the Commissio' -o'sidered the t)s# o& -le)'i'( the ele-tor)l rolls )s ) *hi(h %riorit+ ob. The

21 Ro,! A)5)'1@@@() <Role o/ Elect+on Comm+""+on +n En"u&+ng F#+& 8oll"!-Econom+c #nd 8ol+t+c#l eekl,! Septem%e& p) 24

22 Rudolp #nd Rudol/! op)c+t)! p)1) 10

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')mes o& 57 l)#h *dead and shifted + ,oters h),e bee' remo,ed )'d 65 l)#h 'e" ,oters )dded to the list.67

The Commissio' h)s )lso t)#e' bold i'iti)ti,e to e'sure deletio' o& ')mes o& those ,oters )()i'st "hom 'o'Bb)il)ble ")rr)'ts h),e bee' %e'di'( e$e-utio' &or o,er si$ mo'ths. It -o'siders th)t i& ) ")rr)'t -)''ot be e$e-uted &or more th)' si$ mo'ths! it should be  %resumed th)t the %erso' is 'o lo'(er residi'( i' th)t %l)-e )'d so his ')me should 'ot &i(ure i' the ,oters list. 0)sed o' ) -ommu'i-)tio' &rom the Ele-tio' Commissio'! -o'tro,ersi)l R/D M9 &rom Si")' 10ih)r2 Moh)m)d Sh)h)buddi's ')me ")s deleted &rom the ,oters list i' 6>>864. I' tot)l 5.8 l)#hs ')mes "ere deleted &rom the ,oters list i' 0ih)r )lo'e68.

I' order to %rote-t the (e'ui'e ,oters! the Commissio' h)s bee' i'sisti'( si'-e 5337 o' %hoto ide'tit -)rds to be issued to )ll eli(ible ,oters. The &ormer CEC! T.N. Shesh)' issued ) ")r'i'( b i',o#i'( Rule 7; o& Re%rese't)tio' o& 9eo%les A-t th)t the Commissio' "ould 'ot 'oti& ele-tio's )&ter /)'u)r 5! 5338 i' those %l)-es "here %hoto ide'tit -)rds "ere 'ot issued. The CECs di-t)te o& @'o ide'tit -)rdsB'o ele-tio's be-)me sli(htl -o'tro,ersi)l. The order o& the Commissio' ")s -h)lle'(ed i' the Su%reme Court s)i'( th)t ri(ht to ,ote is )' esse'ti)l -om%o'e't o& demo-r)- )'d %ro-edur)l %ro,isio' -)''ot be -o'stru-ted to de' the subst)'ti,e ri(ht to ,ote. The m)tter ")s &i')ll resol,ed "he' the Commissio' (),e )' u'dert)#i'( be&ore the Court th)t it "ould 'ot "ithhold ele-tio's. The %rese't Chie&  Ele-tio' Commissio'er is )lso i'siste'-e o' %hoto ide'tit -)rds. 0.0. te'do' m)de it -le)r   be&ore the re-e't Assembl ele-tio' i' ?est 0e'()l! Ass)m )'d T)mil N)du th)t *those

"ithout %hoto ide'tit -)rds "ill 'ot be )llo"ed to -)st their ,otes i' Assembl ele-tio'+6:.

Election %o!!ission an Moel %oe o& %on'ct

 Model -ode o& Co'du-t emer(ed out o& ) %oliti-)l -o'se'sus "he' i' 53:= the Ele-tio' Commissio' &ormul)ted! i' -o'sult)tio' "ith %oliti-)l %)rties! the -ode th)t ")s i'te'ded to re(ul)te the -o'du-t o& %oliti-)l %)rties )'d -)'did)tes &or ) he)lth )'d %e)-e&ul ele-tio' 2 B)B) T#ndon! C+e/ Elect+on Comm+""+one& o/ Ind+#! T+me" o/ Ind+#! 21))04) 2; T+me" o/ Ind+#! New Del+! No7em%e& 10! 200)

2 Teleg&#p! C#lcutt#! Decem%e& 1! 200) 24 T+me" o/ Ind+#! New Del+! Decem%e& ! 200)

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-)m%)i('. Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) de&i'es Model -ode o& Co'du-t )s ) set o&  (uideli'es to (o,er' the -o'du-t o& %oliti-)l %)rties )'d -)'did)tes i' the ru'Bu% to )' ele-tio'. It is i'te'ded to %ro,ide ) le,el %l)i'( &ield &or )ll %oliti-)l %)rties! to #ee% the -)m%)i(' &)ir )'d he)lth! ),oid -l)shes )'d -o'&li-ts bet"ee' %)rties! )'d e'sure %e)-e )'d order. The m)i' )im o& the Model Code is to e'sure th)t the ruli'( %)rt! either )t the Ce'tre or i' the st)tes! does 'ot misuse its o&&i-i)l %ositio' to ()i' )' u'&)ir )d,)'t)(e i' )' ele-tio'. '&ortu')tel the -ode o& -o'du-t does 'ot h),e st)tutor s)'-tio'.

It ")s T.N. Shesh)' "ho stri-tl e'&or-ed the -ode )&ter t)#i'( o,er )s the Chie& Ele-tio' Commissio'er. 0e&ore th)t the -ode rem)i'ed ust o' %)%er )s the Commissio' did 'ot re)lise th)t it h)d the %o"er to e'&or-e the -ode. T.N Shesh)' &or-ed the %)rties )'d -)'did)tes to t)#e the ECs -ode o& -o'du-t seriousl )'d su--eeded to ) (ood e$te't i' -o't)i'i'( ,iole'-e. Rudol%h )'d Rudol%h s) th)t the most ,isible su--ess o& the Ele-tio' Commissio' *has been getting India’s parties and candidates 222 comply with its code of conduct& . The Shesh)'s tr)ditio' -o'ti'ued )'d the su--essi,e Ele-tio' Commissio'ers too# serious 'ote o& )' ,iol)tio' o& the -ode. The %rese't Commissio' h)s %ulled u% ) host o& %oliti-i)'s!  bure)u-r)ts )'d e,e' ) Go,er'or &or ,iol)ti'( the -ode. Go,er'or o& 0ih)r! 0ut) Si'(h Si'(h ")s i'di-ted b ) t"oBmember Ele-tio' Commissio' te)m &or ,iol)ti'( model -ode o&  -o'du-t )s he m)de ,)rious )%%oi'tme'ts to -o'stitutio')l bodies %rior to Assembl ele-tio' i' 0ih)r i' 6>>8. Hum)' Resour-e De,elo%me't Mi'ister Aru' Si'(hs re-e't )''ou'-eme't )bout the (o,er'me'ts %l)'s &or reser,)tio' i' elite edu-)tio')l i'stitutio's &or Other 0)-#")rd Cl)sses ")s &ou'd to be ) ,ol)tile o& the model -ode o& -o'du-t. The Commissio' s)id this amounts to new concessions to certain sections of the electorate+ i' the &i,e st)tes "here Assembl ele-tio's )re bei'( held. R. N)tr)! the the' Che'')i 9oli-e Commissio'er ")s ordered to be tr)'s&erred b the Ele-tio' Commissio' i' the ")#e o& his  %r)isi'( T)mil N)du Chie& Mi'ister "he' the model -ode o& -o'du-t ")s i' &or-e.

Election %o!!ission on %"i!inali*ation o& olitics

Crimi')li<)tio' o& %oliti-s )'d %oliti-i<)tio' o& -rime ,er b)dl )&&e-t so-i)l )'d %oliti-)l li&e o& the %eo%le. 9rese'-e o& -rimi')ls i' %oliti-s! m)' belie,e! st)'ds o' the ") o&  demo-r)- i' I'di). The N)tio')l Commissio' to Re,ie" the ?or#i'( o& the Co'stitutio' 1NCR?C2 h)s )lso re-o('ised the &)-t th)t -rimi')lis)tio' h)s be-ome ) "orrisome -h)r)-teristi- o& I'di)s %oliti-s )'d ele-tor)l sstem. The Commissio' 'otes th)t o'e %ossible

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e$%l)')tio' &or the r)%id -rimi')lis)tio' o& the %olit is th)t -rimi')ls h),e u'derstood the me-h)'i-s o& the ele-tor)l %ro-ess )'d h),e themsel,es be-ome -o'te'ders &or %o"er. E)rlier! %oliti-i)'s used to %)tro'ise -rimi')ls )'d %ro,ided them %rote-tio' &rom the l)"B e'&or-eme't )(e'-ies i' e$-h)'(e &or the use o& their mus-le %o"er duri'( ele-tio's. uoti'( u'o&&i-i)l studies the N)tio')l Commissio' -ited th)t i' 533: )s m)' )s 73 members o& %)rli)me't! i'-ludi'( &our mi'isters! &)-ed -rimi')l -h)r(es! "hi-h i'-luded murder! r)%e! d)-oit! )bdu-tio'! )ss)ult )'d bre)-h o& %e)-e.

A' i',esti()tio' i'to the re-ord o& 8>> %erso's "ho "ere -)'did)tes i' the Lo# S)bh) ele-tio's o& 533= re,e)led th)t ;6 o& them h)d -rimi')l %ro-eedi'(s %e'di'( )()i'st them. As  %er the estim)te o& G..G. Krish')murth! the &ormer CEC some ;>> o& the 4>>> odd MLAs i' the -ou'tr )re *historBshetters+ or h)d bee' -h)r(ed i' -rimi')l -)ses. The &ormer Chie&  Ele-tio' Commissio'er! G..G. Krish')murth! stro'(l %le)ded &or ) 'e" le(isl)tio' to )rrest -rimi')li<)tio' o& %oliti-s )'d %oliti-)l -orru%tio' "ith )' )im th)t ;no law breaer   should ever be law maer&. The Committee to Re,ie" the ?or#i'( o& the Co'stitutio' h)s

re-omme'ded th)t -)'did)tes -o',i-ted o& o&&e'-es "ith ) se'te'-e o& si$ mo'ths or more be  b)rred &rom -o'testi'( ele-tio's &or si$ e)rs %lus the le'(th o& their se'te'-e! "hi-h "ould

m)r# ) -h)'(e &rom the e$isti'( sstem "here ) si$ e)r b)' mi(ht e$%ire be&ore ) se,e' or  ei(ht e)r se'te'-e.

The Ele-tio' Commissio' t)#i'( serious ,ie" o& the i'-re)si'( role o& -rimi')ls i' %oliti-s (),e -rimi')l u'B&rie'dl i'ter%ret)tio' to Se-tio' = o& Re%rese't)tio' o& 9eo%le A-t! 5385. The Commissio' ordered th)t 'o -o',i-ted %erso' "ill be )llo"ed to -o'test ele-tio's e,e' i&  )' )%%e)l )()i'st the -o',i-tio' ")s %e'di'( i' ) hi(h -ourt or the %erso' ")s o' b)il. The e$-e%tio' ")s! ho"e,er! (i,e' to sitti'( members o& 9)rli)me't )'d St)te Le(isl)tures. A--ordi'(l! the Commissio' dire-ted the retur'i'( o&&i-ers to obt)i' s"or' )&&id),its &rom -)'did)tes det)ili'( "hether the -o'test)'t h)d e,er bee' -o',i-ted! ')ture o& o&&e'-e!  %u'ishme't im%osed! %eriod o& im%riso'me't )'d other rele,)'t det)ils. The retur'i'( o&&i-ers "ere ordered to t)#e 'ote o& the 'e" le()l %ositio' )'d de-ide )bout the ,)lidit o&  the -)'did)ture o& -o'test)'ts.

The Commissio' )lso re-omme'ded th)t "he' ) %erso' is )--used o& serious -rimes )'d ) -ourt is %rim) &)-i) s)tis&ied )bout his i',ol,eme't i' the -rime! he should be #e%t out o& the ele-tor)l )re') )s it "ould be ) re)so')ble restri-tio' i' the i'terest o& the %ubli-. A'd those

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)--used o& -rimi')l o&&e'-es -)rri'( ) se'te'-e o& &i,e e)rs or more be )utom)ti-)ll disu)li&ied &rom &i(hti'( ele-tio's.

Election %o!!ission on Inne" a"t# De!oc"ac#

It is o&te' s)id th)t *the strength of India’s parliamentary democracy is rooted in its multi*  party system and the manner in which the political parties wor +. The -e'tr)lit o& the %)rties

i' ) demo-r)ti- sstem dem)'ds th)t some %oli-i'( o& their i'ter')l %ro-ess o& sele-ti'( le)ders )'d re%rese't)ti,es should de&i'itel t)#e %l)-e "hi-h "ill e'sure th)t the e$er-ise o&  )uthorit "ithi' the %)rt is b)sed o' ) demo-r)ti- -ulture )'d 'ot )' )uthorit)ri)' o'e.

I'di) bei'( ) demo-r)ti- -ou'tr it is o'l e$%e-ted th)t the 9oliti-)l 9)rties must &u'-tio' i' ) demo-r)ti- m)''er. 9oliti-)l %)rties )re re(istered "ith the Ele-tio' Commissio' u'der  Se-tio' 63A o& Re%rese't)tio' o& 9eo%le A-t! 5385.The re(istered %oliti-)l %)rties )re (r)'ted re-o('itio' )t the St)te )'d N)tio')l le,els b the Ele-tio' Commissio' o' the b)sis o& their   %oll %er&orm)'-e )t (e'er)l ele-tio's )--ordi'( to -riteri) %res-ribed b it. Althou(h the A-t

o& 5385 does 'ot s%e-i&i-)ll me'tio' )bout the %o"er o& the Commissio' to im%ose dire-ti,es &or the %ur%ose o& est)blishi'( i''er %)rt demo-r)- o& the %oliti-)l %)rties! the su--essi,e Ele-tio' Commissio'ers h),e sho"' i'terests to restri-t %)rties &rom mo,i'( )") &rom demo-r)ti- %)th. Si'-e %)rties )re so -e'tr)l to the demo-r)ti- sstem some  %oli-i'( o& their i'ter')l %ro-ess o& sele-ti'( le)ders )'d re%rese't)ti,es should de&i'itel

t)#e %l)-e. This e'sures th)t the e$er-ise o& )uthorit "ithi' the %)rt is b)sed o' ) demo-r)ti- -ulture )'d 'ot )' )uthorit)ri)' o'e.

The &ormer CEC! T.N. Shesh)' ordered i' 5334 th)t %oliti-)l %)rties "hi-h h)d 'ot -o'stituted (o,er'i'( bodies )--ordi'( to their -o'stitutio' "ould be dere-o('i<ed. L)ter! he re)li<ed th)t the 9)rli)me't h)s 'ot (i,e' the EC )' %o"er to s-ruti'i<e ) %)rts -o'stitutio'. The Commissio'! u'der M.S. Gill issued ) dire-tio' to )ll those %)rties "hi-h -o'du-t their i'ter')l busi'ess i' ;an entirely undemocratic manner + to e'sure th)t the or()'is)tio')l ele-tio's )re held re(ul)rl )s %er the %)rt -o'stitutio'. He! ho"e,er! ruled out )' *interference+ b the -ommissio' i' the i'ter')l %oliti-)l %ro-ess o& %)rties. !.". #yn$oh, the %ormer Chie% &le'tion Commissioner )(rees th)t ) -o'stitutio')l )me'dme't th)t "ould m)#e %oliti-)l %)rties )do%t i''erB%)rt demo-r)- -ould be o'e o& the ")s to e'sure the e&&e-ti,e &u'-tio'i'( o& demo-r)- i' the -ou'tr.

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MORE NEED TO BE DONE

At the e'd! it must be )-#'o"led(ed th)t the Ele-tio' Commissio' o& I'di) h)s bee' (re)tl res%o'sible &or the sur,i,)l o& I'di)' demo-r)-. No demo-r)- -)' s)id to be -om%lete "ithout %eriodi- ele-tio's! "hi-h i' I'di) is m)de %ossible be-)use o& )-ti,e role bei'(  %l)ed b the Ele-tio' Commissio'. It rem)i's o'e o& the &e" -o'stitutio')l bodies to h),e re)li<ed the dre)ms )'d ,isio's o& the &ou'di'( &)thers o& I'di)' Co'stitutio'. The role o& the Commissio' i' re-e't e)rs h)s o&te' bee' %er-ei,ed )s re'e"ed *)-ti,ism+. The Assembl ele-tio's i' 0ih)r l)st e)r is see' )s the &)irest ele-tio' held so &)r i' the -ou'tr. The Ele-tio' Commissio' )'d its s%e-i)l obser,er K./. R)o h)s -re)ted -o'ditio's &or the D)lits )'d the %oor to ,ote &reel )'d "ithout &e)r47.

The m)i' -o'-er' o& the Commissio' be&ore Le(isl)ti,e Assembl ele-tio' i' ?est 0e'()l ")s to (et to the bottom o& * scientific rigging by <eft ront +. Ho"e,er! the Ele-tio' Commissio' still h),e lo'( ") to (o. K./. R)o )(rees th)t more is 'eeded to be do'e48. He is i' &),our o& -re)tio' o& ) s%e-i)l -)dre o& o&&i-er &or the Ele-tio' Commissio'. The &ormer  CEC! M.S. Gill belie,ed th)t the Commissio' must * assert its constitutionally guaranteed  independence more fiercely than ever + i& I'di) is (oi'( to hold &ree )'d &)ir ele-tio's4:. Go,er'me't o& I'di) h)s to )-t ur(e'tl o' the re-omme'd)tio's &or %oll re&orms b the Ele-tio' Commissio' so th)t the Commissio' is eui%%ed to -le)'se I'di)' %olit o&  -rimi')ls )'d -orru%t %oliti-i)'s. The Commissio' should 'ot o'l be 'eutr)l but )lso seems to be 'eutr)l. The re-e't -o'tro,ers! i' "hi-h ) Member o& the Commissio' ")s re%orted to h),e re-ei,ed do')tio's &rom se,er)l Co'(ress %oliti-i)'s &or trusts "ith "hi-h his &)mil h)s li'#s! does 'ot )dd to the re%ut)tio' o& hi(hl res%e-ted -o'stitutio')l bod. I' order to ),oid su-h i'-ide'ts! the members o& the Commissio' )s "ell )s Chie& Commissio'er should  be )%%oi'ted "ithout %oliti-)l -o'sider)tio's.

(17)

BIBLORA8$G

BOOKS RE+ERRED

• Shu#i)! Subh)sh 16>>=2. Issues i' I'di)' 9oliti-s! Ne" Delhi A')mi#) 9ublishers!

 %.653.

• K)ur! Am)'-lee% 16>>32. Ele-tor)l Re&orms i' I'di) 9roblems )'d Needs 153=3B

6>>32! Ch)'di()rh 'ist)r 9ubli-)tio'! %.78

• G)'esh)'! K. 153342 JEle-tor)l Re&orms ! 9)rli)me't)r A&&)irs! ol. 56! No. 66B76‟

S)'()l)re! %.5=

RE+EREN%ES

• 0h)mbri! C.9 153342. I'di)' 9oliti-s Si'-e I'de%e'de'-e. Delhi Shi%r). • D)hl! Robert 153=32. Demo-r)- )'d Its Criti-s. Ne" Delhi Orie't Lo'(m)'. • De Sou<)! 9eter 1533=2 *The E.C. )'d Ele-tor)l Re&orms i' I'di)+! i' D.D.

Kh)'')! L.L.

• Mehrotr) )'d Gert ?. Kue-# 1eds.2 Demo-r)-! Di,ersit )'d St)bilit. Delhi

M)-mill)' 85B:7.

• Kohli! Atul 1ed.2 16>>52. The Su--ess o& I'di)s Demo-r)-. C)mbrid(e

C)mbrid(e 'i,ersit 9ress.

• L)rr Di)mo'd! /u)' / Li'<! S.M. Li%set 1eds.2 153=32. Demo-r)- i' Asi). Ne"

Delhi ist))r 9ubli-)tio's.

• M)-#e'<ie! ?./.M. 1538=2. Free Ele-tio's. Lo'do' Geor(e Alle' )'d '"i'.

,EBSITES -ISITED

• htt%""".ihssi.or(%)%ers,6172,ersio'B6A67>5>8.%d&  • htt%""".the(lob)lour')ls.-omi)r&ile.%h%,)l/ul6>5454>4667=>:34.%d&  • htt%""".our)rti-lelibr)r.-omess)m)orB-ommitteesBo'Bele-tor)lBre&ormsB)'dB theirBre-omme'd)tio'sBi'Bi'di)6437> • htt%""".%rsi'di).or(u%lo)dsmedi)Ele-tor)lP6>Re&ormsEle-tor)lP6>Re&orms P6>CodeP6>o&P6>Co'du-t.%d&  • htt%""".m)i'stre)m"ee#l.'et)rti-le5>43.html 14

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