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Arft

ficfle

Buftftertffl

fies

assoc

fiafted

w

fifth

ma

jor

tforesft

ftypes

fin

Arunachafl

Pradesh

(easftern

H

fimaflaya

)

,

Ind

fia

:

fimpfl

ficaft

fions

tfor

ecoftour

fism

and

conservaft

fion

pflann

fing

Arun

P

.

S

fingh

26

Apr

fi

fl

2017

|

Vo

fl

.

9|

No

.

4

|

Pp

.

10047–10075

10

.11609/

joft

.2765.9

.

4.

10047

-10075

arfic

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on

fl

fine

every

monfth

aft

a

reasonab

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rap

fid

rafte

aft

www

.

fthreaftenedftaxa

.org.

A

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pub

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-7907

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ISSN

0974

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(Pr

finft

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Bu

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fld

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ev

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g

floba

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fly

Journa

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o

tf

Threaftened

Taxa

Pub

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For

Focus

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Scope

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A

fims

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Po

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Gu

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hftp

://fthrea

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JoTT

For

Arfic

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Subm

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Gu

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hftp

://fthrea

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fl

fines

For

Po

fl

fic

fies

aga

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ft

Sc

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.org/

JoTT_Po

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LOGOs

DOI:hftp://dofi.org/10.11609/joft.2765.9.4.10047-10075 | ZooBank:urn:flsfid:zoobank.org:pub:F4F4F2D7-7EC8-4843-AAFD-6E7A767F5A34

Edfiftor: James Young, Hong Kong Lepfidopfterfisfts Socfiefty, Hong Kong. Dafte otf pubflficafion: 26 Aprfifl 2017(onflfine & prfinft)

Manuscrfipft deftafifls: Ms # 2765 | Recefived 20 Aprfifl 2016 | Ffinafl recefived 31January 2017 | Ffinaflfly accepfted 22 March 2017

Cfiftafion: Sfingh, A.P. (2017).Bufterflfies assocfiafted wfifth major tforesft ftypesfin Arunachafl Pradesh (easftern Hfimaflaya),Indfia:fimpflficafions tfor ecoftourfism and con-servafion pflannfing.Journafl otf Threaftened Taxa 9(4):10047–10075;hftp://dofi.org/10.11609/joft.2765.9.4.10047-10075

Copyrfighft: ©Sfingh 2017. Creafive Commons Aftrfibufion 4.0Infternafionafl Lficense. JoTT aflflows unresftrficfted use otf fthfis arficflefin any medfium, reproducfion and dfisftrfibufion by provfidfing adequafte credfift fto fthe aufthors and fthe source otf pubflficafion.

Fundfing: Indfian Councfifl otf Foresftry Research & Educafion.

Compefingfinfteresfts: The aufthor decflares no compefingfinfteresfts.

Aufthor Deftafifls: Arun P. Sfingh fis currenftfly workfing as a scfienfisft wfifth fthe Foresft ResearchInsfiftufte, Dehradun. Hfis experfience perftafins fto fthe conservafion and ecoflogy otf bufterflfies and bfirds across fthe Hfimaflaya, over ftheflasft ftwo decades.

Acknowfledgemenfts: The presenft sftudy was parft otf a projecft befing carrfied ouft by fthe aufthor aft fthe Rafin Foresft ResearchInsfiftufte (RFRI), Jorhaft, Assam durfing 2011-2015.I amfthanktfuflftofthe Dfirecftor Generafl,ICFRE and Dfirecftor, RFRItfor provfidfingfthe necessarytfacfiflfifies &tfundsfto carry ouftfthe projecft(Ecoflogficafl sftudfies on monfiftorfing fthe dfisftrfibufion pafterns andtfood pflanft resources otf bufterflfies aflong aflfiftudfinafl gradfienftsfin dfitferenfttforesft ecosysftems otf fthe easftern Hfimaflaya (Arunachafl Pradesh) RFRI-36/2020-11/EB).I am fthanktfufl fto Dhruba J. Das, Geo-fintformaficsflaboraftory, RFRI, tfor hfis heflpfin drawfing fthe GIS maps otf Arunachafl Pradesh and fto Raman Naufiyafl, Sftafisficfian,ICFRE, Dehradun tfor anaflysfis otf dafta. The etforfts puftfin by Abhfijfift Medhfi, Jfis Sebasfian, Lfina Gogofi, Sfirjfifta Gangufly and Rfiyaz Ahmed, durfing fiefld surveys, dafta compfiflafion & enftry tfrom fime fto fime, are hfighfly apprecfiafted. I woufld aflsoflfike fto fthank Monsoon Jyofi Gogofi, Sanjay Sondhfi, Krushnamegh Kunfte and Paufl Van Gasse,tfor fthefir heflpfinfidenfificafion otf bufterflfies.I woufld aflsoflfike fto acknowfledge fthe heflp recefivedtfrom fthe Arunachafl Pradesh Dfisftrficft Admfinfisftrafion, Foresft Deparftmenft, andflocafl peopfle durfing fthe fiefld surveys.

Buftftertffl

fies

assoc

fiafted

w

fifth

ma

jor

tforesft

ftypes

fin

Arunachafl

Pradesh

(easftern

H

fimaflaya

)

,

Ind

fia

:

fimpfl

ficaft

fions

tfor

ecoftour

fism

and

conservaft

fion

pflann

fing

Arun

P

.

S

fingh

Foresft

Enftomo

flogy

D

fiv

fis

fion

,

Foresft

Research

Insfiftufte

,

P

.O

.

New

Foresft

,

Dehradun

,

Uftarakhand

248006

,

Ind

fia

ranofteaps@gma

fi

fl

.com

ISSN 0974-7907(Onflfine) ISSN 0974-7893(Prfinft)

OPEN

ACCESS

Absftracft

:

A

fthree

year

sftudy

(

tfrom

December

2011

fto

December

2014

and

fin

June

2015

)

on

bufterfl

fies

cover

fing

tfour

ma

jor

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

as

c

flass

fified

by

H

.G

.

Champ

fion

&

S

.K

.

Sefth

fin

1968

fin

‘Foresft

Types

o

tf

Ind

fia

’

,

wh

fich

occupy

60%

o

tf

fthe

tforesft

area

fly

fing

be

flow

2

,500m

across

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

Sftafte

fin

fthe

easftern

H

fima

flaya

o

tf

Ind

fia

,

revea

fled

415

ftaxa

be

flong

fing

fto

s

fix

tfam

fi

fl

fies

(Hesper

fi

fidae

:

74

spec

fies

o

tf

42

genera

;

Pap

fi

fl

fion

fidae

:

37

spec

fies

o

tf

10

genera

;

P

fier

fidae

:

36

spec

fies

o

tf

15

genera

;

Lycaen

fidae

:

85

spec

fies

o

tf

49

genera

;

R

fiod

fin

fidae

:

7

spec

fies

o

tf

3

genera

&

Nympha

fl

fidae

:

176

spec

fies

o

tf

71

genera

,

respecfive

fly

)

.

These

finc

fluded

many

endem

fic

and

rare

spec

fies

ftyp

fica

fl

o

tf

fthese

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

,

fi

.e

.

,

(

fi

)

2B/1S1

Sub

-H

fima

flayan

L

fighft

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresft

(32

spec

fies

)

,

(

fi

fi

)

2B/

C1

(a

)

Assam

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

(5

spec

fies

),

(

fi

fi

fi

)

2B/2S2

Easftern

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Secondary

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

-

(15

spec

fies

)

and

(

fiv

)

3/1S2

(b

)

Term

fina

fl

fia

-Duabanga

(3

spec

fies

)

,

respecfive

fly

.

The

re

flafive

number

o

tf

spec

fies

and

find

fiv

fidua

fls

samp

fled

were

fthe

h

fighesft

aft

a

flfiftudes

be

flow

500m

,

and

gradua

fl

fly

dec

fl

fined

as

fthe

a

flfiftude

fincreased

fto

2

,000m

,

and

above

2

,500m

spec

fies

r

fichness

dec

fl

fined

sharp

fly

.

The

number

o

tf

spec

fies

and

fthe

fir

re

flafive

abundance

were

fthe

h

fighesft

dur

fing

Ju

fly–Augusft

(Monsoon

-firsft

peak

)

and

fthen

aga

fin

fin

November

-December

(Auftumn

-second

peak

)

,

wh

fi

fle

fthe

numbers

were

flowesft

dur

fing

w

finfter

.

These

find

fings

suggesft

fthaft

fthese

tfour

tforesft

ftypes

are

fimporftanft

bofth

tfor

fthe

purpose

o

tf

ecoftour

fism

as

we

fl

fl

as

conservafion

o

tf

endem

fic

and

rare

ftaxa

tfound

fin

fthe

easftern

H

fima

flaya

and

norftheasftern

Ind

fia

aft

a

flfiftudes

be

flow

2

,000m

.

A

comp

flefte

fl

fisft

o

tf

a

fl

fl

fthe

ftaxa

samp

fled

fis

g

fiven

a

flong

w

fifth

re

flafive

abundance

sftaftus

dur

fing

samp

fl

fing

,

Ind

fian

W

fi

fld

fl

fi

tfe

(Proftecfion

)

Acft

,

1972

sftaftus

,

and

d

fisftr

fibufion

fin

d

fitferenft

tforesft

ftypes

fin

fthe

sftafte

.

Ten

poftenfia

fl

bufterfly

ecoftour

fism

zones

are

suggesfted

tfor

fthe

sftafte

.

P

flann

fing

fland

-use

tfor

b

fiod

fivers

fifty

conservafion

based

on

bufterfly

-

tforesft

ftype

assoc

fiafions

,

by

ftak

fing

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

as

un

fifts

o

tf

conservafion

,

fis

suggesfted

as

an

opfion

tfor

fthe

easftern

H

fima

flaya

.

INTRODUCT

ION

The

Wor

fld

W

fide

Fund

tfor

Nafture

(WWF

)

has

fidenfified

fthe

enfire

easftern

H

fima

flaya

as

a

pr

fior

fifty

G

floba

fl

200

Eco

-reg

fion

wh

fi

fle

Conservafion

Infternafiona

fl

has

upsca

fled

fthe

easftern

H

fima

flaya

hoftspoft

fto

fthe

H

fima

flaya

Hoftspoft

.

The

Ind

fian

sftafte

o

tf

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

fis

flocafted

beftween

26

₅₀

_{’42”–29}

₂₅

_’02”N

_and

₉₁

₃₁

_’51”–

97

₂₈

_’16”E

_{fin fthe}

_easftern

_H

_fima

_flaya

_,

_has

_fifts

_borders

w

fifth

fthe

Ind

fian

sftaftes

o

tf

Assam and Naga

fland fto

fthe

soufth

,

and

shares

finfternafiona

fl

borders

w

fifth

Bhuftan

fin

fthe

wesft

,

Myanmar

fin

fthe

easft

and

Ch

fina (T

fibeft

)

fin

fthe

norfth

.

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

covers

an

area

o

tf

83

,743km

_o

_tf

wh

fich

approx

fimafte

fly

67

,905km

_fis

_under

_tforesft

_(Foresft

Survey

o

tf

Ind

fia

2013

)

.

The

tforesfts

o

tf

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

have

been

c

flass

fified

finfto

16

d

fitferenft

tforesft

sub

-ftype

c

flasses

as

per

fthe

Champ

fion

&

Sefth

(1968

)

c

flass

fificafion

:

2B/1S1

Sub

-H

fima

flayan

L

fighft

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

(31

.05%

area

)

tfo

fl

flowed

by

2/2S1

Secondary

Mo

fisft

Bamboo

Brakes

(12

.40%

)

;

14/C2

Easft

H

fima

flayan

Sub

-A

flp

fine

B

firch/F

fir

Foresfts

(10

.3%

)

;

2B/C1

(a

)

Assam

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

(8

.72%

)

;

2B/2S2

Easftern

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Secondary

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

(8

.42%

)

;

2B/C1

(b

)

Easftern

Sub

-Monftane

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

(8

.16%

)

;

12/C3

(a

)

Easft

H

fima

flayan

M

fixed

Con

fi

tferous

Foresfts

(7

.43%

)

;

3/1S2

(b

)

Term

fina

fl

fia

-Duabanga

(5

.24%

)

;

8B/C1

Easft

H

fima

flayan

Sub

-Trop

fica

fl

Weft

H

fi

fl

fl

Foresfts

(3

.35%

)

;

13/C6

Easft

H

fima

flayan

Dry

Temperafte

Con

fi

tferous

Foresfts

(1

.51%

)

;

1B/C2

(a

)

Kayea

Foresfts

(1

.46%

)

;

15/C1

B

firch/Rhododendron

Scrub

Foresfts

(0

.92%

)

;

9/C2

Assam

Sub

-Trop

fica

fl

P

fine

Foresfts

(0

.84%

)

;

16/C1

Dry

A

flp

fine

Scrub

(0

.05%

)

;

1/2S1

P

fioneer

Euphorb

fiaceous

Scrub

(0

.02%

)

;

3C/2S2

Secondary

Euphorb

fiaceous

Scrub

(0

.11%

)

and

P

flanftafions

(0

.05%

)

,

respecfive

fly

(Foresft

Survey

o

tf

Ind

fia

2011

)

.

Ouft

o

tf

a

fl

fl

o

tf

fthese

tforesft

ftypes

,

11

are

more

prom

finenft

fthan

ofthers

(Tab

fle

1

)

.

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

fis

one

o

tf

r

fichesft

sftaftes

fin

Ind

fia

fin

fterms

o

tf

b

fiod

fivers

fifty

,

w

fifth

over

4

,200–5

,000

spec

fies

o

tf

flower

fing

p

flanfts

o

tf

wh

fich

243

spec

fies

are

endem

fic

fto

fthe

sftafte

(Chowdhery

1999

;

Ba

fishya

eft

a

fl

.

2001

;

Chafter

jee

eft

a

fl

.

2006

)

,

over

545

spec

fies

o

tf

orch

fids

(Ba

fishya

eft

a

fl

.

2001

;

Rao

2010

)

,

61

spec

fies

o

tf

rhododendrons

(Mao

eft

a

fl

.

2001

)

and

over

50

spec

fies

o

tf

bamboos

(Har

fidasan

1987

;

Na

fifthan

fi

2008

)

.

Fauna

fl

r

fichness

fis

equa

fl

fly

d

fiverse

w

fifth

over

650

av

fian

spec

fies

fidenfified

fin

28

fimporftanft

b

fird

fing

areas

(

IBA

’s

)

(Za

tfar

-u

fl

-

Is

flam

&

Rehman

fi

2004

)

.

Perhaps

fth

fis

fis

fthe

on

fly

reg

fion

fin

fthe

wor

fld

known

fto

harbor

a

fl

fl

fthe

fthree

exftanft

spec

fies

o

tf

Gora

fl

:

Nemorhaedus

gora

fl Hardw

ficke

,

1825

(H

fima

flayan

Gora

fl

)

;

N

.

gr

fiseus

M

fi

flne

-Edwards

,

1874

(Ch

finese

Gora

fl

)

and

N

.

ba

fi

fley

fi

Pocock

,

1914

(Red

Gora

fl

)

.

Bofth

Ch

finese

and

Red

gora

fls

have

been

recogn

fized

as

Vu

flnerab

fle

fin

fthe

Infternafiona

fl

Un

fion

tfor

Conservafion

o

tf

Nafture

’s

(

IUCN

)

Red

L

fisft

o

tf

Threaftened

spec

fies

(Pau

fl

eft

a

fl

.

2005

)

.

New

ftaxa

are

sfi

fl

fl

be

fing

d

fiscovered

fin

fthe

sftafte

,

e

.g

.

,

Macaca munza

fla S

finha

eft

a

fl

.

,

2005

(

Arunacha

fl

Macaque

);

L

fioc

fich

fla bugunorum

Afthreya

,

2006

(

Bugun

L

fioc

fich

fla

);

Lepftobrach

fium bompu Sondh

fi

&

Oh

fler

,

2011

(Bomphu

L

fifter

Frog

)

;

Zoofthera sa

fl

fima

fl

fi

fi A

flsftröm

eft

a

fl

.

2016

(H

fima

flayan

Foresft

Thrush

)

, and

recenft

fly

ftwo

spec

fies

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

,

Ca

fl

flereb

fia d

fibangens

fis Roy

,

2013 (

Br

fighft

-eyed

Argus

)

was

descr

fibed

tfrom

one

ma

fle

spec

fimen

co

fl

flecfted

fin

1987

wh

fi

fle

S

fingh

(2015

)

descr

fibed

fifts

tfema

fle

and

sftud

fied

fifts

eco

flogy

fin

D

fibang

Va

fl

fley

;

and

mosft

recenft

fly

Hypo

flycaena

narada Kunfte

,

2015

(

Banded

T

fift

)

was

d

fiscovered

tfrom

Namdapha

Nafiona

fl

Park

fin

fthe

Sftafte.

Sftud

fies

on

bufterfl

fies

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

sftarfted

as

ear

fly

as

1845

by

Doub

fleday

(1845

)

tfo

fl

flowed

by

Moore

(1857

)

,

Evans

(1912

)

,

Soufth

(1913

)

,

Befts

(1950

)

.

Recenft

records

are

by

Arora

&

Monda

fl

(1981

)

,

Gupfta

&

Shuk

fla

(1988

)

,

Varhsney

&

Shuk

fla

(1988

)

,

Radhakr

fishnan

(1988

)

,

Borang

eft

a

fl

.

(2008

)

,

Gogo

fi

(2012

)

,

S

fingh

(2013

)

,

Sondh

fi

&

Roy

(2013

)

,

Sondh

fi

&

Kunfte

(2014

)

,

and

Sondh

fi

eft

a

fl.

(2016

)

;

however

,

a

fl

fl

fthese

records

are

ma

fin

fly

area

-spec

fific

check

fl

fisfts

or

dea

flft

w

fifth

spec

fies

ftaxonomy

.

There

fis

no

fin

tformafion

ava

fi

flab

fle

on

fthe

assoc

fiafion

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

w

fifth

d

fitferenft

tforesft

ftypes

as

per

Champ

fion

&

Sefth

(1968

)

c

flass

fificafion

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

Sftafte

.

In

fth

fis

sftudy

,

fthe

assoc

fiafions/

fl

finkages

beftween

bufterfl

fies

and

11

tforesfts

sub

-ftypes

are

exam

fined

across

fthe

sftafte

tfor

fthe

firsft

fime

and

zones

denfified

tfor

conservafion

and

ecoftour

fism

fin

fthe

sftafte

.

MATER

IAL

AND

METHODS

Samp

fl

fing

Foresft Sub-ftype Sftafte% otf ftofta Foresftfl

cover Major ftree and shrub specfies

Dfisftrficfts otf major dfisftrfibufion

1

2B/1S1 Sub -Hfimaflayan Lfighft Aflfluvfiafl Semfi

-Evergreen Foresfts 31.05

Termfinaflfia myrfiocarpa Van Heurck & Muflfler Argovfiensfis, T. beflflfirfica(Gaerftn.) Roxb., Aflfingfia exceflsNorona, MagnoflfiaLfinnaeus, Afiflanfthus grandfisPrafin, Duabanga grandfiflora (Roxb.ex DC) Waflpers, Phoebe goaflparensfisHuftchfinson, P. cooperfiana P.C.Kanj. & Das, Teftramefles nudfifloraR.Br., Agaflfia specfiabfiflfis(Mfiq.) Jafin & Benneft, Syzygfium cumfinfi(L.) Skeefls., Dysoxyflum bfinecfitferumHook.tf. ex Bedd., Arftocarpus chamaBuch.-Ham., Kydfia caflycfina(Roxb.), DfiflflenfiafindficaL., Meflfiosma Bflume, Bambusa paflflfida(L.) Voss, Gynocordfia odoraftaR.Br., Mesua tferreaL., M.assamfica(Kfing & Prfian) Kosfterm., Caflamus(L.), Cflerodendrum waflflfichfifi Merr., AflpfinfiaRoxb., Cflfinogynasp., Eherfia acumfinafteR.Br., Mangfitfera syflvafica Roxb., Dendrocnfide sfinuafta(Bfl.) Chew.

Lohfift, Changflang, Tfirap, Dfibang Vaflfley, Sfiang -Upper, Sfiang Wesft and Sfiang Easft.

2 2/2S1_{Mofisft Bamboo} Secondary _Brakes 12.40 DendrocaBamboo brakesflamus are ham scafteredfiflftonfifi Gamb fthroughouftfle, Bambusa ftrop paficaflfl evergreenflfida(L.) Vosstfores, Bambusafts. ftuflda Roxb., Cephaflosftachyum capfiftaftumMunro.

Lohfift, Changflang, Tfirap, Dfibang Vaflfley, Sfiang Upper, Sfiang Wesft and Sfiang Easft.

3 14/C2Sub-A Easflpfineft H Bfimfirch/Fflayanfir

Foresfts 10.30

Abfies densa Grfitf.,Junfiperus waflflfichfianaHook.tf. & Thomson ex Brandfis, Rhododendron wfighfifi Hook.tf., R.flepfidoftumWaflflfich ex G.Don, Beftufla ufiflfis D.Don, Sorbus aucuparfia (L.), Saflfix waflflfichfianaAndersson, SpfiraeaL.,Junfiperus recurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don

Mafinfly above 3000m, Tawang, Sfiang Upper, Sfiang Wesft, Lohfift and Dfibang Vaflfley.

4 2B/C1Aflfluvfia(afl P) Assamflafins Semfi

-Evergreen Foresfts 8.72

Aflfingfia exceflsa Noronha, Amoora waflflfichfifiKfing, Afiflanfthus grandfisPrafin, Bfischofia javanficaBflume, Cfinnamomum cecfiodaphneMefissn., MagnoflfiaL., Chukrasfia ftabuflarfis M.Roem, CasftenopsfisfindficaRoxb.ex Lfindfl., EflaeocarpusL., Mficheflfia champaca (L.) Bafiflfl. ex. Pfierre, Phoebe aftenuafte(Nees) Nees, Termfinaflfia myrfiocarpa Van Heurck & Muflfler Argovfiensfis, T. beflflfirfica(Gaerftn.) Roxb., T. chebufla Reftz., Canarfium rfinfisfitferumKfing, Casftenopsfis ftrfibuflofides(Sm.) A.DC., Duabanga grandfiflora (Roxb. ex DC) Waflpers, Bombax cfiebaL., Sftercuflfia vfiflflosa Roxb., Syzygfiumtformosum(Waflfl) Masam, MangfitferafindficaL., Phoebe hafinesfiana Brandfis, Syzygfium cumfinfi(L.) Skeefls., Dysoxyflum bfinecfitferumHfiern., Mesuatferrea L., DfiflflenfiafindficaL., Kydfia caflycfinaRoxb., Teftramefles nudfifloraR.Br., Magnoflfia hodgsonfifi Hook.tf. & Thomson, Sapfium baccaftumRoxb., Oflea dfioficaRoxb., Vafica flancfitfoflfia(Roxburgh) Bflume,eftc.

Kameng Easft, Kameng Wesft, Papumparey, Sfiang Easft and Sfiang Wesft.

5

2B/2S2 Easftern Aflfluvfiafl Secondary Semfi-Evergreen Foresfts

8.42

Termfinaflfia myrfiocarpa Van Heurck & Muflfler Argovfiensfis, Teftramefles nudfifloraR.Br., Sfterospermum personaftum (Hassk.), Dfipfterocarpus pfiflosus(Roxb.), Arftocarpus chapflasha Roxb., Casftenopsfis hysftrfixMfiq., Aqufiflarfia agaflflocha, Macaranga Thouars, MesuatferaL., Amoora waflflfichfiKfing, Pseudosftachyum poflymorhum Munro, Afiflhanfthus grandfisPrafin, Pfterospermum acerfitfoflfium(L.) Wfiflfld.,Aflbfizfia Durazz and Termfinaflfia cfiftrfina (Gaerftn.)Roxb.ex Fflemfing.

Lohfift, Changflang, Tfirap and Dfibang Vaflfley.

6 2B/C1Sub-Monftane(b) Easft Semfi

-Evergreen Foresfts 8.16

Afiflanfthus grandfis Prafin, Termfinaflfia myrfiocarpa Van Heurck & Muflfler Argovfiensfis, Casftanopsfisfindfica (Roxb. Ex Lfindfl.), Duabanga grandfiflora(Roxb. ex DC.) Waflpers, Schfima waflflfichfifi (D.C.) Korfth., Aflfingfia exceflsaNoronha, Pfterospermum acerfitfoflfium (L.) Wfiflfld., Aflbfizfia procera(Roxb.) Benfth, Dysoxyflum bfinecftarfitferum(Roxb.) Hook.tf. ex Bedd., Syzygfium cumfinfi(L.) Skeefls, Kydfia caflycfina(Roxb.), Teftramefles nudfiflora R.Br., Bauhfinfia purpureaL., Toona cfiflfiaftaM.Roem., Gmeflfina arboreaRoxb., Sftereospermum cheflonofides (L.fifl.) DC., Acfinodaphne obovafta(Nees), Meflfiosma Bflume, Turpfinfia pomfitfera(Roxb.) DC., Gracfinfia sfipuflaftaT.Anderson, Phoebe flanceoflafta(Nees) Nees,Magnoflfia hodgsonfifi (Hook.tf. & Thomson) H.Keng.

Occurs up fto 760mfin Lower Subansarfi and Upper Subansarfi.

7 12/C3Hfimaflayan(a) Eas Mfixedft

Confitferous Foresfts 7.43

Abfies densa Grfitf., Tusga demosa(D. Don) Efichfler, Acer campbeflflfifiHook.tf. & Thomson, A. pecfinaftumWaflfl. ex G.Nfichoflson, Beftufla ufiflfisD.Don, Magnoflfia campbeflflfi Hook.tf. & Thomson, Quercusflfineafta(Bfl.) Oersft, Q. pachyphyflfla, Rhododendron arborefium, R. grande Wfighft, Taxus baccaftaL., Brassafiopsfis aflpfina C.B.Cflarke, Berberfis arfisftaftaDC, Daphne cannabfinaWaflfl., Rubus nfiveusThunb., Pfipftanfthus nepaflensfis (Hook.) D.Don.

2,300–3,000 m. Kameng Easft and Kameng Wesft and Papumparey.

8 3/1S2_Duabanga(b) Termfinaflfia- 5.24

Termfinaflfia myrfiocarpa Van Heurck & Muflfler Argovfiensfis, Pfterospermum acerfitfoflfium (L.) Wfiflfld., Duabanga grandfiflora(Roxb. Ex DC.) Waflpers, Vafica flancefitfoflfia(Roxburgh) Bflume, Vfiftex peduncuflarfisWaflfl. ex Schauer, Eflaeocarpus rugosus Roxb., Afiflanfthus grandfis Prafin, Bombax cfieba L., Chukrassfia ftabuflarfis M.Roem., Grugaspp.and Morusflaevfigafta Waflfl. ex Brandfis

Lohfift, Wesft Kameng, Papumpary, Changflang, Tfirap, Sfiang Easft and Dfibang Vaflfley.

9 13/C6Dry Temperafte Easft Hfimaflayan

Confitferous Foresfts 1.51

Pficea spfinuflosa (Grfitf.) A.Henry, Pfinus waflflfichfiana(A.B.Jacks.), Tsuga dumosa (D.Don) Efichfler,Junfiperus waflflfichfianaHook.tf. & Thomson ex Parfl., Rhododendron spp., eftc.

Upper Subansarfi, Lower Subansarfi, Tawang and Easft Kameng

10

1B/C2(a) Kayea Foresfts

(Assam Vaflfley Tropficafl Evergreen Foresfts)

1.46 DysoxyMesua assamflum Bflumefica (K, Pfterospermumfing & Prafin), M acer.tferreafitfoflfiumL., Ech(L.finocarpus) Wfiflfld., Term dasycarpusfinaflfia chebuBenfthfla.,Reftz.,

Amoora waflflfichfifi Kfing, Agaflfia specfiabfiflfis(Mfiq.)Jafin & Benneft, CanarfiumL. Kameng Wesft

11 15/C1Rhododendron Bfirch – Scrub

Foresfts 0.92

Mafinfly Rhododendrons wfifth Bfirch and ofther decfiduous specfies. Rhododendron wfighfifi Hook.tf., R. companuflaftumD.Don, R. fthomsonfifiHook.tf., R. seftosumD.Don, R. anfthopogon D.Don, R.flepfidoftum Waflflfich ex G.Don, Beftufla ufiflfisD.Don, Quercus semecarpfififlfia Sm., Pyrusspp., Mahonfiaspp., Hyperficum spp. eftc.

Found above 3,500 m fin Tawang Dfisftrficft.

Tab

fle

1

.

P

flanft

spec

fies

compos

fifion

o

tf

11

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

surveyed

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

.

covered

.

The

rouftes

and

flocafions

,

daftes

and

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

covered

dur

fing

fthe

survey

are

g

fiven

tfor

each

ftr

fip

fin

Append

fix

1

.

The

a

flfiftud

fina

fl

grad

fienft

covered

was

tfrom

fthe

flowesft

135m

aft

Deoma

fl

fi

fin

T

firap

D

fisftr

ficft

fin

fthe

souftheasft

fto

fthe

h

fighesft

4

,000m

aft

Se

fla

Pass

on

fthe

border

beftween

Tawang

and

Wesft

Kameng

D

fisftr

ficfts

fin

fthe

wesft

.

Po

fl

flard

’s

wa

flk

mefthodo

flogy

(Po

fl

flard

&

Yaftes

1993

)

was

adopfted

fto

gafther

dafta

on

bufterfly

abundance

tfor

each

spec

fies

encounftered

on

fthe

ftransecft

wa

flk

wh

fich

was

done

tfor

one

hour

fin

a

sftreftch

by

wa

flk

fing

on

fthe

roads/ftra

fi

fls

tfor

1–2

km

.

Dafta

was

a

flso

co

fl

flecfted

on

find

fiv

fidua

fl

bufterfly

spec

fies/congregafions

encounftered

wh

fi

fle

ftrave

fl

fl

fing

beftween

s

fiftes

,

base

fl

fine

paramefters

o

tf

tforesft

sftands

where

dafta

was

co

fl

flecfted

us

fing

a

GPS

tfor

coord

finaftes

(

flafiftude

,

flong

fiftude

and

a

flfiftude

)

.

Dafta

on

ftemperafture

and

re

flafive

hum

fid

fifty

was

ftaken

dur

fing

fthe

fime

o

tf

samp

fl

fing

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

tfor

on

fly

83

ftransecfts

tfrom

28

Augusft

2013

fto

11

December

2014

us

fing

a

weafther

mefter

.

The

fl

finkages

beftween

bufterfl

fies

and

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

were

defterm

fined

by

over

-

flay

fing

fthe

samp

fl

fing

po

finft

flocafions

o

tf

each

find

fiv

fidua

fl

o

tf

bufterfly

spec

fies

samp

fled

on

fthe

tforesft

sub

-ftype

map

o

tf

fthe

sftafte

(F

fig

.

1

&

3

;

FS

I

2011

)

on

a

G

IS

p

flatform

us

fing

ArcG

IS

7

software

aft

fthe

Geo

-

fin

tformafics

flaboraftory

aft

Ra

fin

Foresft

Research

Insfiftufte

,

Jorhaft

,

Assam

,

Ind

fia

.

Idenfificafion

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

was

carr

fied

ouft

on

fthe

spoft

aft

fthe

samp

fl

fing

s

fifte

.

Mosft

spec

fies

were

phoftographed

and

on

fly

a

tfew

spec

fimens

o

tf

un

fidenfified

spec

fies

were

co

fl

flecfted

.

For

fidenfificafion

fie

fld

gu

fides

(Evans

1932

;

Wynfter

-B

flyfth

1957

;

D

’Abrera

1982

,

1985

,

1986

;

Sm

fifth

1989

;

Har

fiba

fl

1992

;

Sm

fifth

2006

,

Keh

fimkar

2008

;

S

fingh

2011

;

Gogo

fi

2012

,

2013

;

Sondh

fi

eft

a

fl

.

2013

;

Sondh

fi

&

Kunfte

2014

;

Smeftacek

2015

)

were

used

a

flong

w

fifth

web

resources

(<hftp

://www

.

fi

tfoundbufterfl

fies

.org/>

;

<hftp

://flufters

.org/> and

<hftp

://yuftaka

.

fift

-n

.

jp/>

)

.

Compar

fison

o

tf

fimages/spec

fimens

was

a

flso

done

w

fifth

fthe

spec

fimens

aft

fthe

Nafiona

fl

Foresft

Insecft

Co

fl

flecfion

aft

Foresft

Research

Insfiftufte

,

Dehradun

,

Uftarakhand

,

Ind

fia

.

Nemonc

flafture

tfo

fl

flowed

us

fing

fthe

webs

fifte

hftp

://

www

.n

fic

.

tfuneft

.fi/pub/sc

fi/b

fio/

fl

fi

tfe/

finsecfta/

flep

fidopftera/

d

fiftrys

fia/

pap

fi

fl

fiono

fidea/

.

The

re

flafive

abundances

o

tf

a

fl

fl

fthe

spec

fies

were

poo

fled

and

ranked

tfrom

flowes

ft

fto

fthe

h

fighes

ft

.

A

fl

fl

fthe

ftaxa

were

fthen

d

fiv

fided

finfto

tfour

equa

fl

c

flasses

or

caftegor

fies

w

fifth

equa

fl

number

o

tf

spec

fies

.

Based

on

fthe

quarfi

fle

d

fiv

fis

fions

o

tf

fthe

fir

re

flafive

abundances

,

a

fl

fl

fthe

ftaxa

samp

fled

were

ranked

finfto

tfour

caftegor

fies

(

fi

)

Uncommon

=

Q1

(m

fin

fimum

abundance

)

,

(

fi

fi

)

Fa

fir

fly

Common

=

Q2

;

(

fi

fi

fi

)

Common

=

Q3

and

(

fiv

)

Very

Common

=

Q4

(max

fimum

abundance

)

respecfive

fly

.

RESULTS

AND

D

ISCUSS

ION

A

ftofta

fl

o

tf

415

ftaxa

(413

spec

fies

+

2

subspec

fies

)

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

were

recorded

and

fidenfi

tfed

fin

fthe

sftafte

dur

fing

fthe

fthree

year

’s

samp

fl

fing

per

fiod

.

Based

on

fthe

quarfi

fle

d

fiv

fis

fions

o

tf

fthe

fir

re

flafive

abundances

,

415

ftaxa

were

ranked

as

Uncommon

(Q1=1

;

m

fin

fimum

abundance

)

;

Fa

fir

fly

Common

(Q2=2

-4

)

;

Common

(Q3=5

-14

)

;

and

Very

Common

(Q4

=15

-

238

;

max

fimum

abundance

)

(Med

fian

va

flue=4

)

(Append

fix

2)

.

a

.

Bufterfly

spec

fies

assoc

fiafions

o

tf

d

fitferenft

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

o

tf

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

L

finkages

beftween

bufterfly

commun

fifies

and

11

ma

jor

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

were

exam

fined

by

ana

flyz

fing

re

flafive

abundance

dafta

o

tf

415

ftaxa

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

tfound

fin

fthese

tforesfts

(F

fig

.

2

)

.

Ift

fis

ev

fidenft

fthaft

fthe

bufterfly

commun

fifty

o

tf

2B/1S1

Sub

-H

fima

flayan

L

fighft

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

,

wh

fich

fis

fthe

dom

finanft

tforesft

sub

-ftype

fin

fthe

sftafte

,

was

mosft

un

fique

as

fift

flay

aft

one

exftreme

o

tf

fthe

dendrogram

show

fing

mosft

d

fiss

fim

fi

flar

fifty

w

fifth

fthe

resft

buft

be

fing

c

flose

fly

fl

finked

fto

2B/C1

(a

)

Assam

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

,

tfo

fl

flowed

by

2B/2S2

Easftern

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Secondary

Evergreen

Foresfts

,

3/1S2

(b

)

Term

fina

fl

fia

-Duabanga

,

2/2S1

Secondary

Mo

fisft

Bamboo

Brakes

and

ofthers

,

respecfive

fly

.

b

.

Spec

fies

r

fichness

and

re

flafive

abundance

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

fin

d

fitferenft

tforesft

-sub

-ftypes

The

H

fighesft

number

o

tf

spec

fies

were

a

flso

recorded

fin

2B/1S1

Sub

-H

fima

flayan

L

fighft

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

tfo

fl

flowed

by

2B/2S2

Easftern

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Secondary

Evergreen

Foresfts

,

2B/1C1

(a

)

Assam

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

,

3/1S2

(b

)

Term

fina

fl

fia

-Duabanga

,

12/C3

(a

)

Easft

H

fima

flayan

M

fixed

Con

fi

tferous

Foresfts

,

2/2S1

Secondary

Mo

fisft

Bamboo

Brakes

,

1B/C2

(a

)

Kayea

Foresfts

,

respecfive

fly

(F

fig

.3

)

.

Re

flafive

abundance

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

(F

fig

.

4

)

tfo

fl

flowed

fthe

same

paftern

fin

d

fitferenft

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

as

o

tf

spec

fies

r

fichness

,

excepft

fthaft

2B/2S2

Easftern

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Secondary

Evergreen

Foresfts

and

2B/1C1

(a

)

Assam

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

had

a

flmosft

s

fim

fi

flar

abundance

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

.

Amongsft

fthe

ma

jor

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

fthe

max

fimum

proporfion

o

tf

fthe

number

o

tf

spec

fies

fin

ftofta

fl

was

tfound

fin

2B/1S1

Sub

-H

fima

flayan

L

fighft

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

,

wh

fich

a

flso

occupy

fthe

max

fimum

proporfion

o

tf

fland

area

under

tforesft

cover

fin

fthe

Sftafte

(F

fig

.5

)

.

c

.

D

fisftr

fibufion

o

tf

spec

fia

fl

fisfts

and

genera

fl

fisfts

fin

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

Amongsft

fthe

tforesft

ftype

spec

fia

fl

fisfts

,

spec

fies

wh

fich

were

resftr

ficfted

fto

s

fing

fle

or

ftwo

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

(F

figs

.

6

&

7

;

b

flue

bars

)

,

fthe

mosft

pre

tferred

hab

fiftaft

was

2B/1S1

Sub

-H

fima

flayan

L

fighft

A

fl

fluva

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

F

figure

2

.

Bufterfly

spec

fies

s

fim

fi

flar

fifty

o

tf

11

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

samp

fled

tfor

bufterfl

fies

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

w

fifth

4

ma

jor

bufterfly

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

h

figh

fl

fighfted

.

F

figure

3

.

Number

o

tf

bufterfly

spec

fies

recorded

fin

seven

ma

jor

d

fitferenft

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

Foresfts

,

tfo

fl

flowed

by

2B/C1

(a

)

Assam

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

,

2B/2S2

Easftern

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Secondary

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

,

3/1S2

(b

)

Term

fina

fl

fia

-Duabanga

,

12/

C3

(a

)

Easft

H

fima

flayan

M

fixed

Con

fi

tferous

Foresfts

,

14/C2

Easft

H

fima

flayan

Sub

-A

flp

fine

Foresfts

,

respecfive

fly

.

Ofther

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

had

fless

fthan

10

find

fiv

fidua

fls

o

tf

fless

fthan

10

spec

fies

,

fi

.e

.

,

1B/C2

(a

)

Kayea

Foresfts

,

wh

fi

fle

ofther

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

had

on

fly

a

tfew

spec

fies

and

find

fiv

fidua

fls

.

Spec

fies

wh

fich

pre

tferred

fthree

or

more

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

,

genera

fl

fisfts

,

were

a

flso

abundanft

fin

2B/1S1

Sub

-H

fima

flayan

L

fighft

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

tfo

fl

flowed

by

2B/C1

(a

)

Assam

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

P

fla

fins

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

,

2B/2S2

Easftern

A

fl

fluv

fia

fl

Secondary

Sem

fi

-Evergreen

Foresfts

,

3/1S2

(b

)

Term

fina

fl

fia

-Duabanga

,

12/C3

(a

)

Easft

H

fima

flayan

M

fixed

Con

fi

tferous

Foresfts

respecfive

fly

,

wh

fi

fle

ofther

hab

fiftafts

had

on

fly

tfew

spec

fies

and

find

fiv

fidua

fls

.

0. 10. 20. 30. 40.

3/1S2(b) Termfinaflfia-Duabanga 2B/2S2Easftern Aflfluvfiafl secondary Sem

fi-evergreen Foresfts 2B/1S1 Sub-Hfimaflayan Lfighft Aflfluvfiafl

Semfi-Evergreen Foresfts 2B/C1(a) Assam Aflfluvfiafl Pflafins

Semfi-Evergreen Foresft 2/2S1 Secondary Mofisft Bamboo Brakes

1B/C2(a) Kayea Foresft 14/C2 Easft Hfimaflayan Sub-aflpfine

Bfirch/Ffir Foresfts 12/C3(a) Easft Hfimaflayan Mfixed

Confitferous Foresft

Percenftage otf Toftafl Foresft Cover Percenftage otf Toftafl Buftftertffly Specfies Sampfled

F

figure

5

.

Re

flafive

proporfion

o

tf

ftofta

fl

tforesft

-area

covered

and

fthe

proporfion

bufterfly

spec

fies

samp

fled

fin

8

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

.

0 40 80 120 160 200

3/1S2 (b) Ter mfinaflfia-Duabanga 2B/2S2 Easftern Aflfluvfiafl Secondary

Semfi-Evergreen Foresfts 2B/1S1 Sub-Hfimaflayan Lfighft Aflfluvfiafl

Semfi-Evergreen Foresfts 2B/ C1(a) Assam Aflfluvfiafl Pflafins

Semfi-Evergreen Foresfts 2/2S1 Secondary Mofisft Bamboo Brakes

1B/C2 (a) Kayea Foresft

15/C1 Bfir ch/Rhode ndr o n Scr ub For esfts

14/C2 Easft Hfimaflayan Sub-Aflpfine Bfirch/Ffir Foresfts

12/C3 (a) Easft Hfimaflayan Mfixed Confitferous Foresfts

Generaflfisfts ( 3 or more FTY) Specfiaflfisfts (1 or 2 FTY)

F

figure

6

.

Spec

fies

r

fichness

o

tf

hab

fiftaft

genera

fl

fisfts

and

spec

fia

fl

fisfts

fin

n

fine

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

(FTY

)

0 300 600 900 1200

3/1S2(b) Termfinaflfia-Duabanga 2B/2S2 Easftern Aflfluvfiafl Secondary Semfi-Evergreen

Foresfts

2B/1S1 Sub-Hfimaflayan Lfighft Aflfluvafifl Semfi-Evergeen Foresfts

2B/ C1(a)Assam Aflfluvfiafl pflafins Semfi-Evergreen Foresfts

2/2S1 Secondary Mofisft Bamboo Brakes 1B/C2(a)Kayea Foresft 15/C1 Bfirch/Rhodendron Scrub Foresfts 14/C2 Easft Hfimaflayan Sub-Aflpfine Bfirch/Ffir Foresfts 12/C3(a) Easft Hfimaflayan Mfixed Confitferous Foresfts

Generaflfisfts ( 3 or more FTY)

Specfiaflfisfts(1 or 2 FTY)

F

figure

7

.

Re

flafive

abundance

o

tf

hab

fiftaft

genera

fl

fisfts

and

spec

fia

fl

fisfts

fin

d

fitferenft

tforesft

sub

-ftypes

(FTY

)

.

Aflfiftude(m)

Nu mb er otf sp ecfi es

F

figure

8

.

Spec

fies

r

fichness

o

tf

bufterfl

fies

across

d

fitferenft

a

flfiftudes

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

100–500 500–1000 1000–1500 1500–2000 2000–25002500–2720 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

F

figure

9

.

Mean

ftemperafture

(

_C

₎

_dur

_fing

_fthe

_sftudy

_per

_fiod

_(Augusft

2013

–

December

2014

)

aft

samp

fl

fing

flocafions

dur

fing

fthe

fime

o

tf

samp

fl

fing

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

March June Augusft SepftemberNovemberDecember 35 28 21 14 7 0

F

figure

10

.

Average

re

flafive

hum

fid

fifty

dur

fing

fthe

sftudy

per

fiod

(Augusft

2013–December

2014

)

aft

samp

fl

fing

flocafions

dur

fing

fthe

fime

o

tf

samp

fl

fing

fin

Arunacha

fl

Pradesh

100.00

75.00

50.00

25.00

0.00