COLREGS
COLREGS
A
COLREGS
COLREGS
A
index
index
F Foorreewwoorrdd 22 I Innttrroodduuccttiioonn 33 Rule 5 Rule 5L
L
o
o
o
o
k
k
O
O
u
u
t
t
!
!
5
5
Rule 6Rule 6
Watch your
Watch your
Speed
Speed
!
!
7
7
Rule 7
Rule 7
Watch that
Watch that
Ship!
Ship!
9
9
Rule 8 Rule 8
D
D
o
o
S
S
o
o
m
m
e
e
t
t
h
h
i
i
n
n
g
g
a
a
n
n
d
d
d
d
o
o
i
i
t
t
E
E
a
a
r
r
l
l
y
y
!
!
1
1
1
1
Rule 10 Rule 10T
T
ra
ra
f
f
f
f
ic
ic
S
S
e
e
p
p
a
a
r
r
a
a
t
t
i
i
o
o
n
n
L
L
a
a
n
n
e
e
s
s
a
a
r
r
e
e
n
n
o
o
t
t
R
R
ig
ig
h
h
t
t
s
s
o
o
f
f
W
W
a
a
y
y
!
!
1
1
3
3
Rule 13 Rule 13L
L
e
e
a
a
v
v
e
e
A
A
m
m
p
p
l
l
e
e
R
R
o
o
o
o
m
m
!
!
1
1
5
5
Rule 14 Rule 14S
S
h
h
i
i
p
p
A
A
h
h
e
e
a
a
d
d
!
!
1
1
7
7
Rule 15Rule 15
Watch Vessels
Watch Vessels
to S
to S
tarboa
tarboa
rd!
rd!
19
19
Rule 16 Rule 16
K
K
e
e
e
e
p
p
E
E
v
v
e
e
r
r
y
y
b
b
o
o
d
d
y
y
H
H
a
a
p
p
p
p
y
y
!
!
2
2
1
1
Rule 17 Rule 17I
I
s
s
S
S
h
h
e
e
A
A
l
l
t
t
e
e
r
r
i
i
n
n
g
g
?
?
2
2
3
3
Rule 19 Rule 19R
R
e
e
s
s
t
t
r
r
i
i
c
c
t
t
e
e
d
d
V
V
i
i
s
s
i
i
b
b
i
i
l
l
i
i
t
t
y
y
C
C
h
h
a
a
n
n
g
g
e
e
s
s
E
E
v
v
e
e
r
r
y
y
t
t
h
h
i
i
n
n
g
g
!
!
2
2
5
5
FOREWORD
FOREWORD
by Captain R B
by Captain R B
Middleton FNI President The Nautical Institute.
Middleton FNI President The Nautical Institute.
The confidential marine accident reports which
The confidential marine accident reports which we publish each month we publish each month in our journal in our journal SEAWSEAWAYSAYS
have indicated that mariners are
have indicated that mariners are frequently confronted with hazardous situations relating to thefrequently confronted with hazardous situations relating to the
COLREGS.
COLREGS.
T
To investigate the o investigate the problems The Nautical problems The Nautical Institute initiated in Institute initiated in 2002 an international survey2002 an international survey
amongst seagoing officers to enquire if they thought there was a problem, what the causes
amongst seagoing officers to enquire if they thought there was a problem, what the causes
could be and to suggest solutions.
could be and to suggest solutions.
The results were alarming with nearly 50% of the respondents stating that in their view the
The results were alarming with nearly 50% of the respondents stating that in their view the
problems were caused by ignorance and wilful disregard of the rules.
problems were caused by ignorance and wilful disregard of the rules.
However respondents also drew attention to other factors
However respondents also drew attention to other factors like distractions due to GMDSS like distractions due to GMDSS falsefalse
alarms, VHF chatter, VTS reporting, and paperwork.
alarms, VHF chatter, VTS reporting, and paperwork.
When it came to solutions respondents highlighted both the need to improve the
When it came to solutions respondents highlighted both the need to improve the education andeducation and
training of watchkeeping officers and better supervision by senior officers on board.
training of watchkeeping officers and better supervision by senior officers on board.
Undoubtedly we all have to
Undoubtedly we all have to work to improve standards of bridge watchkeeping and thiswork to improve standards of bridge watchkeeping and this
thoughtful guide produced by the North of England P&I Club is an excellent place
thoughtful guide produced by the North of England P&I Club is an excellent place to start.to start.
Officers can work through a page at a time discussing the elements with colleagues and relating
Officers can work through a page at a time discussing the elements with colleagues and relating
the contents to the full form of
the contents to the full form of the rules.the rules.
For experienced officers there is an opportunity to work through the text as a refresher and to
For experienced officers there is an opportunity to work through the text as a refresher and to
use the booklet as a training aid when coaching junior officers and cadets on watch.
use the booklet as a training aid when coaching junior officers and cadets on watch.
It is our duty as nautical professionals to ensure that we are responsible at all times for the safe
It is our duty as nautical professionals to ensure that we are responsible at all times for the safe
navigation of our ships and this booklet provides a valuable text to re-establish good practice.
CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR
CONVENTION ON THE INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR
PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972 (COLREGS)
PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA, 1972 (COLREGS)
This guide is based on the COLREGS poster series produced by the North of England P&I
This guide is based on the COLREGS poster series produced by the North of England P&I
Association
Association’s Risk Management Department between 2001 and 200’s Risk Management Department between 2001 and 2004.4.
The aim of these posters is not to provide an all encompassing guide to the Rules but to dispel
The aim of these posters is not to provide an all encompassing guide to the Rules but to dispel
some frequent misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the most
some frequent misunderstandings and misinterpretations of the most widely used Rules andwidely used Rules and
to provide a graphic illustration of the correct steps to decipher and to apply the Regulations.
to provide a graphic illustration of the correct steps to decipher and to apply the Regulations.
While it is vital to know the
While it is vital to know the contents of the Regulations, simply being able to recite themcontents of the Regulations, simply being able to recite them
verbatim is no substitute for knowing how to apply them. A coherent full working knowledge
verbatim is no substitute for knowing how to apply them. A coherent full working knowledge
of the text and its application is vital.
of the text and its application is vital.
The UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch has stressed the importance of Rule 2 and their
The UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch has stressed the importance of Rule 2 and their
concern that this vital Rule is so often overlooked.
concern that this vital Rule is so often overlooked.
Rule 2 - Responsibility
Rule 2 - Responsibility
(a)
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the ownervessel, or the owner, master or crew the, master or crew thereof, from thereof, from the
consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of neglect of any precaution which
consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of neglect of any precaution which
may be required by the ordinary practice of seaman, or by the special circumstances of the case.
may be required by the ordinary practice of seaman, or by the special circumstances of the case.
(b)
(b) In construing and comIn construing and complying with these Ruleplying with these Rules due regard shas due regard shall be had to all be had to all dangers of navigationll dangers of navigation
and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved,
and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved,
which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
which may make a departure from these Rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.
This fundamental feature of the COLREGS highlights the fact that you, the mariners, are
This fundamental feature of the COLREGS highlights the fact that you, the mariners, are
responsible for your own actions and you have to comply with the Rules while ensuring that
responsible for your own actions and you have to comply with the Rules while ensuring that
you take all precautions of the ordinary practice of seafarers - there is no
you take all precautions of the ordinary practice of seafarers - there is no substitute for thesubstitute for the
application of common sense on the seas.
application of common sense on the seas.
INTRODUCTION
During the Nautical Institute’s “Improving the
During the Nautical Institute’s “Improving the application of the COLREGS” surveyapplication of the COLREGS” survey, it was, it was
noted by the late Captain François Baillod FNI, that reported incidents related to “uncertainty”,
noted by the late Captain François Baillod FNI, that reported incidents related to “uncertainty”,
“violations” and “disregard for the COLREGS”. While
“violations” and “disregard for the COLREGS”. While many cited “ignorance”, “poor knowledgemany cited “ignorance”, “poor knowledge
of the COLREGS”, or “lack of training” as reasons for the poor and ineffective application of
of the COLREGS”, or “lack of training” as reasons for the poor and ineffective application of
the Regulations.
the Regulations.
The Collision Regulations were devised to make the navigation of ships safer - however we
The Collision Regulations were devised to make the navigation of ships safer - however we
must remember they are also the law and all should observ
must remember they are also the law and all should observe them.e them.There can be no excuses -There can be no excuses
-ignorance is no defence and if you disobey these laws there will be conseque
ignorance is no defence and if you disobey these laws there will be consequences.nces.This guide isThis guide is
intended to provide a reminder of the Rules and the processes that should be applied in making
intended to provide a reminder of the Rules and the processes that should be applied in making
them work.
them work.
Much of the guidance text has been provided by Captain Roger Syms who has enthusiastically
Much of the guidance text has been provided by Captain Roger Syms who has enthusiastically
embraced the idea of providing an easy to use guide to the COLREGS in conjunction with the
embraced the idea of providing an easy to use guide to the COLREGS in conjunction with the
original North of England poster series.
original North of England poster series.This project has also been able to make use of theThis project has also been able to make use of the
experiences expressed through the Nautical Institute’s survey into
experiences expressed through the Nautical Institute’s survey into the COLREGS.the COLREGS.
The North of England also
The North of England also acknowledges with thanks, the contribution and suggestions ofacknowledges with thanks, the contribution and suggestions of
the UK Marine Accident Investigation Branch on the conceptual ideas behind the project.
Rule 5 Look-out
Rule 5 Look-out
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight
Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight
and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the
and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the
prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full
prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full
appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
Look Out
Rule 5 - Look Out!
Rule 5 - Look Out!
“Look out” means pay attention to everything!
“Look out” means pay attention to everything! - Not just looking ahead out of the window- Not just looking ahead out of the window
but all round the vessel, using all your senses and all appropriate equipment available to you.
but all round the vessel, using all your senses and all appropriate equipment available to you.
KEEP AN EYE AND EAR ON EVERYTHING THAT GIVES YOU
KEEP AN EYE AND EAR ON EVERYTHING THAT GIVES YOU
INFORMATION INCLUDING:
INFORMATION INCLUDING:
Radar/ARPA
Radar/ARPA - Be aware of - Be aware of the effects of clutter, of small targets and the range the effects of clutter, of small targets and the range of the set.of the set.
Radio transmissions
Radio transmissions- Keep an ear on what is going on in the vessel’s vicinity.- Keep an ear on what is going on in the vessel’s vicinity.
Sound Signals
Sound Signals- Can you hear any sound signals near- Can you hear any sound signals near-by? -by? Be aware of the effect ofBe aware of the effect of
keeping a closed wheelhouse, and of distracting noises in a closed space.
keeping a closed wheelhouse, and of distracting noises in a closed space.
Course and Position Navigation Aids
Course and Position Navigation Aids - If you have to alter course make sure there is- If you have to alter course make sure there is
safe water available.
safe water available.
Depth indicator
Depth indicator - frequently and systematically monitor the - frequently and systematically monitor the depth of water beneathdepth of water beneath
the vessel.
the vessel.
Be aware
Be aware- VTS and AIS are there to help you.- VTS and AIS are there to help you.
BEW
BEW
ARE
ARE
OF
OF
DIS
DIS
TRA
TRA
CTI
CTI
ONS
ONS
!
!
Alarms
Alarms- Do not allow alarms, such as false GMDSS transmissions, to distract you from- Do not allow alarms, such as false GMDSS transmissions, to distract you from
keeping a proper look-out.
keeping a proper look-out.
Lights
Lights- Do not allow lights on your vessel to impair your vision- Do not allow lights on your vessel to impair your vision
Communications
Communications- VHF transmissions and - VHF transmissions and mobile phones are not mobile phones are not your first priorityyour first priority..
Do not allow them to distract you.
Do not allow them to distract you.
Rule 5 applies at all times
Rule 5 applies at all times - there must always be someone looking-out. If weather or conditions- there must always be someone looking-out. If weather or conditions
cause concern then more lookouts may be needed and should be called without hesitation.
Safe Speed
Safe Speed
(a)
(a) By By all all vessels:vessels:
(i)
(i) the the state state of of visibility;visibility;
(ii)
(ii) the the traffic traffic density density including including concentrations concentrations of of fishingfishing
vessels or any other vessels;
vessels or any other vessels;
(iii)
(iii) the mathe manoeuvrability of noeuvrability of the vessethe vessel with sl with special referepecial referencence
to stopping distance and
to stopping distance and turning ability in turning ability in the prevailingthe prevailing
conditions;
conditions;
(iv)
(iv) at night the at night the presence of presence of background light background light such as frosuch as fromm
shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
(v)
(v) the state the state of wind, of wind, sea sea and curreand current, and nt, and the proxthe proximity ofimity of
navigational hazards;
navigational hazards;
(vi)
(vi) the draught in the draught in relation to relation to the available the available depth of watedepth of waterr..
(b)
(b) Additionally, Additionally, by by vessels vessels with with operational operational radar:radar:
(i)
(i) the the characteristics, characteristics, efficiency efficiency and and limitations limitations of of thethe
radar equipment;
radar equipment;
(ii)
(ii) any any constraints constraints imposed imposed by the by the radar radar range range scalescale
in use;
in use;
(iii)
(iii) the effethe effect on ct on radar deradar detection of tection of the sea the sea state,state,
weather and other sources of interference;
weather and other sources of interference;
(iv)
(iv) the possibility the possibility that smthat small vesseall vessels, ice ls, ice and otheand otherr
floating objects may not be detected by radar at an
floating objects may not be detected by radar at an
adequate range;
adequate range;
(v)
(v) the numthe numberber, loca, location and tion and movement movement of veof vesselsssels
detected by radar;
detected by radar;
(vi)
(vi) the more the more exact asexact assessment sessment of the of the visibility that mayvisibility that may
be possible when radar is used to determine the
be possible when radar is used to determine the
range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
Rule 6 - Safe Speed
Rule 6 - Safe Speed
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and
Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and
be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:
Rule 6 - Watch your Speed!
Rule 6 - Watch your Speed!
Rule 6 allows you to make your own judgement
Rule 6 allows you to make your own judgement as to the most appropriate speed at any timeas to the most appropriate speed at any time
for your vessel, taking into account the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
for your vessel, taking into account the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
CAN YOU REACT EFFECTIVELY?
CAN YOU REACT EFFECTIVELY?
Without exception the safest speed is a
Without exception the safest speed is a reduced speed, because:reduced speed, because:
It allows you to stop or turn effectively
It allows you to stop or turn effectively
It gives you more time to think and to act in a developing situation
It gives you more time to think and to act in a developing situation
-The time to react and respond effectively is all important - vessels moving too
The time to react and respond effectively is all important - vessels moving too
quickly can often fatally impair their own watchkeeper’s risk assessment processes.
quickly can often fatally impair their own watchkeeper’s risk assessment processes.
If collision does occur the resulting damage is likely to be a lot less
If collision does occur the resulting damage is likely to be a lot less
Remember the radar or ARPA is not infallible.
Remember the radar or ARPA is not infallible. It may miss some targets altogether or it mayIt may miss some targets altogether or it may
show very large targets as weak echoes.
show very large targets as weak echoes.
Navigational aids such as GPS can be equally suspect
Navigational aids such as GPS can be equally suspect - don’t rely on one - don’t rely on one instrument for instrument for
information, double check it against
information, double check it against others.others.
Constantly monitor your speed
Constantly monitor your speed - The situation at sea is constantly changing and what can be- The situation at sea is constantly changing and what can be
deemed a safe speed in one situation can change with circumstances, sometimes suddenly!
deemed a safe speed in one situation can change with circumstances, sometimes suddenly!
Maintaining high speeds for commercial considerations should not be tolerated
Maintaining high speeds for commercial considerations should not be tolerated -
-it is no excuse or defence for proceeding at an unsafe speed.
Risk of Collision
Risk of Collision
(a)
(a) Every Every vessel vessel shall shall use use all all available available means means appropriate appropriate toto the prevailing circumstanc
the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determinees and conditions to determine if risk of collision exists. If there is
if risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shallany doubt such risk shall be deemed to exist.
be deemed to exist. (b)
(b) Proper Proper use use shall shall be be made made of of radar radar equipment equipment if if fitted fitted andand operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equ warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalentivalent
systematic observation of detected
systematic observation of detected objects.objects. (c)
(c) Assumptions Assumptions shall shall not not be be made made on on the the basis basis of of scantyscanty information, especially scanty radar
information, especially scanty radar information.information.
(d)
(d) In In determining determining if if risk risk of of collision collision exists exists the the followingfollowing considerations shall be among those taken into considerations shall be among those taken into account:
account: (i)
(i) Such Such risk risk shall shall be be deemed deemed to to exist exist if if the the compasscompass bearing of an approaching vessel does
bearing of an approaching vessel does notnot appreciably change;
appreciably change; (ii)
(ii) Such Such risk risk may may sometimes sometimes exist exist even even when when anan appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly appreciable bearing change is evident, particularly when approachin
when approaching a very large vessel or a tow org a very large vessel or a tow or when approachin
when approaching a vessel at close range.g a vessel at close range.
Rule 7 - Risk of Collision
Rule 7 - Watch that Ship!
Rule 7 - Watch that Ship!
Listen as well as look!
Listen as well as look! - As with keeping a look out, you must use all the information and- As with keeping a look out, you must use all the information and
equipment available to you to determine risk of collision.
equipment available to you to determine risk of collision.
Use the compass to check the bearings of approaching vessels
Use the compass to check the bearings of approaching vessels - compare it with the- compare it with the
radar bearing.
radar bearing.
If you have operational radar you must use it.
If you have operational radar you must use it.
Are you using true or relative vectors?
Are you using true or relative vectors? If you have an Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)If you have an Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA)
you should use
you should use the RELATIVE VECTORS for determining risk of collision and the RELATIVE VECTORS for determining risk of collision and TRUETRUE
VECTORS
VECTORSto ascertain the other to ascertain the other vessel’s actual movement.vessel’s actual movement.
Y
You must be aware of the limitations and use of ou must be aware of the limitations and use of the ARPA and interpret informatthe ARPA and interpret information displayedion displayed
correctly.
correctly.
If you are not fitted with an ARPA you must run a RADAR PLOT.
If you are not fitted with an ARPA you must run a RADAR PLOT.
Is the target passing ahead or astern? Or is it going to collide?
Is the target passing ahead or astern? Or is it going to collide? - Remember the primary - Remember the primary
information you need to answer these questions is relative information.
information you need to answer these questions is relative information.
Don’t trust ARPA to give you an accurate Closest Point of Approach (CPA).
Don’t trust ARPA to give you an accurate Closest Point of Approach (CPA). - Where- Where
possible take at least half a mile off each indication to be safe. (If it shows a CPA of half a mile
possible take at least half a mile off each indication to be safe. (If it shows a CPA of half a mile
assume it is collision)
assume it is collision)
Don’t rely on change of bearing as an indicator of clearance.
Don’t rely on change of bearing as an indicator of clearance. - - As a As a target target approachesapproaches
it’s change of
it’s change of bearing should speed up significantly. If the change in bearing should speed up significantly. If the change in bearing does not accelerate,bearing does not accelerate,
treat it as a danger
treat it as a danger..
Don’t relax your vigilance
Don’t relax your vigilance - Keep monitoring the situation until the target is passed and- Keep monitoring the situation until the target is passed and
well clear
Ac
Ac
ti
tion
on
to
to
Av
Av
oi
oi
d
d
Co
Co
ll
llis
is
io
io
n
n
(a)
(a) Any action Any action to avoid to avoid collision shacollision shall be tall be taken in acken in accordancecordance
with the Rules of this part and shall, if the circumstance
with the Rules of this part and shall, if the circumstances ofs of
the case admit, be posit
the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and withive, made in ample time and with
due regard to the
due regard to the observance of good seamanship.observance of good seamanship.
(b)
(b) Any alteratiAny alteration of courson of course and/or e and/or speed speed to avoid to avoid collisioncollision
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough
to be readily apparent to anothe
to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visuallyr vessel observing visually
or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course
or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course
and/or speed should be avoided.
and/or speed should be avoided.
(c)
(c) If there If there is sufficieis sufficient sea-roont sea-room, alteratiom, alteration of coursn of course alonee alone
may be the
may be the most effective action to avoid a most effective action to avoid a close-quarteclose-quartersrs
situation provided that it is
situation provided that it is made in good time, made in good time, is substantialis substantial
and does not result
and does not result in another close-quarters situation.in another close-quarters situation.
(d)
(d) Action taken Action taken to avoid collito avoid collision with anothesion with another vessel shar vessel shall bell be
such as to result in
such as to result in passing at a safe distance. Thepassing at a safe distance. The
effectivene
effectiveness of the ss of the action shall be carefully checked action shall be carefully checked untiluntil
the other vessel is finally past and clear
the other vessel is finally past and clear..
(e)
(e) If necesIf necessary to asary to avoid collisiovoid collision or allow n or allow more time more time toto
assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken
assess the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed orher speed or
take all way off by stopping or reversing her means
take all way off by stopping or reversing her means
of propulsion.
of propulsion.
(f)
(f) (i) (i) A A vessel vessel which, which, by by any any of of these these Rules, Rules, is is required required not not toto
impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel
impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel
shall, when required by the circumstances of the case,
shall, when required by the circumstances of the case,
tak
take eae early arly actiction ton to alo allow low sufsufficficienient set sea-ra-room oom for for thethe
safe passage of the other vessel.
safe passage of the other vessel.
(ii)
(ii) A vesseA vessel requirl required not to imed not to impedpede the pase the passage osage or safer safe
passage of another vessel is not relieved of this
passage of another vessel is not relieved of this
obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to
obligation if approaching the other vessel so as to
involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action,
involve risk of collision and shall, when taking action,
have full regard to the action which
have full regard to the action which may be requiredmay be required
by the Rules of this Part.
by the Rules of this Part.
(iii)
(iii) A vessel A vessel the passthe passage of age of which is nowhich is not to be t to be impededimpeded
remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this
remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this
Part when the two vessels are approaching one
Part when the two vessels are approaching one
another so as to involve risk of
another so as to involve risk of collision.collision.
Rule 8 - Action to Avoid Collision
Rule 8 - Do Something and do it Early!
Rule 8 - Do Something and do it Early!
Remember a positive alteration made very early on is better than a large panic
Remember a positive alteration made very early on is better than a large panic
alteration at the last minute!
alteration at the last minute! - the closer you are to the other vessel the more you will- the closer you are to the other vessel the more you will
have to do to avoid collision.
have to do to avoid collision.
Don’t judge a “positive” and “ample” action just by the amount of alteration
Don’t judge a “positive” and “ample” action just by the amount of alteration - confirm- confirm
it by the change
it by the change in CPA. Keep checking the situation until in CPA. Keep checking the situation until the risk of the risk of collision is past and collision is past and clearclear..
Make your actions obvious to other vessels
Make your actions obvious to other vessels - Small alterations of course are dangerous;- Small alterations of course are dangerous;
they don
they don’t usually solve the problem and don’t give the other vessel a clear indication of what’t usually solve the problem and don’t give the other vessel a clear indication of what
you are doing.
you are doing.
Use the engines
Use the engines - If your ability to alter is constrained then- If your ability to alter is constrained then SLOW DOWNSLOW DOWN ororSTOP.STOP.
The other vessel may also be obliged to take action. Always bear in mind what that action
The other vessel may also be obliged to take action. Always bear in mind what that action
may be.
may be.
NO
NO
T
T
IMP
IMP
EDI
EDI
NG?
NG?
If the Rules require you “not to impede”, it means you must make a very early alteration
If the Rules require you “not to impede”, it means you must make a very early alteration
to make sure risk of collision
to make sure risk of collision does not develop.does not develop.
If you are the “not to be impeded” vessel be prepared for the other vessel not to take
If you are the “not to be impeded” vessel be prepared for the other vessel not to take
the correct action. If a collision is
the correct action. If a collision is imminent you have to act however constrained you are!imminent you have to act however constrained you are!
Think about what you are doing
Think about what you are doing - Actions taken to avoid collision should follow the- Actions taken to avoid collision should follow the
observance of good seamanship - this is where we have to apply professional and sound practical
observance of good seamanship - this is where we have to apply professional and sound practical
judgement!
judgement!
Use the Trial Manoeuvre setting on your ARPA, if available.
Rule 10
-Rule 10 -
Traffic Separation Lanes are not Rights of Way!
Traffic Separation Lanes are not Rights of Way!
There is no right of way
There is no right of way - Just because you are navigating within a Traffic Separation Scheme- Just because you are navigating within a Traffic Separation Scheme
(TSS) does not give you right of way over other vessels.
(TSS) does not give you right of way over other vessels.
The other COLREGS continue to apply within a TSS.
The other COLREGS continue to apply within a TSS.
Remain within the lanes
Remain within the lanes - but if your alteration for a crossing vessel is likely to take you- but if your alteration for a crossing vessel is likely to take you
outside the scheme this does not exempt you from following the Rules. If you are not happy
outside the scheme this does not exempt you from following the Rules. If you are not happy
abou
about it SLOW Dt it SLOW DOWN or SOWN or STOPTOP..
BE WARY!
BE WARY!
Actions of vessels navigating in
Actions of vessels navigating in the vicinity of a the vicinity of a TSS can be TSS can be UNPREDICTABUNPREDICTABLE.LE.
Look out for crossing vessels on the edge of the scheme.
Look out for crossing vessels on the edge of the scheme. They may alter to cross at rightThey may alter to cross at right
angles or they may alter parallel to the scheme to find a less crowded place to cross.
angles or they may alter parallel to the scheme to find a less crowded place to cross.
Look out for High Speed Craft (HSC)
Look out for High Speed Craft (HSC) - HSC tend to present collision risks wide on the- HSC tend to present collision risks wide on the
beam. HSC do often
Overtaking
Overtaking
(a)
(a) NotwithstandiNotwithstanding anytng anything cohing contained ntained in the in the Rules Rules of Pof Partart
B, Sections I and II, any
B, Sections I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shallvessel overtaking any other shall
keep out of the way
keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken.of the vessel being overtaken.
(b)
(b) A vessA vessel shael shall be ll be deemed deemed to bto be overtae overtaking wheking when comingn coming
up with a another vessel from
up with a another vessel from a direction more than 22.5a direction more than 22.5
degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such
degrees abaft her beam, that is, in such a position witha position with
reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at
reference to the vessel she is overtaking, that at night shenight she
would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but
would be able to see only the sternlight of that vessel but
neither of her
neither of her sidelights.sidelights.
(c)
(c) When When a a vessel vessel is is in in any any doubt doubt as as to to whether whether she she isis
overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case
overtaking another, she shall assume that this is the case
and act accordingly.
and act accordingly.
(d)
(d) Any Any subsequent subsequent alteration alteration of of the the bearing bearing between between thethe
two vessels shall not make the overtaking vess
two vessels shall not make the overtaking vessel ael a
crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or
crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules or
relieve her of the duty
relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtakenof keeping clear of the overtaken
vessel until she is finally past and clear
vessel until she is finally past and clear..
Rule 13 - Overtaking
Rule 13 - Leave Ample Room!
Rule 13 - Leave Ample Room!
Don’t forget! If you are not sure you are an overtaking vessel, you must assume
Don’t forget! If you are not sure you are an overtaking vessel, you must assume
that you are and keep clear.
that you are and keep clear.
Don’t pass close
Don’t pass close - overtaking invariably takes time, so make sure you have a safe distance- overtaking invariably takes time, so make sure you have a safe distance
between you and the other vessel.
between you and the other vessel. (Where possible this should be at least greater than your(Where possible this should be at least greater than your
hard-over turning circle.)
hard-over turning circle.)
Beware of interaction!
Beware of interaction! - if you are forced by traffic to pass closer be very careful that- if you are forced by traffic to pass closer be very careful that
interaction does not occur.
interaction does not occur.
Avoid crossing ahead
Avoid crossing ahead - If you - If you are not on are not on parallel courses and passing clear, cross asternparallel courses and passing clear, cross astern
rather than ahead.
rather than ahead.
Does the ship being overtaken know you are there? Always assume they do not!
Does the ship being overtaken know you are there? Always assume they do not!
Remain vigilant
Remain vigilant - Remember- Remember, you remain an , you remain an overtaking vessel until you are overtaking vessel until you are finally passedfinally passed
and clear.
Head-on Situation
Head-on Situation
(a)
(a) When two When two power-driven power-driven vessels are vessels are meeting onmeeting on
reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve
reciprocal or nearly reciprocal courses so as to involve
risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard
risk of collision each shall alter her course to starboard
so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
so that each shall pass on the port side of the other.
(b)
(b) Such a Such a situation shall be situation shall be deemed to exist deemed to exist when a vesselwhen a vessel
sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she
sees the other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she
could see the masthead lights of the other in line or
could see the masthead lights of the other in line or
nearly in line and/or both sidelights and by day she
nearly in line and/or both sidelights and by day she
observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
observes the corresponding aspect of the other vessel.
(c)
(c) When a vessel When a vessel is in is in any doubt as any doubt as to whether such to whether such aa
situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and
situation exists she shall assume that it does exist and
act
act accordinglyaccordingly..
Rule 14 - Head-on Situation
Rule 14 - Ship Ahead!
Rule 14 - Ship Ahead!
“Nearly reciprocal” does not mean exactly right ahead.
“Nearly reciprocal” does not mean exactly right ahead. If a vessel is ahead and coming theIf a vessel is ahead and coming the
other way on an opposite course and roughly within half a point (6 or 7 degrees) of either side
other way on an opposite course and roughly within half a point (6 or 7 degrees) of either side
of the bow, Rule 14 applies.
of the bow, Rule 14 applies.
IF YOU ARE STILL NOT SURE ASSUME A HEAD-ON SITUATION ANYWAY AND
IF YOU ARE STILL NOT SURE ASSUME A HEAD-ON SITUATION ANYWAY AND
ACT ACCORDINGL
ACT ACCORDINGLY!Y!
UNDERSTAND RULE 8
UNDERSTAND RULE 8
Rule 8(a) says, “any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules
Rule 8(a) says, “any action to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance with the Rules
of this Part ...”
of this Part ...” (“this Part” being the Steering and Sailing Rules)(“this Part” being the Steering and Sailing Rules)
It means that if
It means that if you have a vessel you have a vessel fine to starboard, even at some fine to starboard, even at some distance awaydistance away, altering, altering
to port to increase the clearance may be construed as not being in
to port to increase the clearance may be construed as not being in accordance with theaccordance with the
COLREGS. You should always go to starboard as directed by the Rule.
COLREGS. You should always go to starboard as directed by the Rule.
Alter early!
Alter early!- Do not wait for the other vessel to act, the closer you get before taking action- Do not wait for the other vessel to act, the closer you get before taking action
the greater the steps you subsequently have to take to avoid collision.
Crossing Situation
Crossing Situation
When two power-driven ves
When two power-driven ves
sels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has
sels are crossing so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has
the
the
other on
other on
her
her
own
own
starboard
starboard
side
side
shall k
shall k
eep
eep
out of
out of
the way
the way
and
and
shall,
shall,
if
if
the ci
the ci
rcumstances of
rcumstances of
the case admit,
the case admit,
avoid crossing ahead
avoid crossing ahead
of the other
of the other
vessel.
vessel.
Rule 15 - Crossing Situation
Rule 15 - Watch Vessels to Starboard!
Rule 15 - Watch Vessels to Starboard!
Give way early
Give way early - If you are the give-way vessel, take early action so the other vessel knows- If you are the give-way vessel, take early action so the other vessel knows
your intentions.
your intentions.
Avoid crossing ahead
Avoid crossing ahead - Go to starboard, astern of the vessel if at all possible.- Go to starboard, astern of the vessel if at all possible.
Be considerate
Be considerate - If the other vessel is hampered in any way, action must be taken even earlier- If the other vessel is hampered in any way, action must be taken even earlier
to reassure the other vessel.
to reassure the other vessel.
Be positive!
Be positive! - If in doubt over crossing or being overtaken, assume you are crossing and- If in doubt over crossing or being overtaken, assume you are crossing and
keep clear.
keep clear.
Use your engines
Use your engines - Remember that you should always have the option of using your engines- Remember that you should always have the option of using your engines
as well as your helm.
Action
Action
by
by
Give-way
Give-way
V
V
essel
essel
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take
Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take
early and substantial action to keep well clear.
early and substantial action to keep well clear.
Rule 16 - Action by Give-way Vessel
Rule 16 - Action by Give-way Vessel
• • • • • • • •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rule 16 - Keep Everybody Happy!
Rule 16 - Keep Everybody Happy!
DO NOT HESITATE!
DO NOT HESITATE! - Alter early and adequately enough to show the other vessel clearly- Alter early and adequately enough to show the other vessel clearly
what you are doing.
what you are doing.
Confirm your alteration
Confirm your alteration- make sure that your action has had the desired effect by checking- make sure that your action has had the desired effect by checking
he increase in the CPA on the radar.
he increase in the CPA on the radar.
KEEP EVERYBODY HAPPY!
KEEP EVERYBODY HAPPY!
Following Rule 16 makes life easier for all vessels.
Following Rule 16 makes life easier for all vessels.
If the watchkeeper on the other vessel is happy with the situation and with your alteration
If the watchkeeper on the other vessel is happy with the situation and with your alteration
there is less likelihood of he/she
there is less likelihood of he/she doing anything unexpected.doing anything unexpected.
Treat other vessels as you would like to be treated yourself. Apply some courtesy
Treat other vessels as you would like to be treated yourself. Apply some courtesy
to seamanship and common sense.
Ac
Ac
ti
ti
on
on
by
by
St
St
an
an
d-
d-
on
on
V
V
es
es
se
se
l
l
(a
(a)) (i(i)) WhWherere one one of e of twtwo veo vesssselels is ts is to keo keep oep outut
of the way the other shall keep her course
of the way the other shall keep her course
and speed.
and speed.
(ii)
(ii) The latter vessel mayThe latter vessel may, however, however, take action, take action
to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone,
to avoid collision by her manoeuvre alone,
as soon as it becomes apparent to her that
as soon as it becomes apparent to her that
the vessel required to keep out of the
the vessel required to keep out of the
way is not taking appropriate action in
way is not taking appropriate action in
compliance with these Rules.
compliance with these Rules.
(b
(b)) WhWhenen, , frfrom om anany y cacaususe, e, ththe e vevessssel el rereququirireded
to keep her course and speed finds herself
to keep her course and speed finds herself
so close that collision cannot be avoided by
so close that collision cannot be avoided by
the action of the give-way vessel alone, she
the action of the give-way vessel alone, she
shall take such action as will best aid to avoid
shall take such action as will best aid to avoid
collision.
collision.
(c
(c)) A pA powowerer-d-dririveven n vevessssel el whwhicich h tatakekes as actctioionn
in a crossing situation in accordance with
in a crossing situation in accordance with
subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid
subparagraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid
collision with another
collision with another power-driven vesselpower-driven vessel
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit,
shall, if the circumstances of the case admit,
not alter course to port for a vessel on her
not alter course to port for a vessel on her
own port side.
own port side.
(d
(d)) ThThis is RRulule de doeoes ns not ot rerelilieveve te the he gigiveve-w-way ay vevesssselel
of her obligatio
of her obligation to keep out on to keep out of thef theway.way.
Rule 17 - Action by Stand-on Vessel
Rule 17 - Is She Altering?
Rule 17 - Is She Altering?
THERE ARE TWO STAGES TO RULE 17:
THERE ARE TWO STAGES TO RULE 17:
17(a)(ii) At some distance off
17(a)(ii) At some distance off - when “as soon as it becomes apparent ... that the vessel- when “as soon as it becomes apparent ... that the vessel
required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action...”, you may take your
required to keep out of the way is not taking appropriate action...”, you may take your
own action to avoid collision.
own action to avoid collision.
PROVIDED
PROVIDED you do not alter to port for a vessel you do not alter to port for a vessel on your port side in a crossing situation.on your port side in a crossing situation.
17(b) At close quarters
17(b) At close quarters- when “collision cannot be avoided by the give-way vessel- when “collision cannot be avoided by the give-way vessel
alone”, you should take the best action you can to avoid collision.
Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted Visibility
(a)
(a) This This rule arule applies pplies to vesto vessels nsels not in ot in sight sight of oneof one
another when navigating in or near an area of
another when navigating in or near an area of
restricted visibility.
restricted visibility.
(b)
(b) Every Every vessel shall vessel shall proceed at proceed at a a safe safe speedspeed
adapted to the
adapted to the prevailing circumstanceprevailing circumstances ands and
conditions of restricted visibility. A
conditions of restricted visibility. A
power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for
driven vessel shall have her engines ready for
immediate manoeuvre.
immediate manoeuvre.
(c)
(c) Every Every vessel vessel shall shall have have due due regard regard to thto thee
prevailing circumstan
prevailing circumstances and ces and conditions ofconditions of
restricted visibility when complying with the
restricted visibility when complying with the
Rules of Section I of this Part.
Rules of Section I of this Part.
(d)
(d) A A vessel vessel which which detects detects by by radar radar alone alone thethe
presence of another vessel shall determine if a
presence of another vessel shall determine if a
close-quarter
close-quarters situation is s situation is developing and/or riskdeveloping and/or risk
of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding
of collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding
action in ample time, provided that when such
action in ample time, provided that when such
action consists of an alteration of course, so far
action consists of an alteration of course, so far
as possible the following shall be
as possible the following shall be avoided:avoided:
(i)
(i) An aAn altelteraratiotion of cn of courourse tse to poo port fort for a vr a vessesselel
forward of the beam, other than for a vessel
forward of the beam, other than for a vessel
being overtaken;
being overtaken;
(ii)
(ii) An aAn alterlteration ation of cof coursourse towe towardards a s a vessvesselel
abeam or abaft the beam.
abeam or abaft the beam.
(e)
(e) ExcExcept wept wherhere it hae it has bees been detn determermineined thad that a rist a riskk
of collision does not exist, every vessel which
of collision does not exist, every vessel which
hears apparently forward of her beam the
hears apparently forward of her beam the fogfog
signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a
signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a
close-quarter
close-quarters situation with s situation with another vesselanother vessel
forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to
forward of her beam, shall reduce her speed to
the minimum at which she can be
the minimum at which she can be kept onkept on
her course. She shall if necessary take all her
her course. She shall if necessary take all her
way off and in any event navigate with extreme
way off and in any event navigate with extreme
caution until danger of collision is over.
Rule 19 - Restricted Visibility Changes Everything!
Rule 19 - Restricted Visibility Changes Everything!
Rule 19 is a different set of rules that only apply when “vessels are not in sight of
Rule 19 is a different set of rules that only apply when “vessels are not in sight of
one another”.
one another”.
THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A STAND-ON VESSEL IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY.
THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS A STAND-ON VESSEL IN RESTRICTED VISIBILITY.
Every vessel must act!
Every vessel must act!
Avoid altering to port (19(d)(i))
Avoid altering to port (19(d)(i)) - An alteration of course to port (should be avoided) for- An alteration of course to port (should be avoided) for
a vessel forward of the beam, except for a vessel you are overtaking.
a vessel forward of the beam, except for a vessel you are overtaking.
Avoid altering towards (19(d)(ii))
Avoid altering towards (19(d)(ii))- If a target presents a collision or close quarters risk- If a target presents a collision or close quarters risk
abeam or abaft the beam
abeam or abaft the beam you must act but avoid altering towards it. you must act but avoid altering towards it.
THIS DOE
THIS DOES NOT MEANS NOT MEAN you cannoyou cannot alter tot alter towards ANYwards ANYvessevessel that may be abeal that may be abeam or m or
abaft the beam. Rule 19(d)(ii) only applies if there is a collision or close quarters risk.
abaft the beam. Rule 19(d)(ii) only applies if there is a collision or close quarters risk.
Use your engines
Use your engines - Again always remember that you should have the option of using your- Again always remember that you should have the option of using your
engines as well as your helm.
engines as well as your helm.
Proceed at a safe speed
Proceed at a safe speed - have your engines available for immediate manoeuvring.- have your engines available for immediate manoeuvring.
If you don’t have radar, for whatever reason, you must proceed with extreme caution.
If you don’t have radar, for whatever reason, you must proceed with extreme caution.
Listen for sound signals and respond accordingly.
REMEMBER!
REMEMBER!
The COL
The COL
REGS
REGS
are not jus
are not jus
t advice to th
t advice to th
e marin
e marin
er -
er
- they are THE LAW
they are THE LAW
.
.
If you disobey the law you will suffer the consequences.
If you disobey the law you will suffer the consequences.
Ignorance of the law is never a defence.
A
A
GU
GU
ID
ID
E
E
TO
TO
GO
GO
OD
OD
PR
PR
ACT
ACT
IC
IC
E
E
Roger Syms’ maritime career has spanned some
Roger Syms’ maritime career has spanned some
47 years, from deep-sea tankers to Hoverlloyd
47 years, from deep-sea tankers to Hoverlloyd
and Hoverspeed, as Captain and Flight Manager.
and Hoverspeed, as Captain and Flight Manager.
He also has a degree in Nautical Studies from
He also has a degree in Nautical Studies from
Plymouth Polytechnic.
Plymouth Polytechnic.
He has assisted with the development of regional
He has assisted with the development of regional
VTS systems and
VTS systems and has lectured has lectured at the Austat the Australianralian
Maritime College. While at the College he
Maritime College. While at the College he
oversaw the design, installation and commissioning
oversaw the design, installation and commissioning
of new large-scale simulation facilities.
of new large-scale simulation facilities.
In 1998 he worked on the upgrade of Australian
In 1998 he worked on the upgrade of Australian
certificates to STCW’95. This provided a rare
certificates to STCW’95. This provided a rare
insight into the views of different nationalities to
insight into the views of different nationalities to
the COLREGS.
the COLREGS.
Since 2002 he has been heavily involved in the
Since 2002 he has been heavily involved in the
Nautica
Nautical Institute’s strategl Institute’s strategic COLREGSic COLREGSproject.project.
The North of England P&I Association, with
The North of England P&I Association, with
offices in the United Kingdom, Greece and Hong
offices in the United Kingdom, Greece and Hong
Kong, is a leading international mutual marine
Kong, is a leading international mutual marine
liability insurer with in excess of 45 million GT
liability insurer with in excess of 45 million GT
of entered tonnage.
of entered tonnage.
Founded in 1860, the Association has long
Founded in 1860, the Association has long
recognised the importance of providing loss
recognised the importance of providing loss
prevention advice to its Members believing this
prevention advice to its Members believing this
to be the
to be the most effective most effective way to reduce way to reduce thethe
number and scale of claims. The Association has
number and scale of claims. The Association has
developed a worldwide reputation for the quality
developed a worldwide reputation for the quality
The COLREGS are the foundations upon which
The COLREGS are the foundations upon which
the safe navigation and
the safe navigation and
conduct of vessels are
conduct of vessels are
built.
built.
It is vital that all who work with the Rules have
It is vital that all who work with the Rules have
a full and detailed knowledge of not only the text
a full and detailed knowledge of not only the text
but of all the elements to effectively apply them.
but of all the elements to effectively apply them.
The North of England P&I Association’s Risk
The North of England P&I Association’s Risk
Management Department has in recent years
Management Department has in recent years
produced a series of posters to highlight the Rules
produced a series of posters to highlight the Rules
and this publication brings together the full set
and this publication brings together the full set
of posters combined with additional guidance
of posters combined with additional guidance
on often misunderstood and neglected facets
on often misunderstood and neglected facets
of their application.
of their application.
COLREGS
COLREGS
Published by North of England P&I Association Published by North of England P&I Association The Quayside
The Quayside Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3DU NE1 3DU UK UK T Telephone +44 (0)191 232 elephone +44 (0)191 232 52215221 Fax +44 (0)191 261 0540 Fax +44 (0)191 261 0540 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] Website: www
Website: www.nepia.com.nepia.com
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, s
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or tored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise) without the written permission of
otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher.the publisher. Copyright
