ATTHE
UNIVERSITYOF TORONTOPRESS
GRAMMAR
OF THE2
GRAMMAR
OF
THE
NEW
ZEALAND
LANGUAGE
BY
K.
MAUNSELL,
LL.D.
ARCIIDEACOX OF
AUCKLAND
THIRD
EDITION
MELBOURNE,
SYDNEY,
AND
ADELAIDE
AUCKLAND:
N.
O.LENNOX
(late E.WAYTE)
PREFACE
TO
THE
THIKTi
EDITION.
THE
reader has here beforehim
the analysis of a "strange language," unlikeanything
known
in Europe, with rules of constructionand
an
idiom peculiar to itself.He
must, therefore,when
speaking,endeavour
to divest hismind
ofEuropean
rules of speech,and
adopt thoseof the Antipodes.His
wisest, shortest,and most
effectual course will betostudytJieexamplesget
them
offby
heart,think ofthem,and
make
them
themodels upon which he
frameshis sentences. Ican
conceiveno
coursemore
beneficial
than
making
a vocabulary out of them,on
some
plan orscheme
of hisown.
The
rulesand
dis-sertationshe
can refer to, at hisleisure, as guides in cases ofdifficulty.PREFACE
TO
FIRST EDITION.
INDEPENDENTLY
ofminute and
numerous
subdivisions,it
may,
perhaps, l>e correct to state that there arespoken
inthis, the northern island, seven leadingdia-lects,each
more
or less distinguishedfrom
the other,viz.: 1st,the
Rarawa,
orthatspoken
tothenorthward
of Kaitaia; 2nd, the
Ngapuhi,
or thatspoken
iuthat portion of the island as far south of Kaitaiaas l>oint
Rodney
on
the easterncoast,and Kaipara on
the western; 3rd, theWaikato,
orthatspoken
in thedistrictlying
between
PointRodney
and Tauranga on
theeast,and Kaipara and
Mokau
on
thewest; 4th,that
spoken
intheBay
of Plenty; 5th, the dialectofthe
East
Cape
and
its neighbourhood, in which, perhaps,may
be included that of Rotorua,though
in thesetwo
placesmany
little differencesmight
l>edetected; 6th, that
spoken
inthe lineof coastbetween
Port
Nicholsonand Wanganui, though
here, also,at leastfour differentbranchesmight
be traced; 7th,and
last, that
spoken
between
"Wanganui
and
Mokau.
The
dialectofTaupo
may
be,perhaps, considered
a
All these
may
be stated to bear to each othera
remarkable
radical affinity.Many
words,it is true,may
befound
inone which
areunknown
in another;but the
grammar
ofany
one willgive agreat insight into thetextureofall.The
Waikato
dialect is very generallyknown
throughout the largerportion of the island. It has deeply tinctured that of Taupo, is well
known
atTauranga and
theBay
ofPlenty,and
hasbeen
carried to thesummits
ofTaranaki by
the multitudeswhom
its fiercewarriorsonce draggedfrom
thenceinslavery,and whose
chainshave
sincebeen snapped by
thepower
oftheGospel.Ngapuhi
to thenorthward
are well acquaintedwith
it,from
thenumber
ofslaveswho
had been
fetchedfrom
thenceby
thewarriorHongi
;and
alittlebefore histimeitwas
carried totheneigh-bourhood
of Port Nicholsonby
two
largeand
distinct migrations oneby
Ngatitoa,who
were
the original possessors ofKawhia
;anotherby Ngatiraukawa,
who
formerly occupiedMaungatautari,
and
as farasTaupo.The
fourtribes, also,who
now
occupy
thebanks
of theThames,
residedformerly for a very long period inWaikato,
and, beingsprung from
thesame
stock, speak a language so similar that a criticalear can scarcelytellthedifferencebetween
the dialects of thetwo
people.**
Marutuahu, fromKawhia, is the greatprogenitorof the
Thames
tribes, and hisname
is often usedto designate that people. Kawhia,we may
add,isthe place atwhich, accordingtotheaccountsofthe peopleofWaikato, Taranaki,aswell as thoseofNgatiruanui, the earlyimmigrants, landed.
1'KKi IX
The
origin of this people,what
part <>!' this i.first occupied,
whether
itwas
notcoloni/.edl>yditl'erent migrations
from
ditlerent islands, are point.-as yet buriedindarkn
That it
was
not occupiedby
merelyone
migration lias everbeen the opinion oftheauthor sincelu> h<ofthe differentcondition
and
habits ofthe peopltlif East
Cape and
those ofWaikato.
A
survey of the different dialects will confirm the conjecture,and
nowhere
canwe
getabetter illustrationthan
atTaupo.
For
that magnificent lake, in thecentre ofthe island,and
the point ofmeeting
fortwo
parties, as they approachfrom
eithercoast,presentsalso aremarkable
diversity in the languagesspoken on
the easternand
rii hanks.
On
the eastern, the dialectcon
pondsclosely withthat of Rotorua,
from which
it is;nt about a four days' journey;
on
the north
-rii,
which
isoccupiedby
aremnant
leftby
the tiraukawain their great migration to the south-ward,the dialectisremarkably
similar to thatspoken
inWaikato.*
The
pointsofsimilaritybetween
thefundamental
principles ofthe
Hebrew
languageand
those ofMaori
have been occasionally noticed: not, however, becauseauthor entertains
any
opinion that thetwo
* Theseremarks
mightalsobeextended toRotorualakes, on the north-western extremity also of which are resulini,
<r ivnmaiit of
Njatiraukawa, whose dialect is, a.s far ie author recolleets, different from that spoken by
languages can claim
any
directrelationship to each other.
Upon
this onlywould he
insist, in reply tothose
who
would
bindhim
down
tothemodel
ofsome
of the
European grammars,
thatMaori, likeHebrew,
is altogether different
from
those languages in structure; that every subject of scientific inquirymust
have
rulesand an arrangement
suited to itsnature
;
and
that, as itwould
be absurdto constructthe English 011thebasis of the Latin, so
would
itbemore
out of course to think of finding inMaori
declensions, conjugations,
modes
of comparison, itc., kc., as accurately defined, or conductedon
thesame
principles, as those of languages so polished,
and
so adaptedforexpressing as well the minutest varieties in thought asthe tenderest emotionsof thefeelings.And
here the authorwould acknowledge
his obli-gations to ProfessorLee
for histheoryoftheHebrew
tenses.
On
no
other hypothesis can a satisfactory solutionbe givenoftheMaori
tense.The
studentisrequestedto notice that theremarks
that are
more
suited to a beginner are printed in large type,and
thatmatterswhich
areof less import-ancetohim
arecontained inthe smaller. It will be, perhaps,most
advisable forhim
toomit the perusal of thelatter untilhe has mastered the former.WAIKATO
HEADS,
TABLE
OF
OiNTKNTS.
CHAPTKU
I.ORTHOEPY. ThelettersofMaori
Ofthe soundofthevowels Ofthe diphthongs
Homogeneoussounds,
when
theymeetinasentence OftheconsonantsA
table of peculiarities of pronunciation in the princi]dialects.
CHAITKK
II.OP
THE
ARTICLE. ThearticlesOfthedefinite article te
Ofitsplural////
Oftheindefinite articlelie
Oftetalti
when
usedasanarticleOfthe particlea.
CHAPTER
III.OF
THE
NOUNS. NounsprimitiveandderivativeCompound
words Verbalnouns Propernames (Jender ofnounsNumber
ofnouns<)fthepostfix nin
Reduplication ofnouns
CHAPTER
IV. OFTHE
ADJECTIVES. Their gender,number,andcaseEeduplicationof.
CHAPTER
V.OF
THE NUMERALS.
Ofthe cardinals Theirprefixes
Theirmannerof combination, &c. Prefixes fordenoting
Persons Distribution Fractions of length.
Ordinals. Threewaysfordenoting them.
CHAPTER
VI.OF
THE
PRONOUNS. Ofthe personalpronounsOfthe possessivepronouns Ofthe relativepronouns Ofthedemonstrative pronouns Ofnei,na, andra
Ofthe interrogativepronouns
Mode
ofsupplyingthe defect of distributivepronouns Ofthe indefinitepronouns.CHAPTER
VII.OF
THE
VERBS. Verbs primitive, derivative,and compoundMood
Tense
Imperative
mood
Paradigmoftense insimplesentences Passive voice (table ofexamples)
Remarkson
Verbal nouns(theirformation) Neuterverbs
CONTEXTS. Mil
CHAITKR
VIII.OF
TIN: i>ui:i>osiTiONS.List of prepositions Remarksonthem
Propermeaningof na,ma.Sec.
CHAPTER
IX.OP
THE
ADVERBS. PrimitiveandderivativeadverbsClassificationandlistofadverbsandadverbial
exprc-CHAPTER
X.OF
THE
PARTICLES. Atu,mai,ake, iho,ai,ano,ra, koa,u,hoki, kau.CHAPTER
XI. Ofthe conjunctions.CHAPTER
XII. Oftheinterjections.CHAPTER
XIII. OFTHE
SYNTAX. Preliminary Remarks. TermsexplainedComplex andincomplexpropositions Remarksonthe general features ofMaori Epanorthosis.
CHAPTER
XIV.SYNTAX
OFTHE
ARTICLE.Ko
anarticle Itspeculiar featuresTheomissionofthearticle
ireand teta?d Theparticlea.
CHAPTER
XV.
SYNTAX
OFTHE
NOUN. Nounsin appositionArticle prefixedtothem Preposition
Exceptions
Clausesinepanorthosis, irregularity of
Theanswerto a question, constructionof.
Possessive Case denotes Intensity
Dateofanact Usefulinpredication
Usedinstead of other cases
Positionof,
when
thegoverningwordis twice repeatedGoverningwordoftenomitted
Material, or quality, of a thing
how
denoted by a sub-stantiveThe formofthe substantive oftenusedforthatof the adjec-tive.
Objective Case. Position of
How
compoundwords governothers Kaiprefixedtoa verbTeprefixedtopropernames
Nfjat'iandranf/i
O
andA.distinctionbetween.CHAPTER
XVI.SYNTAX
OFTHE
ADJECTIVES. Position of adjectivesVerbaladjectives Exceptions
Many
adjectivestoonesubstantiveOne
adjectivetotwoormoresubstantives Of the formsoccasionallyassumed bythe adjective Comparisonof adjectives.CONTENTS.
XV
(
I1A1TKK
XVII.SYNTAX
OF Nr.MKKAI.-. Particles prefixedto numeralsl'asefollowing 1'ositionofnumeral
;ionofnumeral
Tua amin-liaka asnumeralprefixes.
CHAPTER
XVIII.SYNTAX
OFPRONG
IN-. Position ofpronounsOften omitted
Singularanddualoftendenote atribe
Otheruses of
A
pronounin the singularwillrefertoanouninthe plural In the third person will refer to the first or secondperson
Usedfortheconjunctionand
The nounbelongingtothe pronounoftenomitted
litlatict-pronouns,the substitutesforthem. Demomtratice Pronouns. Usefulas auxiliaries
Otherpeculiarities of JVH, na,andra
Interrogativepronouns(strange useof).
CHAPTER
XIX.
SYNTAX
OPTHE
VERB. Tim Verbal Particle*.I Ann
K
anaKa
IKnn
A;,/ -listinctionbetweenirnesnoverbal particle prefixed
tsused inconnectionwiththeverb
Adverbsasauxiliaries
Defectofsubstantive verb,
how
supplied Prepositions as auxiliariesTendency of Maori verb to assume the form of a sub-stantive
Thefiniteverb
may
followthe oblique case Predicationperformedbythe possessive caseCompound
tensesOther circumstances which affect the time or voice of a
verb
Verbsassociatedtoqualifyeachother Repetitionofverbs
Ofotherwords Passiveverbs,use of
Sometimes supplantedbythe active Neuterverbswhich assumethe passive form.
CHAPTER
XX.
OF
THE
PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS,AND
CONJUNCTIONS.EXPLANATION
OF ABBREVIATIONS.
adj. adjective.
adv. adverb.
n. noun.
verb. adj. verbalizedadjective. v. verb.
v. a. verbactive.
vide S. denotes tJiatfurther information will befound in theSyntax.
GRAMMAR
OF
THE
NEW
ZEALAND
LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER
I.OF
THE
PRONUNCIATION OF
MAORI.
The
followingtheseheads:
is a list of
words
classifiedunder
PRONUNCIATION. 3
as if it
were
keta, meta,tfcc. It should bepronounced
clearlyand
distinctly./:
Is
pronounced
asa
in bate, hate,<tc., only
not
quiteso slow, orso broad.Perhaps
thefinal ein theFrench words
cafe, felicite,would
be a closerresem-blance; e.g. koe,rea, re, kete, mate, tenei, rere. (2.)
As
einpoetical, t/tere; e.g. tena, renga,-reng&, kete, rere.Few
sounds in Maori are more frequentlymispronounced byforeignersthan e. Tofo, nga/r, kut/ica.\\oetiniai tewaka, '.ngn, terangi. rewera,korm>,havebeen allso carelesslypronounced as to sound to the native ear as if spelt to/ti,
ngari, kumia, hoiamaiti waka, toreinga, to rangi, rewara,
kororo. The reader should alsobe careful not to give e the diphthongal sound of ei; as in ne, the interrogative
par-ticle,&c.
/.
Iis
pronounced
like theFrench
i; as ee in sleep, green, tfec. ;when
distinctlyand
fully pronounced, itimparts
much
melodiousness to the sentence;e.g.
ar/ki, klkitocftatter, <kc.
In
the following it hasa
shortersound
: K?ki,crowded;
mtti, tlti, fcc.N.B. Thesneakershould becarefulnottocinfoundiwith theMaorie; asinsuch wordsaswakatoi, hoi,&c.
Has
a longand
a shortsound
a
long; as tot-"), todrag.
A
short; astoto, blood.
N.B.
We
haveno soundin Maoritocorrespondtotheoinnet, hot.pot, &c.
u.
sound
is also uniform in kind,and
always
experiences a
more
quick,sometimes
amore
slow pronunciation.The
followingtable exhibitstwo
variations,begin-ning
with the shorter :1. 2.
twri,alinee. lut?7,disobedient.
tfitti, sameastnpakihi of tutu(manu), ablrdstand. Ngapuhf.
kuku.ashell. kukil. a pigeon.
knhiu tutua.
buna,
ulu.topay. utu,todramwater.
In pronouncing n, the speaker will have to guardagainst
the error of those
who
prefix the aspiratewhen
noaspirateisadmissible. Accordingtothemw,ittu, &c. are pronouncedas
if spelt////..hutu.
He
will also have to beware of the morecommon
and stubbornerrorofgiving u thediphthongal soundof ?/incube,tube, nmte, &c. Tonu, ketu, tonutia. are, in this way,
pro-nouncedasif spelt torn?/, toniutia,ketiu.
U, again, is sometimes, by careless speakers, confounded with o, and rice versa. Thus ihu, nose; niho, torfh; have beenerroneouslypronouncedasif speltiho,uihu.
OF
THE
DIPHTHONGS.
This portion of
Maori
literature hasbeen
as yetbut
little explored;
and
as eachperson's notions willvary with the acutenessof his ear,
and
the extent towhich
hisjudgment
hasbeenexercised,we may
be pre-pared toexpect aconsiderable discrepancyof opinion.We
shall therefore proceedwith
caution,and
offer onlywhat
may
bemost
useful,and most
necessaryfor thestudent.The
field of discussionmay
bemuch
limitedifwe
first definewhat
we
mean
by
theword
"diphthong."The
best definitionwe
can find,and
the onemost
PRONUNCIATION.
5
that of
Mr.
Smith
inWalker.
"A
diphthong,"he
says,
**
I
would
define to betwo
simple vocalsounds
uttered
by one and
thesame
emissionof breath,and
joined in such a
manner
that each losesa portion ofitsnatural length, but
from
the junctionproducetli acompound
sound
-jual in the timeofpronouncing
toeither of
them
taken separately,and
somaking
stillbut onesyllable."
Followingthis definition,threetestsfora
diphthong
suggest themselves1.
The
emission of thetwo sounds by
thesame
breath.
2. Their amalgamation, or,
more
correctly, their coalescing; foreachvowel
in theMaori diphthong
isdistinctly heard.
3.
The
abbreviation in the natural length of each simple sound.In applyingthese rules tothe diphthongs, itwill
be
perhaps
most prudent
to divide them,under
thepre-sent imperfect state of our knowledge, into
two
classes: 1.
The
certain, or those of the diphthongal characterofwhich
there can bebut
little question. 2.The
doubtful, or thoseupon
which
inquirersmay
be likely to entertain differentopinions.
The
diphthongswhich
we
consider certain are as follows:aa, ae,ai,ao,au,ee,ei,ii,oo, on,un.
On
thesewe
will offerafew
remarks.Those
diphthongswhich
areformed by
a double letter, suchas cut, are distinguishedby
a strongerand
fuller
sound
; as inWakaaro,
rapuittu, tfcc.AE
Is a
sound
forwhich
it is difficult to find a parallel in English,and which most
speakersconfound
withai insuchwords
aswaewae,
waeroa, paewae, &c.The
English ayecomes
perhaps closer toit. Itmust
be pronounced
broadand
open,and
caremust
betaken
to
keep
out the squeezedsound
ofthei.AI
May
be well representedby
theiin shine.AO
Has
no
representative in English thatwe
areaware
of.
In pronouncing
it, the speakermust
becareful tolettheo bedistinctly,
but
nottooprominently, heard;and
considerable care will be required tokeep
it dis-tinctfrom
au
in the following words, as otawhao,whawhao,
tao, hao, &c. ; neither, again,must
thespeaker divide the diphthong into
two
syllables, assome
speakersdo
in otaota, &c.AU
May
bepronounced
likeou
in drought,trout,pound,
(fee,
El
May
be
representedby
the ai in hail, pail, <tc.Care
must
betaken
not to suppress altogetherthei,asis
sometimes done
in suchwords
as tend, penei, &c.OU
Is a
sound
ofsome
difficulty.There
isno
sound
that
we
areaware
of in the English language that exactly corresponds to it.Low,
sow,mow,
&c.may
bemade
to resembleit,by pronouncing
them
slowly,and
lettingthesound
dieaway
intou.Mostforeigners are aptto pronounceitas a simpleo. The
firstsyllable ofItontou is one of very difficult pronunciation. Withoutgreat careitwillbevariouslypronounced,asifkoitou, kotou, or kutu.
By
not attending to these distinctions the speakerwilloftenPRONUNCIATION.
7hearers against spiritual temptations, borrowed his
illustra-tionfrom ajunikaka (the porchfor the parrot,bywhichit19 caujrht).tellintrthem that Satan often presents poukakas to attract them t.ruin: unfortunately,however,instead
ofpon-kaka he used y;kaka.a xjtttill ofiriml and rain, and only expressedhis pointbyexciting theirrisibility.
The
doubtful class of diphthongs aremau
(as in man,/"/-th??, tun, My), ai (asin maia, brave), ea, eo, eu,io, iu.On
thesewedonotwishatpresenttomake many
observations.\\ believe that there is a considerable difference amongst Maorispeakers respecting them. Our
own
idea is that theremay
be afewoccasions on which some might be considered diphthongs; and that those occasionsare,the position of thesyllable, whetherattheendof the wordor elsewhere, as also whetheritcomeunderthe influence of the accent.
We
cannotdismissthissubjectwithout mentioningtwopar-ticulars, verynecessaryto be remembered byall
who
wishto attaintoanaccurate pronunciation of Maori. Firt.a> itisin English, every sentenceistobe pronouncedasifone word. 2.Homogeneousvowelswill,whenthey meet,almost always run intoa diphthong.
The following sentence, Itoiai irJ/irin-hiriaai ciato ratott iiri.would bethuspronounced by anative: lioiai-mhiri-irhiria-eia,-to-rtitiir't. A'niu id iriridiwouldrunIto'nti-nirlr'xii.
This same subject of homogeneousvowels coalescing into diphthongs i> one which has not received the attention it
merits.
OF
THE
CONSONANTS.
This isthe
same
astheEnglish h.Itisnot, however,
known
on
the western coastofNew
/
;ihuil, to thesouthward
ofMokau,
in thedis-trii.-t of Taranaki. Its place is supplied
by
a curiousstammer
or jerk of the voice.A
gentle sibilancyaccompanies it> pronunciation
amongst
Ngapuhi,
K.
K
has thesound
ofthe English k; as inkill, &c.M,
N,
P."M,
N,
P,have
thesame sound
as in English. R.R
hastwo
sounds: (1)rough;
as in rain, river, &c.; e.g. kahore, rorea, roro, roto.(2)
The
second ismore
soft,and
isformed
by
a
gentle jarofthe tongueagainst the palate; sogentle, indeed,isthevibrationthat
most
foreignerspronounce
it like
d
or I, as in?-aro, ruru, rimu, pouaru, pari, muri,mariri, koiri, ko?ikori,kowu,
ma?*u.T.
This isa letter
which few Europeans pronounce
cor-rectly. It isnotpronounced
likethetintemper,tea,<fec.
;
but
ratherlikethe sharp thof apa^Ay,sympaZAy,AtfAens, apo^Aecary.
Those
who
watch
a native'stongue
whilepronouncing
this letter, will find that therule for attaining thissound
is,toapplythetongue, notto theroot,but
tothe topof theteeth,and
hardlyemit
a.W
Has
two
soundsone
simple, as that in wind, <fcc.; e.g. wai,water;waka, a
canoe; ware,a
plebeian.2.
An
aspiratedw
t as inwhen,
where, &c.; whai,follow; whare,
a
Jiouse, &c.NG.
The
speaker should becarefulinuttering thissound
not
to separate then
from
theg,as issometimes
done
by
foreigners.The
n
and
g
intimately coalesce,and
thosewho
have
learnedtopronounce
theFrench
encore will findno
difficultyin catching it.The
following rulewill,
we
trust, help the beginner:PRONUNCIATION'. 9
Press the middleof the
tongue
to the roof of themouth,
nearthe throat,and
simultaneously relaxtin-pressure,
and pronounce
na.Of
coursecaremust
be takenthatthe tip of the tongue does not touch the palate.*Followingisa table setting forlhafewof the variations in pronunciation of the leading dialectsof N.-w Zralaud.
Itwillbe observedthat the
name
of a placeisemployedto denotethe dialect for which that place and iU vicinity arc remarkable.CHAPTER
II.OF
THE
ARTICLE.
1.
The
articlesinMaori
are as follows:(a)
The
definite article teand
itspluralnga
; e.g. tetangata, theman.
nga tngata,
themen.(b)
The
indefinitearticles he, tetahi,and
itsplural etahi; e.g.Sing, he maripi,
a
knife.Plur. liemaripi
ena
1 arethoseknives? tetahi, maripi,a
knife.etahi maripi,
some
knives.(c)
The
arthritic particlesa
and
ko; e.g.a
Hone,
John.ko
koe, you.2.
Te
isnot so uniformly definite asthe English the; beingsometimes
used(a)
Where
no
articlewould
beemployed
inEnglish,i.e. in cases
where
thenoun
is taken in its widest sense; e.g.I
ma
te kaipuke,iventl>yship.
He
kino te,tutu, disobedienceis sinful.Ko
te rangime
tewenua
epahemo,
heavenand
earth shallpass
away.
(b)
Sometimes
itisemployed
instead ofthe Englisha;
e.g.He
mea
kaha
te hoiho,a
horseisa
strong thing.E
kore tetangatatikaewehi
i temate,a
virtuousWOF
TIIK ARTICLE. 11!
Sometimes
it i> u-<l instead of thepronoun
e.g.
Kei
tahaetia e tetangata, lest it should be stolenA//
mmif
person;na
tetangatanoa
atu, bysome
i>.rton or "///'/.
It is
employed
formany
other purposeswhich
the English the does not recognize.
We
shall onlymention
thefollowing:Te
tini o tekaipukc, hinr ntn,,,/ nhijin thereare!
NOTE. Ithas been assertedthatteissometimes usedinthe plural number, as in the preceding example, "te kaipuke." andin the following te tiniotetangata, ninny men;kareka tepititi, jit-nchfittirexneet.
We
aremoreinclinedtothink thatwe
haveinthese exam-plesthe-operation of afigureof frequentoccurrenceinMaori, viz..sj'necdoche,andthatoneof aclassismade
torepresentawholeclass.
Expressions of this kind are
common
in English,without involving the plural numberof the article; e.g.thefruitoftin- trtf, a yrwit iiHini/, a foe writ. ,\v. Bishop Lowth's remarks ontheseinstances are quitetothe point:
"
The
reason ofit(he says)ismanifestfromtheeffectwhich the article hasin thesephrases; it means a smallor great number,collectively taken, and therefore gives the idea of a whole, thatis, of unity. Thus likewise,a hundred, a thou-sandisonewhole number, an aggregate of
many
collectively taken;and, therefore,stillretains thearticlea, thoughjoinedasanadjectivetoa plural substantive;as.aktmdredyears."
(e) Lastly, te is
sometimes employed
beforeproper
ll:t!ii-s;e.g.
Te
Puriri, TeUir.
1. Todefine the rulebywhichthearticleisprefixed)
oromitted before proper names isaworkof somedifficulty,
oeing veryirregular.
N'>II; 2.- >. runtimes te is blended withointo one word;
a- in the followingexample: ki to
Hone
whare,tothehome
ofJnlnt. in-te:idofki tewhareoJNme.
N"ii: 3.
The
student should be careful, in speaking, to12
te. Thelatter should always be pronounced more distinctly andforciblythanthe article.
3.
Nga may
with
strict propriety be called theplural of the definite article.
There
are afew
exceptions, or, rather, slight variations,
which
we
do
not thinkit necessaryto mention.4.
He
varies insome
respects initsusesfrom
the Englisha.(a) It is used
sometimes
where no
articlewould
be employed
in English; e.g.
A, ho
atuana
eratouliemoni
ki aia,and
tlieygave
him
money.(5) It is occasionally used in the
same
sense assome
in English; e.g.Kawea
hewai,fetchsome
water.(c) Itis usedinthe plural
number
; e.g.He
uwha
kau
aku
poaka,my
pigs areallfemales.He
tinioku
kainga,my
farms
aremany.
5.
A
greatmany
uses oftheindefinite articleare sharedby
Jiewith
te tahi.We
shallmention
herea
few
ofthem
:Ho
mai
te tahi maripi, giveme
a
knife.Tahuna
mai
tetahi rama, kindlea
light.N.B. Tetaltiexactly correspondswiththe definitiongiven
t>yBishopLowthof the Englisharticlea. "Itdeterminesit <{ihe thing spokenof) to be one single thing of the kind, leaving it still uncertain which."
A
similar use of the numeral onewe
find in French, sometimes in Hebrew,andmore
than onceintheNew
Testament(vide Matt.xxi. 19,andMark
xiv. 51).We
need not lookabroadforparallelinstances: ourindefi-nitearticleanbeing, as everyetymologistisaware,theSaxon articlewhich signifies one.
(b) Etahi
may
be considered as corresponding toOF
THK
ARTICLE.13-the tiling
spoken
of tobeany
number
of things of the kind, leavingit uncertainhow
many,
(rwhich
oftin- thingstheyare. It closelyreseiuMestheadjectix e
some
of English,and
we
enumerate
it hereamong.
the articl.^ because it onlydiM't-rs
from
t>' fn/ii (whirl; is clearly an article) in l>ein^its plural ; c.y.Maku
e tahi ika, giveme
some
fish.A*
is a regular attendanton
the persona!pronouns
; e.g.a koe, i/int .- ki a ia, toli'un.
(7>) It is also the article
by which
thenames
ofindividuals
and
tribes arealways preceded; r.y.a
Hone,
keia Hone,
withJohn
; i aNgapuhi.
NOTK
1.When
the particle Ito is prefixed to either the propername
or thepronoun,aisomitted; t-.y.lot Hone,koia.
(2.) It is also omittedafterthe prepositions e, ma, mo. no, na,i>, n. Theprepositionswithwhichitisretained are /. kiy
i:idtheir coni(x>unds irungai,&c.; e.g.
irungai a Hone, aboveJoin.
NOTE
2. Europeanswho
havenotmade
the language a study, often very incorrectly substitute / forabefore a properBi: . ;-! ','- i')i.if-ttoourrc^ir.lin^'n asan article,andmay
thedefinitionthatanarticleis"a wor
it tin-in nut.ami show how fartli'ir .-ijjniticatii.il cxtcmls.'' This,
xonik-sl)r.- ti.m.mi.I ourreply is.that if
BbhopLowth, from wlntni i\\\<ilcfinitionisileri\v<|,had IM-I-II writing on he would, ni<i>t pnlKilily, IK. -.-ti sm-h a rare ofthedi-pun-s that lave been agitated
a of thisartirlc.and th:.'
.idol l>yno rule atall." The:..
iinlit would)>i- :T nitain
',:L-certain]io\ver- inone language,it Mfchavetheeamoinan I
;..iiiinat-tlii-arti.-l,- ,,nl,riti,-. astheGreekswould
aj-,an intlii"ii.alim'>( thewonItowhichiti^piviixeil. thou^liitin m>
n;unless, jierhaj*. M-econsiderthat,
:pronoun,a
pnipcrname,\-<-.,itthus, inea-ure, re-trict .-Is ssith tlio
the article, vi/.,"an ii.
-name; e.g. they will say. kei Jiea e te "VVaru? where is te
Warn?
and, again,kuataemai eNanala Xanalaliasarrived,. JS,aswe
shallshowhereafter,isthe sign of the vocativecase.A
is omitted before such words as the following, kei tePakeha.keingaMaori,&c.
NOTE
3.A
issometimesinWaikatoprefixedtoappellatives;*.g. kiatuahangata,apapa, akara.
(c)
A
is also prefixed to thenames
ofplaces,and
to prepositions,and
adverbswhich have
assumed
theform
of substantives,when
in the nominative case;e.g.
Kua
horo a Pukerangiora,Pukerangiora
(the fort) has been stormed.Kua
tukua
atu eahau
a
Whangarei
mo
Hone,
I have givenW/iangarei to John.
Kua
kaiiigaa runga
onga
puka
nei, the topsofthecabbages havebeen eatenoff.A
hea
? wliat place?A
Rangitoto.NOTE. Sometimesa isprefixed to the
name
of the placewhen
the people of the place, and not the place itself, areintended; e.g.kamateiaWaikato,mill bekilled by Waikato.
Some
speakers are often guilty of solecisms from not rememberingthataisnotprefixedtoanyof the oblique cases of thenamesofplaces. Thuswe
heardsome old residents in thelandsay, Haereki a Pokuru GotoPokuru. Haerekia IVaitemata Go to Waitemata. According to this form, -Pokuruand Waitemataare notplaces,butpersons.(d)
A
isalways
prefixed toany
inanimatething to aname
hasbeen
given i.e. to trees, canoes, ships, boats, meres,* guns, &c.; e.g.Kei
te tua ia
Ruhaia, he is cuttingdown
(thetree) Ruhaia.
E
waihape
ana
a Karapaina,Columbine
is tacking.Mo
to tahaetanga ia Pahikoura,for your
havingstolen (themere*)
Pahikoura.*The"mere" isa nativeweaponforwar madeoftheaxestone. Itis
anarticle ofgreatvalue,anddescendsfromfather tosonasanoha,an
OF
THE
ARTICLE. 15Itoa aia
Hongi
iwhakuwirinaki
ia ki tanapu
ki
a
Tanumia,
Hongi
loos brave because he in /</6-gun Tanumia.
NTK
1. Stars also come underthe operation ofthis rule, e.g.Ko
wai tenawbetu irungaia Tawera1 whatstar itthatabort- Tan-era!*
Kua
aru a Matariki.f Matarikiha* nnnlchiaappearance.Houses, caves, and such like are regulated by rule (/);
e.g.
Heoianongatangatakela Puruo Waikato.allthepeople
have mutterrd off to Puntoicailuito M'/u'rron'Jtereu'* /loiixt-on the \Vaihtitor'n'i r.
Kowai
heiwhakahuaita tatouwhangai hau?Iawai; iaTu.
Ko
heatehauamai na? koPuhimatarenga,&c.2. Thefollowingsentences are incorrect:
E
haeremaiana tcMlhala.Kua
mateteKaraiti.X.B. The speaker should distinguish between thearticle
andthe prepositionrt,asinthe following sentence:
Ekore ahaue kaiiangataurekareka,
/
mill not cat (the food) of thexlavcs.'
Theprepositionaintheseellipiticalsentencesshould always bepronouncedpeculiarlystrong.
He
shouldalsonotethefollowing:Kla
mea
(with shorta) is"tothC'Kia
mea
(with long a] is tosuch an one,to ourfr'uiuLor,in
common
parlance(giveit),towhatdo yecallhim.For
Ko
(see Syntax,chap, xiv.)Tnweraisthemorningstar.
tThisstarmakeshis appearance about themonthofJune,inthefii>t
monthoftheNewZealander,andcreatesanimportant epochin his agricul-turaloperations.
CHAPTER
III.
OF THE
NOUNS.
CLASSES
OF
NOUNS
INRESPECT
TO ORIGIN.Nouns
inMaori
may
be comprisedunder
threeclasses primitive, derivative,
and
verbal.*(a)
Nouns
primitive are thosewhich
designateanimals,plants,numbers,
members
ofthe animal body,some
ofthegreatobjectsofthenaturalworld.N.B. Itisoften impossibletodistinguishbetweenprimitive andderivativenouns.
(b)
Nouns
derivative,which
are altogetherthemost
numerous,
comprise(1.)
Nouns
derivedfrom
verbs, i.e. the verb, in itssimple form, used asa
noun
; e.g.He
noho
iioa iho taku, it isa
simple sittingof
mine
;I
haveno
fixedobjectinstopping (here).He
haere pai to haere? Isyour
goinga good
going, i.e. are,
you
going withgoodintent?(2.)
Nouns
derivedfrom
adjectives; e.g.He
aha
tepai
otenamea
?what
is the worthof
that thing?Keihea
tepakaru
? whereis thebroken place?(3.)
Nouns
derivedfrom
adverbsand
prepositions;e.g.
*
We
areawarethatverbalnounsshould properlyhavebeenclassedunderderivative;butasweshall oftenhavetospeakof themasadistinctclass,
andas,moreover, theycloselyresembleinsomerespectstheparticipialform oftheverb,and are very frequently usedinstead ofthefiniteverbitself,
OF
THE
NOUNS. 17He
kore.rawa, itis nil.Engari
areira e pai ana, there(or that place)isbetter.
Kua
kia
roto, theinside isfull.Parua a
tua, coattheoilierside (with raupo).(4.)
Compound
Words.These
arealways formed
by
two
words
placed inimmediate
juxtaposition, withoutany
elisionofeither; e.y.Hia
kai (desirefood),hunger
;mate
moe
(crav-iny ttlwp), uli-rpinens;hoa
riri(angry
friend),enemy
;mahi atawbai
(cherishing act, &c.),a
<!,,
rl*I<iiig, <L'c. ; kai
whakaako
(one t/mt(xir/tes),
a
teacher; kaiwlmkamarie
(one that pacifies),a
pacifier; tangata atua,a
man
Imcinga yod
; tangata pakeha,a
man
/tavinga European
tolivewithhim
; hehunga
kainga,a
people /taringa
place to resideon;
ahu
taonga
(benton
gain), avariciousness;ahu
wlu-nua (hoeing tJie
mind
occupied with the earth), industriousness, or j)eaceableness;whenua
rangatira (anoble land, not disturbed/>// invasions) peace;
houhanga
rongo, itwkimj peace;ngakau whakakake,
pride;he
whare
kore (ano
house), Jtomelessness;he
horoi kore(a
no
soap), soaplessness;whakaaro
kore, thoughtlessness,<L'c.(c)
Verbal
nouns
arewellworthy
the attention ofthecritical student.
They
are ofvery extensive uses in Maori,and
a proper introduction ofthem
willgiveanimation
and
elegance to the sentence.The
rules for their formation will be found hereafter. SeeVERBS.
They
are generallyemployed
to denote time, placet
f, means,or
some accompaniment
on, or relation of, the act or quality of theground
form.Other
usesof
them
willbementioned
intheSYNTAX.
18
To
set forth the various uses of the verbalnoun
here
would
carry usbeyond
our limits.We
shall, therefore, only give afew examples
sufficient, how-ever,we
trust, to lead the critical student intomore
extensive inquiry :Ko
toiianioenga tena,thatiswherelie slept.Te
purnautanga
otewhakaaro,
thefull assurance of hope; tewhakangarungaruiiga
otewai, tlie,troubling ofthewater.
Te
peheatenga irneatia ai, the 'manner inwhich
it
was
done.Te
patunga
poaka, the place where tlie pigs arekilled.
Kahore
aku
ketekumara
heiwhakahokinga
aturno topuka,
I
haveno
basketofkumara
withwhich
tosend back(i.e. topay
for
the loanof)your
spade.Ite
hanganga
o te ao,when
tlieworld
ivasmade. Iana
inoinga, in his prayers (i.e.when
Jieprayed).
Ko
tona kiteatangatenei, thisis the opportunity forlooking for, orseeing,it.To
tatou nuinga, tlierestof ourparty. Itaku
oranga, whileI
live.NOTE. Instances willsometimes occurinwhichthesimple
root, or the verbal form,
may
be indifferentlyused in the sentence. The critical student, however, will generally be abletosee the reason; e.g. te liereotona hu,tliethongof his s/we; teherengaotona hu,tlie holes,$'c. bymliicli tlie thong itfastened.PROPER
NAMES
should perhapshave been
classedunder
thehead
of derivativenouns.They
are epithets arbitrarily assumed, asamong
theHebrews, from some
circumstance, quality, act, or thing.Sometimes
they are simple; e.g.ko
teTawa,
Tawa
(atree).Sometimes
compound
; e.g.Tangikai,cry
for
food.They
aregenerallyknown
by a
prefixed;when
a
isnotprefixed,by
the context.OF
THE
NOUNS. 19NOTE. Sometimes
we
meet with English appellatives employedas appellativesinMaori,but withtheform peculiartoiropernames;eg. a mata,tin- in'uttrcss ; apepi, thebaby;
atekawana.the governor. These,however,mustbe regarded as solecisms, andasinno
way
supportedby Maori analogy.*We
sometimesalsomeetwithaMaori propername
employedas an appellative; i.e. if an individual of a particular
districthas been remarkable for any quality, his
name
will often be predicated of anyother inwhom
the same feature of character is discernible thus, Ropeti, of Waikato, was remarkablefor making a great show of hospitality; hence,toanypersonelse
who
has been detected actinginasimilar way,itwillbesaid,Ko
Ropeti, thereisRopcti.Asall theseterms are necessarily limited in theiruseto a particulardistrict,
we
neednot noticethemfurther.OF GENDER, NUMBER,
AND
CASE.Maori, as
we may
premise,admits
ofno
such tilingas declensionby
inflection, i.e.by
a variation of theground
form. All the relations it is capableof expressingaredenoted
by
words, orparticles, pre-fixedorpost-fixed to thenoun.GENDER
OF
NOUNS.
Distinctions ofgender
arebut seldom
recognized in Maori.Only
two
are ever noticed viz., the masculineand
feminine.These
arealways
expressedby
differentwords
; e.g.MALE. Matua ) or \father. Papa } Tamaiti 1 or >son. Tamaroaj Tungane, brother of a female.
MALE.
Autane,'brotJier-in-law ofa female.
Tangata,man. Koroheke.oldman. Tourahi and Toa, male of
brute animals.
Tane,amale, mostlyof the hitmanspecies.
FEMALE.
Auwahine, sister-in-law of theman.
Wahine, woman. Ruruhi,oldwoman'. Uwha,femaleofbrutes.
Wahine,female.
In
salutation,the sexofthe person isalmostalways
denotedby
the address;e.g.To
tlieman.
To
thefemale.E
boyfriend/
(E
kuij
E
pa, >tothemarried
woman.
E
mava, (E
tai )E
koro,Ekara,
(E
ko
\ETa,
E
Hika,
E
Hine
j to thegirl.NOTE
1. Itshould,however,benoted that these modesof addresswill varyin different districts. Thus,in WaikatoE
TaiandE
ko are often addressedto the male, andE
kui to the girl; again, also,tane and wakine will be often foundapplied to the brute creation, and tourahi, in Waikato, is
mostfrequently appliedtothe gelding.
NOTE
2. Thespeaker should notice thatthe relationship of individuals of thesamesexisdesignatedbythesameterms as thecorresponding onesofthe opposite sex; e.g.John's
elder brother isTuakana. youngerbrother teina.
brother'in-laic taokete.
Mary's
eldersister isTuakana. youngersister teina sister-in-law taokete.
The
distinction of sex in the other branches is generally designatedby
taneand wahine
post-fixedto therelation; e.g.
Hunaonga
wahine, daughter-in-law.OF
THE
NOUN-
21NUMBER.
SubstantivesinMaori have
twonumljers,singular
and
plural.The
singular isknown
by
the singular articleste
and
t^t<thi, orby one
of the singularpronouns
connected with the
noun
; e.g.Te
whare
oHone,
tlveliou&e of John.Toku
paraikete, //<// hhmket.The
plural isknown
by
(1) nga, e to/a, or (2)one
of the plural or dualpronouns
preceding thenoun
; e.g.nya
wahine, t/f wornAt
tupuna, inyforefatliers.(3.)
Sometimes
the plural is designatedby
o,without
teornga
preceding thenoun
; e.g.Kei
oHone
matua
pea,withJohn
1
8unclesperhaps. (4.)
In
afew
caseswe
meet
withan
alteration in theground form
; e.g.Tamaiti, son; Tamariki, sons, orchildren. (5.)
In
some
trisyllables the first syllable of the plural ispronounced
long; as in
matua,
t7puna,wahine, taugata.
NOTE. Examples of these two latter heads are not of
frt-'iuentoccurrence.
(6.)
We
frequentlymeet
with
ma
joined to the propername,
in asense correspondingto hoiampin,
and
hoi periin Greek, todenote the personand
hiscoiujKiitij ; e.g.
Kei
aKukutai ma,
withKukutai
and
his party.(7.)
Sometimes
alsoma
is in thesame
sense post-fixed to appellatives; e.g.(8.)
Sometimes an
actoft repeated, ormany
things of thesame
kind, aredenoted by
a reduplication ofone
ormore
syllables; e.g.Kakata, a
frequentlaughing.Mamahi,
over-work.Kimokimo,
a winking
oftheeyes.CASE. The distinction of case in Maori is exceedingly
simple. Asitisnot the character of thelanguage todecline eithernounsor adjectivesbyavariation of the termination,it is evident that, in this respect. Maori isaltogether different
fromGreekand Latin. Arewe. then,toadoptthe cases that those languages so clearly need?
We
are aware that some contendforthem. Butwe
arealsoassured that theiradoption wouldbe,not onlyuseless,butoftenexceedinglyperplexing.Itis true that prepositions
may
be foundin Maori,aswell as in English, that correspond with thecases that aretobe found in those languages. But that,we
submit, is not the question. Ourbusiness,we
conceive,shouldbetoinquirehow
the dependence ofwordson each other isdenoted in Maori, and then look out for a system that will meet, not a few selectedcases,butallthevarious possible conditions.
Now,inMaori the differentconnectionsandrelations ofone thing to another are denoted by prepositions; there are
upwards of twenty prepositions; and these are capable of being
much
increased in number bycombination with each other; allhaving distinct meanings, differentrelations, andthereforedistinct cases. Areall these,then,tobe reducedto the six cases of Latin? Those
who
pleasemay
make
the experiment withthefollowing: Kei rungaitepouaka; kei tekainga;hoatu ki aia;
me
titiroatu ki aia;patuaiakiterakau;heituaitewhare,&c.
The simple and comprehensive casesof Murray's English
Grammar
seem, therefore, the bestadaptedfor Maori,thoughwe
willconfessthat ourown
judgmentisagainstallowinganypossessive casetoMaori.
InEnglish,it istrue,that case
may
berecognized; becausethe ground form undergoesa change to denoteit. Even in Hebrew, something analogous also mightbe admitted. But in Maori the possessive caseis expressed, like all the other obliquecases,bya preposition. Itmay,indeed,besaid that in the pronouns
we
find a possessive formed by inflection.But this mightjustly be questioned: forit isvery probable
that noliuand nakuarecompoundsof nookuandnaaku,and,
when
a native speaks slowly, itmay
be observed that he pronouncesthosewordsasifsospelt.OF
THK
XOl'XS.23
1.
What
is called the accusative case in Latin ismost
frequently denotedby
t. This particle isdifli-rent
from
thepreposition i,and
is onlyemployed
todenote tin- passing
on
of the action ofthe verbto thenoun
; e.g.Ko
wai
hei keri itemara
1who
is to dig the field? Vide Prepositions({.),chap. viii. 2.
The
vocative case isalways
denotedby
e;e.g.
E
Hone
!John
!CHAPTER
IV.
OF
THE
ADJECTIVE.
Maori
adjectiveshave
no
peculiar or appropriateform.
They
know
no
distinction of gender,number,
case, or comparison.In
common
with substantives,adjectives
admit
often of reduplication to denote repetition, ormany
thingsof thesame
kind, <fec. vide chap, iii., 8,page
22
e.g.
Hahi
kakata
a
frequent laughing.He
rakau
kikinokau
they areallbad
trees.NOTE. Comparisonin Macri isfoimedbyperiphrasis, for whichvideSyntax.
24
OF
NUMERALS.
CHAPTER
Y.
OF
THE NUMERALS.
Numerals
inMaori abound
in distinctions that are notto hemet
with inotherlanguages.Tahi, one, has
sometimes
aform
peculiar toitself,being prefixed
by
ko. Allbetween
taldand
tekaumay
beprefixedby
e. All the simplenumbers
i.e.all less
than
ten will,when
preceding the highernumbers,
taketheir ordinary prefixes; e.g.
E
rua, tivo erua
rau, two hundred.Ka
toru, threeka
torunga
rau, three hundred, orit is 300.Kia
wha,
let it befour
; kiawha
mano,
let itbe
four
tJwusand, &c.E
rima, it isfiveka rima mano,
fivethousand, <fec.Ka
rima
tekau,fifty, &c.,tfec. i.e.Ilmve
readiedfifty-Numbers
between
tenand twenty
are expressedby
ten
and
unit; e.g.E
ono
six; tekauma
ono
(tenand
sixjsixteen.E
whitu
seven; tekauma
whitu
seventeen.Twenty, and
allnumbers between twenty and a
hundred,may
be expressedintwo ways
:1st (which is
now
themore
general),by
a unit preceding ten; e.g. eono tekau, (six tens) sixty;ka
iwa
tekau, ninety, ttc.2ndly,
by
hoko prefixed to the unit; e.g. hokorua, twenty.OF THK NCMKKALS.
25
NOTE. TheMaori modeofcounting hasalways, heretofore, been bypairs; thus, hoknnta, twenty, .--hinds furtirenty pair,
i.e. forty, and so ou.
When
they wiah it to be understood singly, they postfix tnlti-taki to the numeral udjeetive; e.g.hokorua taM-tmM^ twenty. Sometimestojm uvjmispost fixed to
make
itmoreclear thatthedoubleofthenumberisintended;e.g. ewarutopu (eight doubled).al.rtnn.
Ngahuru,with Ngapuhi, denotesten,and tekan.>!,-r,n. In the central part of the island,as far asTaupo. ngahuru and tekaurepresent,bothofthem,ten.
In
expressing asum
of tensand
units,the smallernumber
follows ten or its multiple,and
isconnectedwith it
by
thenumeral
conjunctionma
; e.g. thirfi/-/<>< isdenotedby
"e
torutekauma
wha."In
expressing asum
ofhundreds, with tenx&nd *//</'/*,thetens are posttixed tothe
hundreds
without ama
intervening; e.g.136
is expresedby
"ko
tahi rau, e torutekau,ma
ono."A
sum
of thousands,hundreds, tens,and
unitsis ex-pressedin thesame
way, the particlema
only inter-veningbetween
the tenand
the unit; e.g.1136
isexpressed
by
"ko
tahimano,
ko
tahi rau, e toru tekau,ma
ono."NOTE. Itshould be herenoticed that thisisthe
new mode
of reckoning broughtinby Europeans,and
now
fastspreadingoverthe land. The old
mode
isnot soconvenientincalcula-tion, butit isoftenheard; 240 would, accordingtoit,bethus
expressed,
Ko
tahirauma
rua, literallyone hundredand tiro.Two
herestandsfor (twice ten) twenty doubled.LV,o \\ould runthus:
Ko
tahirau*ma rua putautahi,one hundredandtwodouble,andatautahi,anoddone.4,900wouldrunthus:
E
ruamano
mo
wha, hokorimatetuma, tmi thousand,four hundred double; Jiftydouble
w
the tuina.thecfce&X.Forall beyond a thousand there is,
we
suspect,a consider-able diversity in the nomenclature of different tribes. In Waikato and Taupo 10,000double(i.e.20,000accordingtoour reckoning) would be a tini; ten tint (i.e. 100,000 double) wouldbeindifferently culled ngera,rev, hea. Allbeyondthat would be denominated byatinitnakehua,a tiumrurl rrhaioio (ormaioio), tintirhahnrtT-For
denoting anumber
of persons lessthan
ten,tokoisgenerally prefixed tothe
numeral
; e.g.Tokowhitu
tatou,we
areseveninnumber.
For
denoting distribution, tatakiis prefixed to thenumeral
: kia tataki ruapu
nga
tituitetangata, leteach
man
Jiavefour
payments.NOTE. Tatakiprefixed does notalways denotedistribution;
e.g.
Ka
tataki-hia nga wbakato o ta koutou mara1 Hoivmany
baskets (are these) tliathavebeensowninyour cultiva-tion?In measuring
length afractionis denotedby
huka
; e.g.E
ono
whatianga,huka
to te whitu, It is sixwhatiangas*
long, not quiteseven.E
warn
maro,*
huka
to te iwa, Itiseightmaro,not quite nine.
ORDINALS.
The
ordinalnumbers
areformed
:1.
By
tua prefixed to the cardinal; e.g. tuatom
rthird; tuaiwa, ninth.
2.
By
wliaka prefixed; e.g.whakatekau,
tenth. 3.By
the simplecardinalwith
thedefinite article:ko
tewJia tenei oaku
haerenga mai,this is thefourthof
my
comings here; i.e. this is the fourth time Ihave
come
here.*Whatianya correspondstothe ancient cubit; muroiswhatamancan
OF
THK
PRONOUNS.
_.CHAPTER
VI.
OF
THE
PRONOUNS.
iepersonal
pronouns
ofMaori
are as follows:SINGULAR.
Ahau,
or an,/.Koe,
thou.DUAL.
(Taua,
you
and
I.\
Maua,
lieand
I.Korua, you
two.Raua,
they two. PLURAL.(Tatou,
you
alland
myself.\
Matou,
theyand
myself.Koutou,
ye. Raton, they.The
first person dualand
plural has, asmay
be-seen in theabove
table,two
forms, tanaand
tatou, ttiauaand matou;
theformer
classmay
bedenominated
-Ive, the latter exclusive.
For example
:The
speaker of acompany,
who
is addressinga
pei-son just
come
in, usesmatou
: e tatariana
matou
ki a koe,
we
are, orhave been, waitingfor
you. Iflit-
means
that only himselfand
anotherhave been
waiting, heuses
maua
: e tatariana
maua
kiaakoe
;but
when
he addresses thewhole company, he
uses. tatou:Tatou
ki te kai, letus go todinner. If,how-,
he
isaddressingonly anotherbesides himself,he
tuna: