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(1)
(2)

ATTHE

UNIVERSITYOF TORONTOPRESS

(3)
(4)
(5)

GRAMMAR

OF THE

(6)
(7)

2

GRAMMAR

OF

THE

NEW

ZEALAND

LANGUAGE

BY

K.

MAUNSELL,

LL.D.

ARCIIDEACOX OF

AUCKLAND

THIRD

EDITION

MELBOURNE,

SYDNEY,

AND

ADELAIDE

AUCKLAND:

N.

O.

LENNOX

(late E.

WAYTE)

(8)
(9)

PREFACE

TO

THE

THIKTi

EDITION.

THE

reader has here before

him

the analysis of a "strange language," unlike

anything

known

in Europe, with rules of construction

and

an

idiom peculiar to itself.

He

must, therefore,

when

speaking,

endeavour

to divest his

mind

of

European

rules of speech,

and

adopt thoseof the Antipodes.

His

wisest, shortest,

and most

effectual course will betostudytJieexamples

get

them

off

by

heart,think ofthem,

and

make

them

the

models upon which he

frameshis sentences. I

can

conceive

no

course

more

beneficial

than

making

a vocabulary out of them,

on

some

plan or

scheme

of his

own.

The

rules

and

dis-sertations

he

can refer to, at hisleisure, as guides in cases ofdifficulty.

(10)
(11)

PREFACE

TO

FIRST EDITION.

INDEPENDENTLY

of

minute and

numerous

subdivisions,

it

may,

perhaps, l>e correct to state that there are

spoken

inthis, the northern island, seven leading

dia-lects,each

more

or less distinguished

from

the other,

viz.: 1st,the

Rarawa,

orthat

spoken

tothe

northward

of Kaitaia; 2nd, the

Ngapuhi,

or that

spoken

iu

that portion of the island as far south of Kaitaiaas l>oint

Rodney

on

the easterncoast,

and Kaipara on

the western; 3rd, the

Waikato,

orthat

spoken

in the

districtlying

between

Point

Rodney

and Tauranga on

theeast,

and Kaipara and

Mokau

on

thewest; 4th,

that

spoken

inthe

Bay

of Plenty; 5th, the dialectof

the

East

Cape

and

its neighbourhood, in which, perhaps,

may

be included that of Rotorua,

though

in these

two

places

many

little differences

might

l>e

detected; 6th, that

spoken

inthe lineof coast

between

Port

Nicholson

and Wanganui, though

here, also,at leastfour differentbranches

might

be traced; 7th,

and

last, that

spoken

between

"Wanganui

and

Mokau.

The

dialectof

Taupo

may

be,

perhaps, considered

a

(12)

All these

may

be stated to bear to each other

a

remarkable

radical affinity.

Many

words,it is true,

may

be

found

in

one which

are

unknown

in another;

but the

grammar

of

any

one willgive agreat insight into thetextureofall.

The

Waikato

dialect is very generally

known

throughout the largerportion of the island. It has deeply tinctured that of Taupo, is well

known

at

Tauranga and

the

Bay

ofPlenty,

and

has

been

carried to the

summits

of

Taranaki by

the multitudes

whom

its fiercewarriorsonce dragged

from

thenceinslavery,

and whose

chains

have

since

been snapped by

the

power

oftheGospel.

Ngapuhi

to the

northward

are well acquainted

with

it,

from

the

number

ofslaves

who

had been

fetched

from

thence

by

thewarrior

Hongi

;

and

alittlebefore histimeit

was

carried tothe

neigh-bourhood

of Port Nicholson

by

two

large

and

distinct migrations one

by

Ngatitoa,

who

were

the original possessors of

Kawhia

;another

by Ngatiraukawa,

who

formerly occupiedMaungatautari,

and

as farasTaupo.

The

fourtribes, also,

who

now

occupy

the

banks

of the

Thames,

residedformerly for a very long period in

Waikato,

and, being

sprung from

the

same

stock, speak a language so similar that a criticalear can scarcelytellthedifference

between

the dialects of the

two

people.*

*

Marutuahu, fromKawhia, is the greatprogenitorof the

Thames

tribes, and his

name

is often usedto designate that people. Kawhia,

we may

add,isthe place atwhich, according

totheaccountsofthe peopleofWaikato, Taranaki,aswell as thoseofNgatiruanui, the earlyimmigrants, landed.

(13)

1'KKi IX

The

origin of this people,

what

part <>!' this i.

first occupied,

whether

it

was

notcoloni/.edl>y

ditl'erent migrations

from

ditlerent islands, are point.-as yet buriedin

darkn

That it

was

not occupied

by

merely

one

migration lias everbeen the opinion oftheauthor sincelu> h<

ofthe differentcondition

and

habits ofthe peopl

tlif East

Cape and

those of

Waikato.

A

survey of the different dialects will confirm the conjecture,

and

nowhere

can

we

getabetter illustration

than

at

Taupo.

For

that magnificent lake, in thecentre ofthe island,

and

the point of

meeting

for

two

parties, as they approach

from

eithercoast,presentsalso a

remarkable

diversity in the languages

spoken on

the eastern

and

rii hanks.

On

the eastern, the dialect

con

pondsclosely withthat of Rotorua,

from which

it is

;nt about a four days' journey;

on

the north

-rii,

which

isoccupied

by

a

remnant

left

by

the tiraukawain their great migration to the south-ward,the dialectis

remarkably

similar to that

spoken

in

Waikato.*

The

pointsofsimilarity

between

the

fundamental

principles ofthe

Hebrew

language

and

those of

Maori

have been occasionally noticed: not, however, because

author entertains

any

opinion that the

two

* Theseremarks

mightalsobeextended toRotorualakes, on the north-western extremity also of which are resulini,

<r ivnmaiit of

Njatiraukawa, whose dialect is, a.s far ie author recolleets, different from that spoken by

(14)

languages can claim

any

direct

relationship to each other.

Upon

this only

would he

insist, in reply to

those

who

would

bind

him

down

tothe

model

of

some

of the

European grammars,

thatMaori, like

Hebrew,

is altogether different

from

those languages in structure; that every subject of scientific inquiry

must

have

rules

and an arrangement

suited to its

nature

;

and

that, as it

would

be absurdto construct

the English 011thebasis of the Latin, so

would

itbe

more

out of course to think of finding in

Maori

declensions, conjugations,

modes

of comparison, itc., kc., as accurately defined, or conducted

on

the

same

principles, as those of languages so polished,

and

so adaptedforexpressing as well the minutest varieties in thought asthe tenderest emotionsof thefeelings.

And

here the author

would acknowledge

his obli-gations to Professor

Lee

for histheoryofthe

Hebrew

tenses.

On

no

other hypothesis can a satisfactory solutionbe givenofthe

Maori

tense.

The

studentisrequestedto notice that the

remarks

that are

more

suited to a beginner are printed in large type,

and

thatmatters

which

areof less import-anceto

him

arecontained inthe smaller. It will be, perhaps,

most

advisable for

him

toomit the perusal of thelatter untilhe has mastered the former.

WAIKATO

HEADS,

(15)

TABLE

OF

OiNTKNTS.

CHAPTKU

I.

ORTHOEPY. ThelettersofMaori

Ofthe soundofthevowels Ofthe diphthongs

Homogeneoussounds,

when

theymeetinasentence Oftheconsonants

A

table of peculiarities of pronunciation in the princi]

dialects.

CHAITKK

II.

OP

THE

ARTICLE. Thearticles

Ofthedefinite article te

Ofitsplural////

Oftheindefinite articlelie

Oftetalti

when

usedasanarticle

Ofthe particlea.

CHAPTER

III.

OF

THE

NOUNS. Nounsprimitiveandderivative

Compound

words Verbalnouns Propernames (Jender ofnouns

Number

ofnouns

<)fthepostfix nin

Reduplication ofnouns

(16)

CHAPTER

IV. OF

THE

ADJECTIVES. Their gender,number,andcase

Eeduplicationof.

CHAPTER

V.

OF

THE NUMERALS.

Ofthe cardinals Theirprefixes

Theirmannerof combination, &c. Prefixes fordenoting

Persons Distribution Fractions of length.

Ordinals. Threewaysfordenoting them.

CHAPTER

VI.

OF

THE

PRONOUNS. Ofthe personalpronouns

Ofthe possessivepronouns Ofthe relativepronouns Ofthedemonstrative pronouns Ofnei,na, andra

Ofthe interrogativepronouns

Mode

ofsupplyingthe defect of distributivepronouns Ofthe indefinitepronouns.

CHAPTER

VII.

OF

THE

VERBS. Verbs primitive, derivative,and compound

Mood

Tense

Imperative

mood

Paradigmoftense insimplesentences Passive voice (table ofexamples)

Remarkson

Verbal nouns(theirformation) Neuterverbs

(17)

CONTEXTS. Mil

CHAITKR

VIII.

OF

TIN: i>ui:i>osiTiONS.

List of prepositions Remarksonthem

Propermeaningof na,ma.Sec.

CHAPTER

IX.

OP

THE

ADVERBS. Primitiveandderivativeadverbs

Classificationandlistofadverbsandadverbial

exprc-CHAPTER

X.

OF

THE

PARTICLES. Atu,mai,ake, iho,ai,ano,ra, koa,u,hoki, kau.

CHAPTER

XI. Ofthe conjunctions.

CHAPTER

XII. Oftheinterjections.

CHAPTER

XIII. OF

THE

SYNTAX. Preliminary Remarks. Termsexplained

Complex andincomplexpropositions Remarksonthe general features ofMaori Epanorthosis.

CHAPTER

XIV.

SYNTAX

OF

THE

ARTICLE.

Ko

anarticle Itspeculiar features

Theomissionofthearticle

ireand teta?d Theparticlea.

(18)

CHAPTER

XV.

SYNTAX

OF

THE

NOUN. Nounsin apposition

Article prefixedtothem Preposition

Exceptions

Clausesinepanorthosis, irregularity of

Theanswerto a question, constructionof.

Possessive Case denotes Intensity

Dateofanact Usefulinpredication

Usedinstead of other cases

Positionof,

when

thegoverningwordis twice repeated

Governingwordoftenomitted

Material, or quality, of a thing

how

denoted by a sub-stantive

The formofthe substantive oftenusedforthatof the adjec-tive.

Objective Case. Position of

How

compoundwords governothers Kaiprefixedtoa verb

Teprefixedtopropernames

Nfjat'iandranf/i

O

andA.distinctionbetween.

CHAPTER

XVI.

SYNTAX

OF

THE

ADJECTIVES. Position of adjectives

Verbaladjectives Exceptions

Many

adjectivestoonesubstantive

One

adjectivetotwoormoresubstantives Of the formsoccasionallyassumed bythe adjective Comparisonof adjectives.

(19)

CONTENTS.

XV

(

I1A1TKK

XVII.

SYNTAX

OF Nr.MKKAI.-. Particles prefixedto numerals

l'asefollowing 1'ositionofnumeral

;ionofnumeral

Tua amin-liaka asnumeralprefixes.

CHAPTER

XVIII.

SYNTAX

OF

PRONG

IN-. Position ofpronouns

Often omitted

Singularanddualoftendenote atribe

Otheruses of

A

pronounin the singularwillrefertoanouninthe plural In the third person will refer to the first or second

person

Usedfortheconjunctionand

The nounbelongingtothe pronounoftenomitted

litlatict-pronouns,the substitutesforthem. Demomtratice Pronouns. Usefulas auxiliaries

Otherpeculiarities of JVH, na,andra

Interrogativepronouns(strange useof).

CHAPTER

XIX.

SYNTAX

OP

THE

VERB. Tim Verbal Particle*.

I Ann

K

ana

Ka

I

Knn

A;,/ -listinctionbetween

irnesnoverbal particle prefixed

tsused inconnectionwiththeverb

(20)

Adverbsasauxiliaries

Defectofsubstantive verb,

how

supplied Prepositions as auxiliaries

Tendency of Maori verb to assume the form of a sub-stantive

Thefiniteverb

may

followthe oblique case Predicationperformedbythe possessive case

Compound

tenses

Other circumstances which affect the time or voice of a

verb

Verbsassociatedtoqualifyeachother Repetitionofverbs

Ofotherwords Passiveverbs,use of

Sometimes supplantedbythe active Neuterverbswhich assumethe passive form.

CHAPTER

XX.

OF

THE

PREPOSITIONS, ADVERBS,

AND

CONJUNCTIONS.

EXPLANATION

OF ABBREVIATIONS.

adj. adjective.

adv. adverb.

n. noun.

verb. adj. verbalizedadjective. v. verb.

v. a. verbactive.

vide S. denotes tJiatfurther information will befound in theSyntax.

(21)

GRAMMAR

OF

THE

NEW

ZEALAND

LANGUAGE.

CHAPTER

I.

OF

THE

PRONUNCIATION OF

MAORI.

(22)

The

following

theseheads:

is a list of

words

classified

under

(23)

PRONUNCIATION. 3

as if it

were

keta, meta,tfcc. It should be

pronounced

clearly

and

distinctly.

/:

Is

pronounced

as

a

in bate, hate,

<tc., only

not

quiteso slow, orso broad.

Perhaps

thefinal ein the

French words

cafe, felicite,

would

be a closer

resem-blance; e.g. koe,rea, re, kete, mate, tenei, rere. (2.)

As

einpoetical, t/tere; e.g. tena, renga,-reng&, kete, rere.

Few

sounds in Maori are more frequentlymispronounced byforeignersthan e. Tofo, nga/r, kut/ica.\\oetiniai tewaka, '.ngn, terangi. rewera,korm>,havebeen allso carelessly

pronounced as to sound to the native ear as if spelt to/ti,

ngari, kumia, hoiamaiti waka, toreinga, to rangi, rewara,

kororo. The reader should alsobe careful not to give e the diphthongal sound of ei; as in ne, the interrogative

par-ticle,&c.

/.

Iis

pronounced

like the

French

i; as ee in sleep, green, tfec. ;

when

distinctly

and

fully pronounced, it

imparts

much

melodiousness to the sentence;

e.g.

ar/ki, klkitocftatter, <kc.

In

the following it has

a

shorter

sound

: K?ki,

crowded;

mtti, tlti, fcc.

N.B. Thesneakershould becarefulnottocinfoundiwith theMaorie; asinsuch wordsaswakatoi, hoi,&c.

Has

a long

and

a short

sound

a

long; as tot-"), to

drag.

A

short

; astoto, blood.

N.B.

We

haveno soundin Maoritocorrespondtotheoin

net, hot.pot, &c.

u.

sound

is also uniform in kind,

and

always

(24)

experiences a

more

quick,

sometimes

a

more

slow pronunciation.

The

followingtable exhibits

two

variations,

begin-ning

with the shorter :

1. 2.

twri,alinee. lut?7,disobedient.

tfitti, sameastnpakihi of tutu(manu), ablrdstand. Ngapuhf.

kuku.ashell. kukil. a pigeon.

knhiu tutua.

buna,

ulu.topay. utu,todramwater.

In pronouncing n, the speaker will have to guardagainst

the error of those

who

prefix the aspirate

when

noaspirateis

admissible. Accordingtothemw,ittu, &c. are pronouncedas

if spelt////..hutu.

He

will also have to beware of the more

common

and stubbornerrorofgiving u thediphthongal soundof ?/incube,

tube, nmte, &c. Tonu, ketu, tonutia. are, in this way,

pro-nouncedasif spelt torn?/, toniutia,ketiu.

U, again, is sometimes, by careless speakers, confounded with o, and rice versa. Thus ihu, nose; niho, torfh; have beenerroneouslypronouncedasif speltiho,uihu.

OF

THE

DIPHTHONGS.

This portion of

Maori

literature has

been

as yet

but

little explored

;

and

as eachperson's notions will

vary with the acutenessof his ear,

and

the extent to

which

his

judgment

hasbeenexercised,

we may

be pre-pared toexpect aconsiderable discrepancyof opinion.

We

shall therefore proceed

with

caution,

and

offer only

what

may

be

most

useful,

and most

necessaryfor thestudent.

The

field of discussion

may

be

much

limitedif

we

first define

what

we

mean

by

the

word

"diphthong."

The

best definition

we

can find,

and

the one

most

(25)

PRONUNCIATION.

5

that of

Mr.

Smith

in

Walker.

"

A

diphthong,"

he

says,

**

I

would

define to be

two

simple vocal

sounds

uttered

by one and

the

same

emissionof breath,

and

joined in such a

manner

that each losesa portion of

itsnatural length, but

from

the junctionproducetli a

compound

sound

-jual in the timeof

pronouncing

to

either of

them

taken separately,

and

so

making

still

but onesyllable."

Followingthis definition,threetestsfora

diphthong

suggest themselves

1.

The

emission of the

two sounds by

the

same

breath.

2. Their amalgamation, or,

more

correctly, their coalescing; foreach

vowel

in the

Maori diphthong

is

distinctly heard.

3.

The

abbreviation in the natural length of each simple sound.

In applyingthese rules tothe diphthongs, itwill

be

perhaps

most prudent

to divide them,

under

the

pre-sent imperfect state of our knowledge, into

two

classes: 1.

The

certain, or those of the diphthongal characterof

which

there can be

but

little question. 2.

The

doubtful, or those

upon

which

inquirers

may

be likely to entertain differentopinions.

The

diphthongs

which

we

consider certain are as follows:

aa, ae,ai,ao,au,ee,ei,ii,oo, on,un.

On

these

we

will offera

few

remarks.

Those

diphthongs

which

are

formed by

a double letter, suchas cut, are distinguished

by

a stronger

and

fuller

sound

; as in

Wakaaro,

rapuittu, tfcc.

AE

Is a

sound

for

which

it is difficult to find a parallel in English,

and which most

speakers

confound

withai insuch

words

as

waewae,

waeroa, paewae, &c.

(26)

The

English aye

comes

perhaps closer toit. It

must

be pronounced

broad

and

open,

and

care

must

be

taken

to

keep

out the squeezed

sound

ofthei.

AI

May

be well represented

by

theiin shine.

AO

Has

no

representative in English that

we

are

aware

of.

In pronouncing

it, the speaker

must

becareful to

lettheo bedistinctly,

but

nottooprominently, heard;

and

considerable care will be required to

keep

it dis-tinct

from

au

in the following words, as otawhao,

whawhao,

tao, hao, &c. ; neither, again,

must

the

speaker divide the diphthong into

two

syllables, as

some

speakers

do

in otaota, &c.

AU

May

be

pronounced

like

ou

in drought,trout,

pound,

(fee,

El

May

be

represented

by

the ai in hail, pail, <tc.

Care

must

be

taken

not to suppress altogetherthei,

asis

sometimes done

in such

words

as tend, penei, &c.

OU

Is a

sound

of

some

difficulty.

There

is

no

sound

that

we

are

aware

of in the English language that exactly corresponds to it.

Low,

sow,

mow,

&c.

may

be

made

to resembleit,

by pronouncing

them

slowly,

and

lettingthe

sound

die

away

intou.

Mostforeigners are aptto pronounceitas a simpleo. The

firstsyllable ofItontou is one of very difficult pronunciation. Withoutgreat careitwillbevariouslypronounced,asifkoitou, kotou, or kutu.

By

not attending to these distinctions the speakerwilloften

(27)

PRONUNCIATION.

7

hearers against spiritual temptations, borrowed his

illustra-tionfrom ajunikaka (the porchfor the parrot,bywhichit19 caujrht).tellintrthem that Satan often presents poukakas to attract them t.ruin: unfortunately,however,instead

ofpon-kaka he used y;kaka.a xjtttill ofiriml and rain, and only expressedhis pointbyexciting theirrisibility.

The

doubtful class of diphthongs are

mau

(as in man,/"/-th??, tun, My), ai (asin maia, brave), ea, eo, eu,io, iu.

On

thesewedonotwishatpresentto

make many

observations.

\\ believe that there is a considerable difference amongst Maorispeakers respecting them. Our

own

idea is that there

may

be afewoccasions on which some might be considered diphthongs; and that those occasionsare,the position of the

syllable, whetherattheendof the wordor elsewhere, as also whetheritcomeunderthe influence of the accent.

We

cannotdismissthissubjectwithout mentioningtwo

par-ticulars, verynecessaryto be remembered byall

who

wishto attaintoanaccurate pronunciation of Maori. Firt.a> itisin English, every sentenceistobe pronouncedasifone word. 2.

Homogeneousvowelswill,whenthey meet,almost always run intoa diphthong.

The following sentence, Itoiai irJ/irin-hiriaai ciato ratott iiri.would bethuspronounced by anative: lioiai-mhiri-irhiria-eia,-to-rtitiir't. A'niu id iriridiwouldrunIto'nti-nirlr'xii.

This same subject of homogeneousvowels coalescing into diphthongs i> one which has not received the attention it

merits.

OF

THE

CONSONANTS.

This isthe

same

astheEnglish h.

Itisnot, however,

known

on

the western coastof

New

/

;ihuil, to the

southward

of

Mokau,

in the

dis-trii.-t of Taranaki. Its place is supplied

by

a curious

stammer

or jerk of the voice.

A

gentle sibilancy

accompanies it> pronunciation

amongst

Ngapuhi,

(28)

K.

K

has the

sound

ofthe English k; as inkill, &c.

M,

N,

P.

"M,

N,

P,

have

the

same sound

as in English. R.

R

has

two

sounds: (1)

rough;

as in rain, river, &c.; e.g. kahore, rorea, roro, roto.

(2)

The

second is

more

soft,

and

is

formed

by

a

gentle jarofthe tongueagainst the palate; sogentle, indeed,isthevibrationthat

most

foreigners

pronounce

it like

d

or I, as in?-aro, ruru, rimu, pouaru, pari, muri,mariri, koiri, ko?ikori,

kowu,

ma?*u.

T.

This isa letter

which few Europeans pronounce

cor-rectly. It isnot

pronounced

likethetintemper,tea,

<fec.

;

but

ratherlikethe sharp thof apa^Ay,sympaZAy,

AtfAens, apo^Aecary.

Those

who

watch

a native's

tongue

while

pronouncing

this letter, will find that therule for attaining this

sound

is,toapplythetongue, notto theroot,

but

tothe topof theteeth,

and

hardly

emit

a.

W

Has

two

sounds

one

simple, as that in wind, <fcc.; e.g. wai,water;

waka, a

canoe; ware,

a

plebeian.

2.

An

aspirated

w

t as in

when,

where, &c.; whai,

follow; whare,

a

Jiouse, &c.

NG.

The

speaker should becarefulinuttering this

sound

not

to separate the

n

from

theg,as is

sometimes

done

by

foreigners.

The

n

and

g

intimately coalesce,

and

those

who

have

learnedto

pronounce

the

French

encore will find

no

difficultyin catching it.

The

following rulewill,

we

trust, help the beginner:

(29)

PRONUNCIATION'. 9

Press the middleof the

tongue

to the roof of the

mouth,

nearthe throat,

and

simultaneously relax

tin-pressure,

and pronounce

na.

Of

coursecare

must

be takenthatthe tip of the tongue does not touch the palate.*

Followingisa table setting forlhafewof the variations in pronunciation of the leading dialectsof N.-w Zralaud.

Itwillbe observedthat the

name

of a placeisemployedto denotethe dialect for which that place and iU vicinity arc remarkable.

(30)

CHAPTER

II.

OF

THE

ARTICLE.

1.

The

articlesin

Maori

are as follows:

(a)

The

definite article te

and

itsplural

nga

; e.g. tetangata, the

man.

nga tngata,

themen.

(b)

The

indefinitearticles he, tetahi,

and

itsplural etahi; e.g.

Sing, he maripi,

a

knife.

Plur. liemaripi

ena

1 arethoseknives? tetahi, maripi,

a

knife.

etahi maripi,

some

knives.

(c)

The

arthritic particles

a

and

ko; e.g.

a

Hone,

John.

ko

koe, you.

2.

Te

isnot so uniformly definite asthe English the; being

sometimes

used

(a)

Where

no

article

would

be

employed

inEnglish,

i.e. in cases

where

the

noun

is taken in its widest sense; e.g.

I

ma

te kaipuke,ivent

l>yship.

He

kino te,tutu, disobedienceis sinful.

Ko

te rangi

me

te

wenua

e

pahemo,

heaven

and

earth shallpass

away.

(b)

Sometimes

itis

employed

instead ofthe English

a;

e.g.

He

mea

kaha

te hoiho,

a

horseis

a

strong thing.

E

kore tetangatatikae

wehi

i temate,

a

virtuous

(31)

WOF

TIIK ARTICLE. 11

!

Sometimes

it i> u-<l instead of the

pronoun

e.g.

Kei

tahaetia e tetangata, lest it should be stolen

A//

mmif

person;

na

tetangata

noa

atu, by

some

i>.rton or "///'/.

It is

employed

for

many

other purposes

which

the English the does not recognize.

We

shall only

mention

thefollowing:

Te

tini o tekaipukc, hinr ntn,,,/ nhijin there

are!

NOTE. Ithas been assertedthatteissometimes usedinthe plural number, as in the preceding example, "te kaipuke." andin the following te tiniotetangata, ninny men;kareka tepititi, jit-nchfittirexneet.

We

aremoreinclinedtothink that

we

haveinthese exam-plesthe-operation of afigureof frequentoccurrenceinMaori, viz..sj'necdoche,andthatoneof aclassis

made

torepresent

awholeclass.

Expressions of this kind are

common

in English,without involving the plural numberof the article; e.g.thefruitof

tin- trtf, a yrwit iiHini/, a foe writ. ,\v. Bishop Lowth's remarks ontheseinstances are quitetothe point:

"

The

reason of

it(he says)ismanifestfromtheeffectwhich the article hasin thesephrases; it means a smallor great number,collectively taken, and therefore gives the idea of a whole, thatis, of unity. Thus likewise,a hundred, a thou-sandisonewhole number, an aggregate of

many

collectively taken;and, therefore,stillretains thearticlea, thoughjoined

asanadjectivetoa plural substantive;as.aktmdredyears."

(e) Lastly, te is

sometimes employed

before

proper

ll:t!ii-s;e.g.

Te

Puriri, Te

Uir.

1. Todefine the rulebywhichthearticleisprefixed)

oromitted before proper names isaworkof somedifficulty,

oeing veryirregular.

N'>II; 2.- >. runtimes te is blended withointo one word;

a- in the followingexample: ki to

Hone

whare,tothe

home

ofJnlnt. in-te:idofki tewhareoJNme.

N"ii: 3.

The

student should be careful, in speaking, to

(32)

12

te. Thelatter should always be pronounced more distinctly andforciblythanthe article.

3.

Nga may

with

strict propriety be called the

plural of the definite article.

There

are a

few

exceptions, or, rather, slight variations,

which

we

do

not thinkit necessaryto mention.

4.

He

varies in

some

respects initsuses

from

the Englisha.

(a) It is used

sometimes

where no

article

would

be employed

in English

; e.g.

A, ho

atu

ana

eratoulie

moni

ki aia,

and

tliey

gave

him

money.

(5) It is occasionally used in the

same

sense as

some

in English; e.g.

Kawea

hewai,fetch

some

water.

(c) Itis usedinthe plural

number

; e.g.

He

uwha

kau

aku

poaka,

my

pigs areallfemales.

He

tini

oku

kainga,

my

farms

are

many.

5.

A

great

many

uses oftheindefinite articleare shared

by

Jie

with

te tahi.

We

shall

mention

here

a

few

of

them

:

Ho

mai

te tahi maripi, give

me

a

knife.

Tahuna

mai

tetahi rama, kindle

a

light.

N.B. Tetaltiexactly correspondswiththe definitiongiven

t>yBishopLowthof the Englisharticlea. "Itdeterminesit <{ihe thing spokenof) to be one single thing of the kind, leaving it still uncertain which."

A

similar use of the numeral one

we

find in French, sometimes in Hebrew,and

more

than onceinthe

New

Testament(vide Matt.xxi. 19,and

Mark

xiv. 51).

We

need not lookabroadforparallelinstances: our

indefi-nitearticleanbeing, as everyetymologistisaware,theSaxon articlewhich signifies one.

(b) Etahi

may

be considered as corresponding to

(33)

OF

THK

ARTICLE.

13-the tiling

spoken

of tobe

any

number

of things of the kind, leavingit uncertain

how

many,

(r

which

of

tin- thingstheyare. It closelyreseiuMestheadjectix e

some

of English,

and

we

enumerate

it here

among.

the articl.^ because it onlydiM't-rs

from

t>' fn/ii (whirl; is clearly an article) in l>ein^its plural ; c.y.

Maku

e tahi ika, give

me

some

fish.

A*

is a regular attendant

on

the persona!

pronouns

; e.g.

a koe, i/int .- ki a ia, toli'un.

(7>) It is also the article

by which

the

names

of

individuals

and

tribes arealways preceded; r.y.

a

Hone,

kei

a Hone,

with

John

; i a

Ngapuhi.

NOTK

1.

When

the particle Ito is prefixed to either the proper

name

or thepronoun,aisomitted; t-.y.

lot Hone,koia.

(2.) It is also omittedafterthe prepositions e, ma, mo. no, na,i>, n. Theprepositionswithwhichitisretained are /. kiy

i:idtheir coni(x>unds irungai,&c.; e.g.

irungai a Hone, aboveJoin.

NOTE

2. Europeans

who

havenot

made

the language a study, often very incorrectly substitute / forabefore a proper

Bi: . ;-! ','- i')i.if-ttoourrc^ir.lin^'n asan article,andmay

thedefinitionthatanarticleis"a wor

it tin-in nut.ami show how fartli'ir .-ijjniticatii.il cxtcmls.'' This,

xonik-sl)r.- ti.m.mi.I ourreply is.that if

BbhopLowth, from wlntni i\\\<ilcfinitionisileri\v<|,had IM-I-II writing on he would, ni<i>t pnlKilily, IK. -.-ti sm-h a rare ofthedi-pun-s that lave been agitated

a of thisartirlc.and th:.'

.idol l>yno rule atall." The:..

iinlit would)>i- :T nitain

',:L-certain]io\ver- inone language,it Mfchavetheeamoinan I

;..iiiinat-tlii-arti.-l,- ,,nl,riti,-. astheGreekswould

aj-,an intlii"ii.alim'>( thewonItowhichiti^piviixeil. thou^liitin m>

n;unless, jierhaj*. M-econsiderthat,

:pronoun,a

pnipcrname,\-<-.,itthus, inea-ure, re-trict .-Is ssith tlio

the article, vi/.,"an ii.

(34)

-name; e.g. they will say. kei Jiea e te "VVaru? where is te

Warn?

and, again,kuataemai eNanala Xanalaliasarrived,. JS,as

we

shallshowhereafter,isthe sign of the vocativecase.

A

is omitted before such words as the following, kei te

Pakeha.keingaMaori,&c.

NOTE

3.

A

issometimesinWaikatoprefixedtoappellatives;

*.g. kiatuahangata,apapa, akara.

(c)

A

is also prefixed to the

names

ofplaces,

and

to prepositions,

and

adverbs

which have

assumed

the

form

of substantives,

when

in the nominative case;

e.g.

Kua

horo a Pukerangiora,

Pukerangiora

(the fort) has been stormed.

Kua

tukua

atu e

ahau

a

Whangarei

mo

Hone,

I have given

W/iangarei to John.

Kua

kaiiiga

a runga

o

nga

puka

nei, the topsofthecabbages havebeen eatenoff.

A

hea

? wliat place?

A

Rangitoto.

NOTE. Sometimesa isprefixed to the

name

of the place

when

the people of the place, and not the place itself, are

intended; e.g.kamateiaWaikato,mill bekilled by Waikato.

Some

speakers are often guilty of solecisms from not rememberingthataisnotprefixedtoanyof the oblique cases of thenamesofplaces. Thus

we

heardsome old residents in thelandsay, Haereki a Pokuru GotoPokuru. Haerekia IVaitemata Go to Waitemata. According to this form, -Pokuruand Waitemataare notplaces,butpersons.

(d)

A

is

always

prefixed to

any

inanimatething to a

name

has

been

given i.e. to trees, canoes, ships, boats, meres,* guns, &c.; e.g.

Kei

te tua i

a

Ruhaia, he is cutting

down

(the

tree) Ruhaia.

E

waihape

ana

a Karapaina,

Columbine

is tacking.

Mo

to tahaetanga ia Pahikoura,

for your

havingstolen (the

mere*)

Pahikoura.

*The"mere" isa nativeweaponforwar madeoftheaxestone. Itis

anarticle ofgreatvalue,anddescendsfromfather tosonasanoha,an

(35)

OF

THE

ARTICLE. 15

Itoa aia

Hongi

i

whakuwirinaki

ia ki tana

pu

ki

a

Tanumia,

Hongi

loos brave because he in /</6-

gun Tanumia.

NTK

1. Stars also come underthe operation ofthis rule, e.g.

Ko

wai tenawbetu irungaia Tawera1 whatstar it

thatabort- Tan-era!*

Kua

aru a Matariki.f Matarikiha* nnnlchiaappearance.

Houses, caves, and such like are regulated by rule (/);

e.g.

Heoianongatangatakela Puruo Waikato.allthepeople

have mutterrd off to Puntoicailuito M'/u'rron'Jtereu'* /loiixt-on the \Vaihtitor'n'i r.

Kowai

heiwhakahuaita tatouwhangai hau?

Iawai; iaTu.

Ko

heatehauamai na? koPuhimatarenga,&c.

2. Thefollowingsentences are incorrect:

E

haeremaiana tcMlhala.

Kua

mateteKaraiti.

X.B. The speaker should distinguish between thearticle

andthe prepositionrt,asinthe following sentence:

Ekore ahaue kaiiangataurekareka,

/

mill not cat (the food) of thexlavcs.

'

Theprepositionaintheseellipiticalsentencesshould always bepronouncedpeculiarlystrong.

He

shouldalsonotethefollowing:

Kla

mea

(with shorta) is"tothC'

Kia

mea

(with long a] is tosuch an one,to ourfr'uiuL

or,in

common

parlance(giveit),towhatdo yecallhim.

For

Ko

(see Syntax,chap, xiv.)

Tnweraisthemorningstar.

tThisstarmakeshis appearance about themonthofJune,inthefii>t

monthoftheNewZealander,andcreatesanimportant epochin his agricul-turaloperations.

(36)

CHAPTER

III.

OF THE

NOUNS.

CLASSES

OF

NOUNS

IN

RESPECT

TO ORIGIN.

Nouns

in

Maori

may

be comprised

under

three

classes primitive, derivative,

and

verbal.*

(a)

Nouns

primitive are those

which

designate

animals,plants,numbers,

members

ofthe animal body,

some

ofthegreatobjectsofthenaturalworld.

N.B. Itisoften impossibletodistinguishbetweenprimitive andderivativenouns.

(b)

Nouns

derivative,

which

are altogetherthe

most

numerous,

comprise

(1.)

Nouns

derived

from

verbs, i.e. the verb, in its

simple form, used asa

noun

; e.g.

He

noho

iioa iho taku, it is

a

simple sitting

of

mine

;

I

have

no

fixedobjectinstopping (here).

He

haere pai to haere? Is

your

going

a good

going, i.e. are,

you

going withgoodintent?

(2.)

Nouns

derived

from

adjectives; e.g.

He

aha

te

pai

otena

mea

?

what

is the worth

of

that thing?

Keihea

te

pakaru

? whereis thebroken place?

(3.)

Nouns

derived

from

adverbs

and

prepositions;

e.g.

*

We

areawarethatverbalnounsshould properlyhavebeenclassedunder

derivative;butasweshall oftenhavetospeakof themasadistinctclass,

andas,moreover, theycloselyresembleinsomerespectstheparticipialform oftheverb,and are very frequently usedinstead ofthefiniteverbitself,

(37)

OF

THE

NOUNS. 17

He

kore.rawa, itis nil.

Engari

areira e pai ana, there(or that place)is

better.

Kua

ki

a

roto, theinside isfull.

Parua a

tua, coattheoilierside (with raupo).

(4.)

Compound

Words.

These

are

always formed

by

two

words

placed in

immediate

juxtaposition, without

any

elisionofeither; e.y.

Hia

kai (desirefood),

hunger

;

mate

moe

(crav-iny ttlwp), uli-rpinens;

hoa

riri

(angry

friend),

enemy

;

mahi atawbai

(cherishing act, &c.),

a

<!,,

rl*I<iiig, <L'c. ; kai

whakaako

(one t/mt

(xir/tes),

a

teacher; kai

wlmkamarie

(one that pacifies),

a

pacifier; tangata atua,

a

man

Imcing

a yod

; tangata pakeha,

a

man

/taving

a European

tolivewith

him

; he

hunga

kainga,

a

people /taring

a

place to reside

on;

ahu

taonga

(bent

on

gain), avariciousness;

ahu

wlu-nua (hoeing tJie

mind

occupied with the earth), industriousness, or j)eaceableness;

whenua

rangatira (anoble land, not disturbed

/>// invasions) peace;

houhanga

rongo, itwkimj peace;

ngakau whakakake,

pride;

he

whare

kore (a

no

house), Jtomelessness;

he

horoi kore

(a

no

soap), soaplessness;

whakaaro

kore, thoughtlessness,<L'c.

(c)

Verbal

nouns

arewell

worthy

the attention of

thecritical student.

They

are ofvery extensive uses in Maori,

and

a proper introduction of

them

willgive

animation

and

elegance to the sentence.

The

rules for their formation will be found hereafter. See

VERBS.

They

are generally

employed

to denote time, place

t

f, means,or

some accompaniment

on, or relation of, the act or quality of the

ground

form.

Other

usesof

them

willbe

mentioned

inthe

SYNTAX.

(38)

18

To

set forth the various uses of the verbal

noun

here

would

carry us

beyond

our limits.

We

shall, therefore, only give a

few examples

sufficient,

how-ever,

we

trust, to lead the critical student into

more

extensive inquiry :

Ko

toiianioenga tena,thatiswherelie slept.

Te

purnautanga

ote

whakaaro,

thefull assurance of hope; te

whakangarungaruiiga

otewai, tlie,

troubling ofthewater.

Te

peheatenga irneatia ai, the 'manner in

which

it

was

done.

Te

patunga

poaka, the place where tlie pigs are

killed.

Kahore

aku

kete

kumara

hei

whakahokinga

atu

rno topuka,

I

have

no

basketof

kumara

with

which

tosend back(i.e. to

pay

for

the loanof)

your

spade.

Ite

hanganga

o te ao,

when

tlie

world

ivasmade. I

ana

inoinga, in his prayers (i.e.

when

Jie

prayed).

Ko

tona kiteatangatenei, thisis the opportunity forlooking for, orseeing,it.

To

tatou nuinga, tlierestof ourparty. I

taku

oranga, while

I

live.

NOTE. Instances willsometimes occurinwhichthesimple

root, or the verbal form,

may

be indifferentlyused in the sentence. The critical student, however, will generally be abletosee the reason; e.g. te liereotona hu,tliethongof his s/we; teherengaotona hu,tlie holes,$'c. bymliicli tlie thong itfastened.

PROPER

NAMES

should perhaps

have been

classed

under

the

head

of derivativenouns.

They

are epithets arbitrarily assumed, as

among

the

Hebrews, from some

circumstance, quality, act, or thing.

Sometimes

they are simple; e.g.

ko

te

Tawa,

Tawa

(atree).

Sometimes

compound

; e.g.Tangikai,

cry

for

food.

They

aregenerally

known

by a

prefixed;

when

a

isnotprefixed,

by

the context.

(39)

OF

THE

NOUNS. 19

NOTE. Sometimes

we

meet with English appellatives employedas appellativesinMaori,but withtheform peculiar

toiropernames;eg. a mata,tin- in'uttrcss ; apepi, thebaby;

atekawana.the governor. These,however,mustbe regarded as solecisms, andasinno

way

supportedby Maori analogy.*

We

sometimesalsomeetwithaMaori proper

name

employed

as an appellative; i.e. if an individual of a particular

districthas been remarkable for any quality, his

name

will often be predicated of anyother in

whom

the same feature of character is discernible thus, Ropeti, of Waikato, was remarkablefor making a great show of hospitality; hence,

toanypersonelse

who

has been detected actinginasimilar way,itwillbesaid,

Ko

Ropeti, thereisRopcti.

Asall theseterms are necessarily limited in theiruseto a particulardistrict,

we

neednot noticethemfurther.

OF GENDER, NUMBER,

AND

CASE.

Maori, as

we may

premise,

admits

of

no

such tilingas declension

by

inflection, i.e.

by

a variation of the

ground

form. All the relations it is capable

of expressingaredenoted

by

words, orparticles, pre-fixedorpost-fixed to thenoun.

GENDER

OF

NOUNS.

Distinctions of

gender

are

but seldom

recognized in Maori.

Only

two

are ever noticed viz., the masculine

and

feminine.

These

are

always

expressed

by

different

words

; e.g.

MALE. Matua ) or \father. Papa } Tamaiti 1 or >son. Tamaroaj Tungane, brother of a female.

(40)

MALE.

Autane,'brotJier-in-law ofa female.

Tangata,man. Koroheke.oldman. Tourahi and Toa, male of

brute animals.

Tane,amale, mostlyof the hitmanspecies.

FEMALE.

Auwahine, sister-in-law of theman.

Wahine, woman. Ruruhi,oldwoman'. Uwha,femaleofbrutes.

Wahine,female.

In

salutation,the sexofthe person isalmost

always

denoted

by

the address;e.g.

To

tlie

man.

To

thefemale.

E

boyfriend/

(

E

kui

j

E

pa, >tothe

married

woman.

E

mava, (

E

tai )

E

koro,

Ekara,

(

E

ko

\

ETa,

E

Hika,

E

Hine

j to thegirl.

NOTE

1. Itshould,however,benoted that these modesof addresswill varyin different districts. Thus,in Waikato

E

Taiand

E

ko are often addressedto the male, and

E

kui to the girl; again, also,tane and wakine will be often found

applied to the brute creation, and tourahi, in Waikato, is

mostfrequently appliedtothe gelding.

NOTE

2. Thespeaker should notice thatthe relationship of individuals of thesamesexisdesignatedbythesameterms as thecorresponding onesofthe opposite sex; e.g.

John's

elder brother isTuakana. youngerbrother teina.

brother'in-laic taokete.

Mary's

eldersister isTuakana. youngersister teina sister-in-law taokete.

The

distinction of sex in the other branches is generally designated

by

tane

and wahine

post-fixed

to therelation; e.g.

Hunaonga

wahine, daughter-in-law.

(41)

OF

THE

NOUN-

21

NUMBER.

Substantivesin

Maori have

twonumljers,

singular

and

plural.

The

singular is

known

by

the singular articles

te

and

t^t<thi, or

by one

of the singular

pronouns

connected with the

noun

; e.g.

Te

whare

o

Hone,

tlveliou&e of John.

Toku

paraikete, //<// hhmket.

The

plural is

known

by

(1) nga, e to/a, or (2)

one

of the plural or dual

pronouns

preceding the

noun

; e.g.

nya

wahine, t/f worn

At

tupuna, inyforefatliers.

(3.)

Sometimes

the plural is designated

by

o,

without

teor

nga

preceding the

noun

; e.g.

Kei

o

Hone

matua

pea,with

John

1

8unclesperhaps. (4.)

In

a

few

cases

we

meet

with

an

alteration in the

ground form

; e.g.

Tamaiti, son; Tamariki, sons, orchildren. (5.)

In

some

trisyllables the first syllable of the plural is

pronounced

long

; as in

matua,

t7puna,

wahine, taugata.

NOTE. Examples of these two latter heads are not of

frt-'iuentoccurrence.

(6.)

We

frequently

meet

with

ma

joined to the proper

name,

in asense correspondingto hoi

ampin,

and

hoi periin Greek, todenote the person

and

his

coiujKiitij ; e.g.

Kei

a

Kukutai ma,

with

Kukutai

and

his party.

(7.)

Sometimes

also

ma

is in the

same

sense post-fixed to appellatives; e.g.

(42)

(8.)

Sometimes an

actoft repeated, or

many

things of the

same

kind, are

denoted by

a reduplication of

one

or

more

syllables; e.g.

Kakata, a

frequentlaughing.

Mamahi,

over-work.

Kimokimo,

a winking

oftheeyes.

CASE. The distinction of case in Maori is exceedingly

simple. Asitisnot the character of thelanguage todecline eithernounsor adjectivesbyavariation of the termination,it is evident that, in this respect. Maori isaltogether different

fromGreekand Latin. Arewe. then,toadoptthe cases that those languages so clearly need?

We

are aware that some contendforthem. But

we

arealsoassured that theiradoption wouldbe,not onlyuseless,butoftenexceedinglyperplexing.

Itis true that prepositions

may

be foundin Maori,aswell as in English, that correspond with thecases that aretobe found in those languages. But that,

we

submit, is not the question. Ourbusiness,

we

conceive,shouldbetoinquire

how

the dependence ofwordson each other isdenoted in Maori, and then look out for a system that will meet, not a few selectedcases,butallthevarious possible conditions.

Now,inMaori the differentconnectionsandrelations ofone thing to another are denoted by prepositions; there are

upwards of twenty prepositions; and these are capable of being

much

increased in number bycombination with each other; allhaving distinct meanings, differentrelations, and

thereforedistinct cases. Areall these,then,tobe reducedto the six cases of Latin? Those

who

please

may

make

the experiment withthefollowing: Kei rungaitepouaka; kei te

kainga;hoatu ki aia;

me

titiroatu ki aia;patuaiakiterakau;

heituaitewhare,&c.

The simple and comprehensive casesof Murray's English

Grammar

seem, therefore, the bestadaptedfor Maori,though

we

willconfessthat our

own

judgmentisagainstallowingany

possessive casetoMaori.

InEnglish,it istrue,that case

may

berecognized; because

the ground form undergoesa change to denoteit. Even in Hebrew, something analogous also mightbe admitted. But in Maori the possessive caseis expressed, like all the other obliquecases,bya preposition. Itmay,indeed,besaid that in the pronouns

we

find a possessive formed by inflection.

But this mightjustly be questioned: forit isvery probable

that noliuand nakuarecompoundsof nookuandnaaku,and,

when

a native speaks slowly, it

may

be observed that he pronouncesthosewordsasifsospelt.

(43)

OF

THK

XOl'XS.

23

1.

What

is called the accusative case in Latin is

most

frequently denoted

by

t. This particle is

difli-rent

from

thepreposition i,

and

is only

employed

todenote tin- passing

on

of the action ofthe verbto the

noun

; e.g.

Ko

wai

hei keri ite

mara

1

who

is to dig the field? Vide Prepositions

({.),chap. viii. 2.

The

vocative case is

always

denoted

by

e;

e.g.

E

Hone

!

John

!

CHAPTER

IV.

OF

THE

ADJECTIVE.

Maori

adjectives

have

no

peculiar or appropriate

form.

They

know

no

distinction of gender,

number,

case, or comparison.

In

common

with substantives,

adjectives

admit

often of reduplication to denote repetition, or

many

thingsof the

same

kind, <fec. vide chap, iii., 8,

page

22

e.g.

Hahi

kakata

a

frequent laughing.

He

rakau

kikino

kau

they areall

bad

trees.

NOTE. Comparisonin Macri isfoimedbyperiphrasis, for whichvideSyntax.

(44)

24

OF

NUMERALS.

CHAPTER

Y.

OF

THE NUMERALS.

Numerals

in

Maori abound

in distinctions that are notto he

met

with inotherlanguages.

Tahi, one, has

sometimes

a

form

peculiar toitself,

being prefixed

by

ko. All

between

tald

and

tekau

may

beprefixed

by

e. All the simple

numbers

i.e.

all less

than

ten will,

when

preceding the higher

numbers,

taketheir ordinary prefixes

; e.g.

E

rua, tivo e

rua

rau, two hundred.

Ka

toru, three

ka

toru

nga

rau, three hundred, orit is 300.

Kia

wha,

let it be

four

; kia

wha

mano,

let it

be

four

tJwusand, &c.

E

rima, it isfive

ka rima mano,

fivethousand, <fec.

Ka

rima

tekau,fifty, &c.,tfec. i.e.

Ilmve

readied

fifty-Numbers

between

ten

and twenty

are expressed

by

ten

and

unit; e.g.

E

ono

six; tekau

ma

ono

(ten

and

sixjsixteen.

E

whitu

seven; tekau

ma

whitu

seventeen.

Twenty, and

all

numbers between twenty and a

hundred,

may

be expressedin

two ways

:

1st (which is

now

the

more

general),

by

a unit preceding ten; e.g. eono tekau, (six tens) sixty;

ka

iwa

tekau, ninety, ttc.

2ndly,

by

hoko prefixed to the unit; e.g. hokorua, twenty.

(45)

OF THK NCMKKALS.

25

NOTE. TheMaori modeofcounting hasalways, heretofore, been bypairs; thus, hoknnta, twenty, .--hinds furtirenty pair,

i.e. forty, and so ou.

When

they wiah it to be understood singly, they postfix tnlti-taki to the numeral udjeetive; e.g.

hokorua taM-tmM^ twenty. Sometimestojm uvjmispost fixed to

make

itmoreclear thatthedoubleofthenumberisintended;

e.g. ewarutopu (eight doubled).al.rtnn.

Ngahuru,with Ngapuhi, denotesten,and tekan.>!,-r,n. In the central part of the island,as far asTaupo. ngahuru and tekaurepresent,bothofthem,ten.

In

expressing a

sum

of tens

and

units,the smaller

number

follows ten or its multiple,

and

isconnected

with it

by

the

numeral

conjunction

ma

; e.g. thirfi/-/<>< isdenoted

by

"e

torutekau

ma

wha."

In

expressing a

sum

ofhundreds, with tenx&nd *//</'/*,

thetens are posttixed tothe

hundreds

without a

ma

intervening; e.g.

136

is expresed

by

"

ko

tahi rau, e torutekau,

ma

ono."

A

sum

of thousands,hundreds, tens,

and

unitsis ex-pressedin the

same

way, the particle

ma

only inter-vening

between

the ten

and

the unit; e.g.

1136

is

expressed

by

"ko

tahi

mano,

ko

tahi rau, e toru tekau,

ma

ono."

NOTE. Itshould be herenoticed that thisisthe

new mode

of reckoning broughtinby Europeans,and

now

fastspreading

overthe land. The old

mode

isnot soconvenientin

calcula-tion, butit isoftenheard; 240 would, accordingtoit,bethus

expressed,

Ko

tahirau

ma

rua, literallyone hundredand tiro.

Two

herestandsfor (twice ten) twenty doubled.

LV,o \\ould runthus:

Ko

tahirau*ma rua putautahi,one hundredandtwodouble,andatautahi,anoddone.

4,900wouldrunthus:

E

rua

mano

mo

wha, hokorimate

tuma, tmi thousand,four hundred double; Jiftydouble

w

the tuina.thecfce&X.

Forall beyond a thousand there is,

we

suspect,a consider-able diversity in the nomenclature of different tribes. In Waikato and Taupo 10,000double(i.e.20,000accordingtoour reckoning) would be a tini; ten tint (i.e. 100,000 double) wouldbeindifferently culled ngera,rev, hea. Allbeyondthat would be denominated byatinitnakehua,a tiumrurl rrhaioio (ormaioio), tint

(46)

irhahnrtT-For

denoting a

number

of persons less

than

ten,

tokoisgenerally prefixed tothe

numeral

; e.g.

Tokowhitu

tatou,

we

aresevenin

number.

For

denoting distribution, tatakiis prefixed to the

numeral

: kia tataki rua

pu

nga

tituitetangata, let

each

man

Jiave

four

payments.

NOTE. Tatakiprefixed does notalways denotedistribution;

e.g.

Ka

tataki-hia nga wbakato o ta koutou mara1 Hoiv

many

baskets (are these) tliathavebeensowninyour cultiva-tion?

In measuring

length afractionis denoted

by

huka

; e.g.

E

ono

whatianga,

huka

to te whitu, It is six

whatiangas*

long, not quiteseven.

E

warn

maro,*

huka

to te iwa, Itiseightmaro,

not quite nine.

ORDINALS.

The

ordinal

numbers

are

formed

:

1.

By

tua prefixed to the cardinal; e.g. tua

tom

r

third; tuaiwa, ninth.

2.

By

wliaka prefixed; e.g.

whakatekau,

tenth. 3.

By

the simplecardinal

with

thedefinite article:

ko

tewJia tenei o

aku

haerenga mai,this is thefourth

of

my

comings here; i.e. this is the fourth time I

have

come

here.

*Whatianya correspondstothe ancient cubit; muroiswhatamancan

(47)

OF

THK

PRONOUNS.

_.

CHAPTER

VI.

OF

THE

PRONOUNS.

iepersonal

pronouns

of

Maori

are as follows:

SINGULAR.

Ahau,

or an,/.

Koe,

thou.

DUAL.

(Taua,

you

and

I.

\

Maua,

lie

and

I.

Korua, you

two.

Raua,

they two. PLURAL.

(Tatou,

you

all

and

myself.

\

Matou,

they

and

myself.

Koutou,

ye. Raton, they.

The

first person dual

and

plural has, as

may

be-seen in the

above

table,

two

forms, tana

and

tatou, ttiaua

and matou;

the

former

class

may

be

denominated

-Ive, the latter exclusive.

For example

:

The

speaker of a

company,

who

is addressing

a

pei-son just

come

in, uses

matou

: e tatari

ana

matou

ki a koe,

we

are, orhave been, waiting

for

you. If

lit-

means

that only himself

and

another

have been

waiting, heuses

maua

: e tatari

ana

maua

kiaa

koe

;

but

when

he addresses the

whole company, he

uses. tatou:

Tatou

ki te kai, letus go todinner. If,

how-,

he

isaddressingonly anotherbesides himself,

he

tuna:

Taua

ki te kai, let it# (two) go todinner* Again, if he says,

No

matou

tenei kainga, he tells you, tin- hrurrr, that In-

and

others possessthis farm. If he says,

No

maua

tenei kainga, he tells

you

that

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