S U R F A C T A N T S
S U R F A C T A N T S
S U R F A C T A N T S
S U R F A C T A N T S
³IN A NUT SHELL´
³IN A NUT SHELL´
³IN A NUT SHELL´
³IN A NUT SHELL´
By Tom Schoenberg By Tom Schoenberg By Tom Schoenberg By Tom Schoenberg SCHOENBERG CONSULTING SCHOENBERG CONSULTING SCHOENBERG CONSULTING SCHOENBERG CONSULTING
SURFACTANT CLASSES
SURFACTANT CLASSES
SURFACTANT CLASSES
SURFACTANT CLASSES
ANIONICS ANIONICS ANIONICS ANIONICS AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES CATIONICS CATIONICS CATIONICS CATIONICS NONIONICS NONIONICS NONIONICS NONIONICSSURFACTANT CLASSES
SURFACTANT CLASSES
SURFACTANT CLASSES
SURFACTANT CLASSES
ANIONICS ANIONICS ANIONICS ANIONICS AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES CATIONICS CATIONICS CATIONICS CATIONICS NONIONICS NONIONICS NONIONICS NONIONICSDefinition:
Definition: ThThee aanionnion pportionortion of of tthhee
Definition:
Definition: ThThee aanionnion pportionortion of of tthhee
m
moleculeolecule isis lilippoophphilic.ilic.
m
moleculeolecule isis lilippoophphilic.ilic.
Examp
Example:le: SSodiuodium Lam Lauryluryl SSulf ulf aate:te:
Examp
Example:le: SSodiuodium Lam Lauryluryl SSulf ulf aate:te:
Ca
Cation:tion: SSodiuodium (hm (hydroydrophphilic)ilic)
Ca
Cation:tion: SSodiuodium (hm (hydroydrophphilic)ilic)
A
Anion:nion: LaLaurylsulf urylsulf aatete ((lilippoophphilic)ilic)
A
Anion:nion: LaLaurylsulf urylsulf aatete ((lilippoophphilic)ilic)
ANIONICS
ANIONICS
ANIONICS
Lipophilic
Lipophilic HydrophilicHydrophilic
SODIUM LAURYL SUFATE
SODIUM LAURYL SUFATE
MOST COMMONLY USED
MOST COMMONLY USED
ANIONICS
ANIONICS
1.
1. Alcohol Sulf ates.Alcohol Sulf ates. 2.
2. Ethoxylated Alcohol Sulf ates.Ethoxylated Alcohol Sulf ates. 3.
3. Sulfosuccinates.Sulfosuccinates. 4.
4. Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates.Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates. 5.
ALCOHOL SULFATES
ALCOHOL SULFATES
History: Commercial usage began in the History: Commercial usage began in the mid 1940¶s.
mid 1940¶s.
Made by the reaction of a f atty alcohol Made by the reaction of a f atty alcohol (C8
(C8--C18) with sulfur trioxide.C18) with sulfur trioxide.
The alcohol sulfuric acid is neutr alized The alcohol sulfuric acid is neutr alized with sodium or ammonium hydroxide, or with sodium or ammonium hydroxide, or an amine.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
CHARACTERISTICS OF
ALCOHOL SULFATES
ALCOHOL SULFATES
1.
1. C12 (Lauryl) provides the highest foam.C12 (Lauryl) provides the highest foam. 2.
2. Hydrolyzes at pH < 4.5.Hydrolyzes at pH < 4.5. 3.
3. Can be readily thickened when combinedCan be readily thickened when combined with alkanolamides, betaines, amine oxides with alkanolamides, betaines, amine oxides etc.
etc. 4.
4. Thickening can be greatly enhanced by theThickening can be greatly enhanced by the addition of electrolytes
addition of electrolytes 5.
5. (NaCl, KCl etc.).(NaCl, KCl etc.). 6.
6. Light color.Light color. 7.
Shampoos Shampoos Body Wash Body Wash
Liquid Hand Soap Liquid Hand Soap Bath Products Bath Products Facial Cleansers Facial Cleansers Syndet Bars Syndet Bars
MAJOR APPLICATIONS
MAJOR APPLICATIONS
ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOL
ETHOXYLATED ALCOHOL
SULFATES
SULFATES
History: Commercial usage began in the History: Commercial usage began in the early 1950¶s.
early 1950¶s.
Made by the sulf ation of an ethoxylated Made by the sulf ation of an ethoxylated f atty alcohol.
f atty alcohol.
Typically, the alcohol is lauryl (C12) and Typically, the alcohol is lauryl (C12) and ethylene oxide is in the r ange of 2
ethylene oxide is in the r ange of 2--33 moles.
moles.
The salts are typically sodium or The salts are typically sodium or ammonium.
Lipophilic
Lipophilic HydrophilicHydrophilic
SODIUM LAURETH SUFATE
SODIUM LAURETH SUFATE
More soluble than alcohol sulf ates. More soluble than alcohol sulf ates. Hydrolyze at pH < 4.5.
Hydrolyze at pH < 4.5.
Enhance foam stability of LAS (Linear Enhance foam stability of LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates).
Alkylbenzene Sulfonates).
More mild than alcohol sulf ates. More mild than alcohol sulf ates.
Mildness is significantly improved when Mildness is significantly improved when blended with a sulfosuccinate.
blended with a sulfosuccinate.
PROPERTIES OF ETHER
PROPERTIES OF ETHER
SULFATES
SULFATES
EFFECT OF BLENDS ON IRRITATION EFFECT OF BLENDS ON IRRITATION
15% ACTIVE 15% ACTIVE MEAN MEAN SCORE SCORE 6.0 6.0 4.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 0 0 0 0 2525 5050 7575 100100 SLES SLES AOS AOS SLS SLS
PERCENT DISODIUM OLEAMIDO MEA SULFOSUCCINATE PERCENT DISODIUM OLEAMIDO MEA SULFOSUCCINATE
LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE
LINEAR ALKYLBENZENE
SULFONATE (LAS)
SULFONATE (LAS)
Prepared by the sulfonation of alkyl
Prepared by the sulfonation of alkyl
(typically C12) benzene with sulfur
(typically C12) benzene with sulfur
trioxide.
trioxide.
Salts are typically sodium,
Salts are typically sodium,
ammonium or amines.
Lipophilic
Lipophilic HydrophilicHydrophilic
SODIUM DODECYLBENZENE SUFONATE
SODIUM DODECYLBENZENE SUFONATE
APPLICATIONS OF LAS
APPLICATIONS OF LAS
Primary surf actant used in
Primary surf actant used in
household and industrial
household and industrial
products: liquid dish wash, car
products: liquid dish wash, car
wash, laundry, etc.
wash, laundry, etc.
Rarely used in personal care.
Rarely used in personal care.
Stable in acidic products.
Sulf ates Hydrolyze More Readily
Sulf ates Hydrolyze More Readily
Than Sulfonates Due to the
Than Sulfonates Due to the
Weaker R
Weaker R--O
O--S Bond
S Bond
Sulfonate:
Sulfonate:
Sulf ate:
ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES
ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES
Made by the sulfonation of C14
Made by the sulfonation of C14--16
16
alpha olefin.
alpha olefin.
Product is actually a mixture of Na
Product is actually a mixture of Na
2,3 alkenylsulfonate and Na 3
2,3 alkenylsulfonate and Na
3--hydroxy
ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES
ALPHA OLEFIN SULFONATES
Sodium 2,3 alkenylsulfonate Sodium 2,3 alkenylsulfonate
Sodium 3
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
Excellent foamer.
Excellent foamer.
Difficult to thicken.
Difficult to thicken.
Stable in acid.
Stable in acid.
Used in both personal care
Used in both personal care
and house hold cleansers.
and house hold cleansers.
More mild than LAS.
APPLICATIONS
APPLICATIONS
Liquid dish wash.
Liquid dish wash.
Acid cleaners.
Acid cleaners.
Car wash.
Car wash.
Liquid hand soap.
Liquid hand soap.
Sulf ate free cleansers.
Sulf ate free cleansers.
SULFOSUCCINATES
SULFOSUCCINATES
Monoesters are primarily used in
Monoesters are primarily used in
personal care cleansers.
personal care cleansers.
Diester
Diester
(sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate) is the
(sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate) is the
most cost effective wetting agent
most cost effective wetting agent
available.
TWO TYPES
TWO TYPES
MONOESTER MONOESTER
(GOOD FOAMER, MILD) (GOOD FOAMER, MILD)
DIESTER DIESTER
(POOR FOAMER, LOW SOLUBILITY) (POOR FOAMER, LOW SOLUBILITY)
MONOESTERS ARE FROM TWO SOURCES
MONOESTERS ARE FROM TWO SOURCES
MONOESTERS ARE FROM TWO SOURCES
MONOESTERS ARE FROM TWO SOURCES
MONOALKANOL AMI
MONOALKANOL AMIDDESES MONOALKANOL AMI
MONOALKANOL AMIDDESES
FATTY ALCOHOLS
FATTY ALCOHOLS,, OR ETHOXYLATEOR ETHOXYLATEDD ALCOHOLSALCOHOLS FATTY ALCOHOLS
GENERAL
GENERAL
D
D
IFFERENCES BETWEEN
IFFERENCES BETWEEN
GENERAL
GENERAL
D
D
IFFERENCES BETWEEN
IFFERENCES BETWEEN
SULFOSUCCINATE TYPES
SULFOSUCCINATE TYPES
SULFOSUCCINATE TYPES
SULFOSUCCINATE TYPES
AMI
AMI
D
D
E
E
AMI
AMI
D
D
E
E
MMildild toto skinskin aandnd eyes.eyes.
M
Mildild toto skinskin aandnd eyes.eyes.
Th
Thickenicken aandnd condition.condition.
Th
Thickenicken aandnd condition.condition.
FATTY ALCOHOL
FATTY ALCOHOL
FATTY ALCOHOL
FATTY ALCOHOL
M
Mildild toto skin.skin.
M
Mildild toto skin.skin.
F
Fooamamss better.better.
F
Fooamamss better.better.
Wa
Water ter whwhiteite color.color.
Wa
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
PROPERTIES
W
W
ill
ill
h
h
ydrolyze
ydrolyze
in
in
a
a
cid
cid
or
or
a
a
lk
lk
a
a
line
line
W
W
ill
ill
h
h
ydrolyze
ydrolyze
in
in
a
a
cid
cid
or
or
a
a
lk
lk
a
a
line
line
conditions.
conditions.
conditions.
conditions.
Sh
Sh
ould
ould
be
be
for
for
m
m
ul
ul
a
a
ted
ted
in
in
a pH
a pH
Sh
Sh
ould
ould
be
be
for
for
m
m
ul
ul
a
a
ted
ted
in
in
a pH
a pH
r
r
a
a
n
n
g
g
e
e
of
of
5.0
5.0
r
r
a
a
n
n
g
g
e
e
of
of
5.0
5.0
-
-
-
-
7.0.
7.0.
7.0.
7.0.
A
A
re
re
m
m
ild
ild
to
to
skin
skin
a
a
nd
nd
eyes.
eyes.
A
A
re
re
m
m
ild
ild
to
to
skin
skin
a
a
nd
nd
eyes.
eyes.
Th
Th
e
e
m
m
ost
ost
cost
cost
/
/
effective
effective
m
m
ild
ild
Th
Th
e
e
m
m
ost
ost
cost
cost
/
/
effective
effective
m
m
ild
ild
surf
surf
a
a
ct
ct
a
a
nts
nts
a
a
v
v
a
a
il
il
a
a
ble.
ble.
surf
EFFECT OF BLENDS ON SKIN IRRITATION EFFECT OF BLENDS ON SKIN IRRITATION
SLES/DSLSS* SLES/DSLSS*
*SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate *SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate
DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 3.0 3.0 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0 0 4.7 4.7 4.0 4.0 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.9 0.90.9 100/0 100/0 75/2575/25 50/5050/50 25/7525/75 0/1000/100
EFFECT OF BLENDS ON FOAM
EFFECT OF BLENDS ON FOAM
350 350 420 420 450 450 FOAM FOAM HT. HT. (ml.) (ml.) 500 500 400 400 300 300 200 200 100 100 0 0 100/0 100/0 25/7525/75 0/1000/100 SLES/DSLSS* SLES/DSLSS*
*SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate *SLES: Sodium Laureth Sulf ate
DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate DSLSS: Disodium Laureth Sulfosuccinate
AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES
AMPHOTERICS/BETAINES
AMPHOTERICS ARE DERIVITIVES OF
AMPHOTERICS ARE DERIVITIVES OF
FATTY IMIDAZONES
FATTY IMIDAZONES
AMPHOTERICS
AMPHOTERICS
Zwitter Ion (Isolectric For m) Zwitter Ion (Isolectric For m)
Cationic (Acid For m)
PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICS
PROPERTIES OF AMPHOTERICS
FOR HI&I APPLICATIONS
FOR HI&I APPLICATIONS
Stable in alkaline and acid conditions. Stable in alkaline and acid conditions.
The propionate and dipropionate type are The propionate and dipropionate type are excellent for HI&I cleaners.
excellent for HI&I cleaners.
Low and high foaming is dependant on the Low and high foaming is dependant on the molecular weight of the f atty moiety.
molecular weight of the f atty moiety.
A C8 will be a low foamer, whereas, a C12 A C8 will be a low foamer, whereas, a C12 is a high foamer.
EXAMPLES OF
EXAMPLES OF
CAUSTIC SOLUBILITY
CAUSTIC SOLUBILITY
Compound Compound Coco Dipropionate Coco Dipropionate Caprylic (C8) Dipropionate Caprylic (C8) Dipropionate Caprylic (C8) Propionate Caprylic (C8) Propionate Caprylic (C8) Diacetate Caprylic (C8) Diacetate Coco Propionate Coco Propionate Octyl Betaine Octyl BetaineSodium Xylene Sulfonate Sodium Xylene Sulfonate
%NaOH %NaOH 41 41 38 38 30 30 28 28 25 25 23 23 22 22
