هرود 4 هرﺎﻤﺷ ، 1 ، رﺎﻬﺑ 1389
Vol. 4, No. 1, Spring 2010
تﺎﺤﻔﺻ : 7 -1
Pages: 1-7
رﺎﺒﺘﻋا
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ
سﺮﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ
ياز
ﺮﻟﺪﻧا
و
ﺮﻛرﺎﭘ
Validation of
Endler & Parker
coping scale of stressful situations
ﺖﻓﺎﻳرد ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ :
28 / 8 / 87 شﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺦﻳرﺎﺗ
: 7 / 10 / 88
ﻲﺸﻳﺮﻗ ﺕﺍﺩﺎﺴﻟﺍﺮﺨﻓ ﺭ
ﺩﺍ
Ghoreyshi Rad F. PhD
ﻩﺪﻴﮑﭼ
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ : ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ
.
ﺵﻭﺭ : ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ٤١٠
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑﺩ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﻪﺷﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣﺪﻨﭼ ﻱﺍ
ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺍ
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ . ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺱﻮﻣ ﻭ ﺰﮕﻨﻴﻠﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
. ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ ،ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁﺯﺎﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ,
ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﮐ .
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﻫ : ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ٥٨ % ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮐ ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞﻛ .
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ : ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ ﯽﻣ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺎﺗ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘ
ﯽﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺪﺣ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ .
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ . ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻝﻮﺒﻗ .
ﻩﮊﺍﻭﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺎﻫ : ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ،ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
Abstract
Introduction: The present study was carried out aiming at finding the validity and reliability of Endler & Parker coping inventory.
Method: The research sample consisted of 410 students of different high schools of Tabriz, studying in first grade, that were selected by multistage cluster sampling. They were evaluated by administering CISS, and Billings and Moos coping Inventories. To obtain the structural validity, the confirmatory factor analysis and Principal component analysis (PCA) were used. Also, Test-retest, half splitting, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were used to investigate reliability.
Results: The obtained components explained the 58% of total variance.
Conclusion: The number of extracted final factors gives the main agreed factors of Endler & Parker which corresponds with the factor analysis results of present study and reveals that this scale has appropriate validity. Also, there are correlation and correspondence between scale factors. Instrument and its subscales have acceptable validity and reliability.
Keywords: Coping Inventory, Validity, Reliability, Factor Structure
ناور هوﺮﮔ ،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ مﻮﻠﻋ هﺪﻜﺸﻧاد ناور و ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ
،ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﻴﺑﺮﺗ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻢﻠﻌﻣ
ﻳﺎﺑرذآ نﺎﺠ ناﺮﻳا ،ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ،
Corresponding Author:Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Azarbayjan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, Iran
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺮﻣﺯﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﺴﺟ
.
ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺮﻣﺯﻭﺭ
ﻱﺮﻣﺍ
ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
.
ﻢﻬﻣ ﻲﻟﻭ
ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ
ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺎﻫ
ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ؟ﺪﻳﺁ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
ﺍﺯﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ
ﺯﺎﺳ
ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ
ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ
.
ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﻲﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻧ
ﻫﺎ
ﻮ
ﺭﺎﻴﺷ
(DM)
،
ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ
ﻥﺮﻗ
۱۹
ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ
ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
ﻱﺮﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ
]
۱
،
۲
[
.
ﻪﻫﺩ ﻞﻳﺍﻭﺍ ﺯﺍ
۱۹۷۰
،
ﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ
ﺎ
ﻪﺑ ﻥ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻫ
ﻮ
ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﺷ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻱﺍﺯ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻔﺷﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
،
ﺪﻧﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻤﻗﻼﻋ
]
۳
،
۴
،
۵
،
۶
.[
ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ
ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
.
ﺮﻓ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻴﺘﺴﺨﻧ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺪﻨﻳﺁ
-ﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
ﻂﺳ
ﺱﻭﺭﺍﺯﻻ
ﻪﺑ
ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ
]
۴
.[
ﮏﻳ ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﺩﺍﺪﻳﻭﺭ
،
ﺮﻓ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﺁ
ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﻨﻳ
)
ﻱﺪﻨﻤﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻞﻳﺎﺴﻣ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﺕﺎﻴﻗﻼﺧﺍ
،
ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻭ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
(،
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
،
ﻭ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ
]
۵
[
.
ﻝﺪﻣ
ﺰﮕﻨﻴﻠﻴﺑ
ﻭ
ﺱﻮﻣ
،
ﻪﻛ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﺩﺍﺪﻳﻭﺭ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺖﺳﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺯ
ﻞﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ
ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ
،
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻛﺎﺗ
]
۳
[.
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
-ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
،
ﺍﺭ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ
ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
]
۶
،
۷
،
۸
[.
ﻩﺍﺭ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺎﺸﻓ
ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﻲﻣ
ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺮﺑ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻫﺎﻜﺑ
.
ﻲﻓﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ
،
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ
ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ
ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻋﺎﻓﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺖﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ
]
٩
[؛
ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻟﺎﺣ
ﻪﻛ
،
ﻦﻤﻜﻟﻮﻓ
ﻭ
ﺱﻭﺭﺍﺯﻻ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ
ﺶﻴﭘ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﻘﻠﺗ ﻲﻓﺎﻛﺎﻧ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
.
ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
،
ﻪﺑ
ﺍﺩ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
ﻳ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻤ
،
ﻪﻛ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﻬﺑ
ﺩﺮﻓ
"
ﺖﺴﻫ
"
ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪﻫﺩ
ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﺖﻌﻴﺒﻃ
ﺪﻨﭼ
ﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺪﻌ
ﺪﻨﻛ
،
ﺖﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺍﺭﺍ
ﻳ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪ
؛
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﮔ ﻭ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﮔ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻮﺷ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ،ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﺩ.
ﺎﺑ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ
ﻭ ﺩﺍﺪﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ
،
ﻱﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻪﺑ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻛ
ﻲﻣ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻱﺩﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻓﺎﻛﺎﻧ
]
٤
،
٥
،
١٠
،
١١
[.
ﺵﻼﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻜﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ
ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﻧﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺑ
ﻪ
ﺭﺎﻛ
ﯽﻣ
ﺩﻭﺭ
ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
.
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
١
(
ﻙﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
ﯼﺎﻫ
،ﺖﺨﺳ
ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﻲﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ
،
٢
(
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
ﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﻭ ﻊﻧﺍﻮﻣ ﻥﺩﺮﺑ ﻦ
٣
(
ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ
ﺖﺳﺍ
]
۱۲
.[
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺩ
،
ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
،
ﺭﺩ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺯ
ﺍﺮﺴﭘ
ﻥ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
؛
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
]
١٣
،
١٤
،
١٥
.[
ﻲﺘﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
،
ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
،
ﻚﻤﻛ ﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺮﭼ
ﻲﻣ ﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ
ﺖﻴﻤﻴﻤﺻ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ
ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ
]
١٦
[
.
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ
،
ﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
]
١٢
[
.
ﺱﺎﭙﻤﻛ
]
١٧
[،
ﺩﺍﺭ ﻲﺸﻳﺮﻗ
]
١٥
[،
ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺳﺍﺮﻓﺍ
ﻭ
ﻩﺩﺍﺯﺮﺒﻛﺍ
]
١٨
[
ﻭ
ﻱﺮﺑ
ﻭ
ﻱﺮﺘﭘ
]
١٩
[
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﺧﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﺘ
،
ﺯﺍ
ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
،
ﺯﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻓﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﻚﻤﻛ
ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
،
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣﺯﺍ
ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﺯﺎﺳ
ﻲﻣ
ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺎﺘﺨﻣ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﺯﺍ
ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
.
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺍﺯ
،
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ
ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﺠﻨﺳ
ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ
ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺹﺎﺧ ﺕﻮﻗ ﻭ ﻒﻌﺿ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻡﺍﺪﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻳﺯ
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺠﻨﺳ
ﻨ
ﺪ
.
ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﻮﺧ
،
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﮒﺮﺒﻧﺩﺍﺮﻓ
ﻭ
ﺲﻴﺋﻮﻟ
]
۱۴
[،
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﺯﻮﻟﻮﺗ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ
]
٢٠
[
ﻭ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﺭﺩ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ
ﻖﻔﻳﺯ
ﻚﻧﺍﺮﻛ
]
٢١
[
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
.
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻂﺳﻮﺗ
ﺮﻴﻣﺎﻧ
ﻭ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ
]
٢٢
[
.
ﻘﻘﺤﻣ
ﺎ
ﻪﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻥ
،
ﻭﺩ
ﺴﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﺻﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ
ﺎ
ﻪﻟ
ﺎﻳ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﺮﻜﻔﺗ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
(TC)
ﻭ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
(EC)
ﺍﺭ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺰﻳﺎﻤﺘﻣ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
٦٥
ﺳ
ﻮﺌ
ﻲﻟﺍ
ﻦﻤﻜﻟﻮﻓ
ﻭ
ﺱﻭﺭﺍﺯﻻ
ﻉﺍﺪﺑﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ
]
٤
[
.
ﺰﮕﻨﻴﻠﻴﺑ
ﻭ
ﺱﻮﻣ
،
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
١٩
ﺳ
ﻮﺌ
ﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﻪﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻟﺍ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺍ
،
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
(AC)
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ
ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﺪﺠﻨﺳ
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ
]
۳
[
.
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
٤٨
ﺳ
ﻮﺌ
ﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻟﺍ
ﺑ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺪﻌ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﺮ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﻲﮔﺯﺎﺗ ﻦﻤﺿ
،
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
،
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
،
ﻲﮕﺘﻔﺷﺁ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣﺮﻳﺯ ﻭﺩ
(D)
ﺮﻜﻓ ﺎﻳ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﺷﻮﺧ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ
ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ
(SD)
ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ
ﺪﺠﻨﺳ
]
۲۳
[.
ﺴﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺎ
ﻪﻟ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
،
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ
ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻪﻛ
ﻪﺑ
ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ ﻭ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ
ﻲﻣ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
ﻲﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ
ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻳ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
.
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
ﺴﻣ ﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺎ
ﻪﻟ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
،
ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
،
ﻊﻗﺍﻭ
ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
،
ﻊﻤﺟ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ
ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
،
ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺕﺭﻮﺸﻣ
ﺴﻣ ﺖﺒﺜﻣ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ
ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ
.
ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ
،ﺎﻫ
ﻝﺩ
ﻲﻟﻮﻐﺸﻣ
،
ﻝﺎﻴﺧ
ﻲﻓﺎﺑ
،
ﻦﻴﮕﻤﺸﺧ
ﻥﺪﺷ
،
ﻪﻳﺮﮔ
ﻥﺩﺮﻛ
،
ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ
ﻭ ﻲﮔﺩﺮﺴﻓﺍ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ
ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
ﻕﻮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ
ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺍ
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ،
ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﻧﺍ
.
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻱﻮﺠﺘﺴﺟ
ﻲﻣﺮﮔﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
،
ﺖﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺳ ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﻧﺯ
]
۲۳
،
۲۴
.[
ﻚﻳ ﺯﺍ
ﺳ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻥﻭﺰﻓﺍﺯﻭﺭ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻮ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺖﺳﺩ ﻡﻭﺰﻟ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻭ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ
ﻪﮐ ﻱﺍ
ﯼﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻡﻭﺰﻟ ﺪﺠﻨﺴﺑ ﯼﺮﺘﻤﮐ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺕﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﯽﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﯼﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﺡﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ
.
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ،ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ
٤٨
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻟﺍﻮﺌﺳ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
،
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻝﺍﻮﺌﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﻮﮔ
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﻳﺁ ﻪﻛ
ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
.
ﺵﻭﺭ
ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ
،
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
ﺮﺴﭘ ﻭ ﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁ
١٥
ﻭ
١٦
ﻟﺎﺳ
ﻪ
ﺭﺩ ﻞﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻝﻮﻐﺸﻣ
ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑﺩ
ﯼﺎﻫ
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻳﺮﺒﺗ ﺮﻬﺷ
٨٦
-١٣٨٧
ﻮﺑ
ﺪﻧﺩ
.
ﻪﺑ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺶﻘﻧ
،ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻝﻮﺤﺗ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ
ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﺩﻮﺑ
ﺰﻠﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﻛ
ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻡ
،
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ
،
ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ
،
ﻲﻣ ﻞﻐﺷ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺭ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ
ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻳﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺪﻨﻣﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﮕﻤﻫ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺍﺯ
.
ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣﺪﻨﭼ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ
.
ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ ﻭ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻭ
ﻭﺩ ﻡﺍﺪﻛ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﺳﺭﺪﻣ
ﻪﻄﺳﻮﺘﻣ
)
ﻪﻧﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑﺩ ﻚﻳ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﻴﺑﺩ ﻚﻳ
(
ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻡﺍﺪﻛ ﺮﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ
،
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ
ﻭﺩ ﻥﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻪﺑ ﺱﻼﻛ
ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
٤١٠
ﻪﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ
ﺍﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﻴﻤﮑﺗ
.
ﻥﺎﻣﺯ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﻮﮔ
ﺮﺜﻛﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
١٠
ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ
ﺩﻮﺑ
.
ﻪﺑ
ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ
ﻤﻧ ﻚﻳ ،
ﻪﻧﻮ
٧٨
ﻞﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻔﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ،ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺭﻮﻃ
ﺳ
ﺌ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻭﺩ ﺕﻻﺍﻮ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ
.
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
]
۲۴
[
:
ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺠﻨﺳﺩﻮﺧ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺳﺁ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻟﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ
۴۸
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
ﻭ
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ﻡﺮﻓ
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻥﻻﺎﺴﮔﺭﺰﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﻪﺳ ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ
ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
)
۱۶
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
(،
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
)
۱۶
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
(
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ
)
۱۶
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
(
ﻡﺰﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﺍﺭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﯽﻣ
ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
.
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﺎﻳ ﻲﻤﮔﺭﺩﺮﺳ
ﻥﺩﺮﻛﺮﻜﻓ
ﻪﺑ
ﻞﻳﺎﺴﻣ
ﺪﻨﻳﺎﺷﻮﺧ
)
۸
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
(
ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻭ
)
۵
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
(
ﺖﺳﺍ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻪﺑ
ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
ﻲﻣ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ
ﻮﺷ
ﺩ
.
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
،
ﻞﻛ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
٩٢
/
٠
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
ﺴ
ﺎ
ﻪﻟ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
٩٠
/
٠
ﻭ
٩٢
/
٠
،
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﻪﺑ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
٨٥
/
٠
ﻭ
٨٢
/
٠
،
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻪﺑ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
٨٢
/
٠
ﻭ
٨٥
/
٠
ﻱﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻤﮔﺭﺩﺮﺳ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ
ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﻪﺑ
ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
٧٧
/
٠
ﻭ
٨٠
/
٠
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ
]
۲۳
،
۲۴
[.
ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﻥﻮﺴﻨﻓﺍﺭ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ
]
۲۵
[
ﺍﺭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻠﺴﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻭ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺍﻭﺎﻛﻭﺮﻓ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﻭ
]
۲۶
[
ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ
ﻭ ﻲﻨﭘﺍﮊ ﻲﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ
ﻩﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﺕﻻﺎﻳﺍ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ
.
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﻥﺍﺭﺎﮑﻤﻫ
]
٢٧
[
ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻥﺁ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻥﻻﺎﺴﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺍﺭ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ
ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ
ﺪﻧ
ﻥﻻﺎﺴﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻛ
،
ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ
،
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ
.
ﺳ
ﺌ
ﻪﺑ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺕﻻﺍﻮ
ﻒﻴﻃ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
ﺞﻨﭘ
ﻪﺟﺭﺩ
ﻱﺍ
ﺕﺮﻜﻴﻟ
ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ
ﻪﺑ
ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ
ﻱﺎﻫ
"
ﺰﮔﺮﻫ ﻪﻧ
"
ﺎﺗ
"
ﻲﻠﻴﺧ
ﺩﺎﻳﺯ
"
ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻧ
١
ﺎﺗ
٥
ﻲﻣ ﻖﻠﻌﺗ
ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
.
ﻂﻘﻓ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ
ﻲﻣ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻳﻮﮔ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﻚﻳ
ﺪﻧﺍﺩ
،
ﻉﻮﻧ
ﺲﻜﻋ
ﻭ ﺖﺨﺳ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻞﻤﻌﻟﺍ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﺍﺯ
ﺪﻨﻛ
.
ﻚﺒﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺮﻫ
ﻱﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻩﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻥﺁ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺐﺴﻛ
ﻲﻣ
ﺩﺮﻴﮔ
.
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻥﻻﺎﺴﮔﺭﺰﺑ
.
ﺍﺮﻤﻧ
ﺪﺣ ﻭ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺕ
ﺮﻫ ﺮﺜﻛﺍ
ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺳ
١٦
ﻭ
٨٠
ﻭ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
٨
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
ﺯﺍ ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﺩﺮﻜﻳﻭﺭ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣﺮﻳﺯ
٨
ﺎﺗ
٤٠
ﻭ
٥
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
ﺯﺍ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
٥
ﺎﺗ
٢٥
ﺖﺳﺍ
.
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺰﮕﻨﻴﻠﻴﺑ
ﻭ
ﺱﻮﻣ
]
۳
:[
ﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﻪﺳ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺴﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻱﺍ
ﺎ
ﻪﻟ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
،
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ
ﺍﺭ ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺠﻨﺳ
.
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ
ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ
ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
ﺞﻨﭘ ﻒﻴﻃ
ﻪﺟﺭﺩ
ﻱﺍ
ﺕﺮﻜﻴﻟ
ﺯﺍ
"
ﺰﮔﺮﻫ
"
ﺎﺗ
"
ﻪﺸﻴﻤﻫ
"
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻩﺮﻤﻧ ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ
ﺮﻔﺻ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﺎﺗ
٥٧
ﺖﺳﺍ
.
ﺪﻟﺍﺰﮔﺍ
]
۲۸
[،
ﻲﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﻛ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﺍﺭ
۷۱
/
۰
ﻭ
ﺯﺎﺒﻬﺷﺭﻮﭘ
]
٢٢
[
ﻲﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁﺯﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﻛ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
ﺍﺭ
۷۳
/
۰
،
ﺴﻣ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺎ
ﻪﻟ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﺍﺭ
۸۳
/
۰
،
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ
ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﺍﺭ
۷۷
/
۰
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ
ﺍﺭ
۶۰
/
۰
ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
.
ﻲﻧﺎﻘﻫﺩ
ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
ﺍﺭ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ
۹۰
/
۰
ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ
.
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺯﺍ
ﺵﻭﺭ
ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
ﻲﻓﺎﺸﺘﮐﺍ
ﻪﺑ
ﺗ ﺵﻭﺭ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻳﺰﺠ
ﻣ
ﻮ
ﻪﻔﻟ
ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ١ (
ﺲﻳﺮﺗﺎﻣ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺪﻌﺑﺪﻨﭼ ﺶﺧﺮﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ
ﺎﻫ ﻥﺯﻭ
ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ
٤٧ -ﻢﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺎﺳ ﻢﻳﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻂﻠﺴﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .
٤٢ -ﻲﻣ ﻱﺮﺸﻴﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻥﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺗ ﻢﻳﺎﻤﻧ
.
٣٦ -ﻲﻣ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻢﻳﺎﻤﻧ
.
٢٦ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﺍﺮﮕﺣﻼﺻﺍ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻢﻧﺯ
.
٢٧ -ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﭘ ﻢﺗﺎﻫﺎﺒﺘﺷﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻩﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ ﻡﺮﻴﮔ
.
٤٦ -ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺎﺗ ﻢﻨﻛ
ﻢﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺪﻬﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻧﺍﻮﺗ .
٤١ -ﻲﻣ ﻂﻠﺴﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﺷ
.
٤٣ -ﻲﻣ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﻞﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﺳﺭ
.
٣٩ -ﻢﻳﺎﻬﺘﻳﻮﻟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻖﺒﻄﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑﺍﺭ ﻡﺯﺎﺳ
.
١٠ -ﺖﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻢﻳﺎﻫ ﻢﻨﻛ
.
٢٤ -ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻢﻨﻛ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻢﻨﻛ .
٦ -ﻲﻣ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻢﻨﻛ
ﻢﻫﺩ .
٢ -ﻢﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﺣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻢﻨﻴﺒﺑ ﺎﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ .
ﻲﻣﺮﻜﻓ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻗﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻨﻛ
.
٢١ -ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻚﻳ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ
ﻢﻨﻛ .
٣٥ -ﻲﻣ ﺖﺒﺤﺻ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻢﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﺵﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺴﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻨﻛ
.
١٥ -ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺶﻨﺗ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻡﻮﺷ
.
١ -ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻱﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻢﺘﻗﻭ ﻢﻳﺎﻤﻧ
. ٦٩
/ ٠
٦٨ / ٠
٦٦ / ٠
٦١ / ٠
٦٠ / ٠
٦٠ / ٠
٥٩ / ٠
٥٩ / ٠
٥٨ / ٠
٥٧ / ٠
٥٥ / ٠
٤٩ / ٠
٤٧ / ٠
٤٦ / ٠
٤٥ / ٠
٤٢ / ٠
٤١ / ٠
ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ
١٤ -ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺶﻨﺗ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻡﻮﺷ
.
٣٠ -ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻧ ﻢﻫﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻡﻮﺷ
.
١٩ -ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻣﺍﺎﻧ ﻲﻠﻴﺧ ﻡﻮﺷ
.
٢٢ -ﻢﻧﺍﺪﻧ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻧﺯﺮﺳ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ
ﻢﻨﻛ .
٨ -ﻲﻣ ﺶﻧﺯﺮﺷ ﻲﺘﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻢﻨﻛ
.
٢٥ -» ﻲﻣ ﻢﻜﺸﺧ ﺪﻧﺯ « ﻲﻤﻧ ﻭ ﻢﻨﻛ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﭼ ﻢﻧﺍﺩ .
١٣ -ﺏﺮﻄﻀﻣ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻳ ﻢﻳﺎﻴﺑ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﻪﻟﺄﺴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻧﺍﻮﺘﻧ ﺍﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻡﻮﺷ .
٢٨ -ﻲﻣ ﻭﺯﺭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻨﻛ ﻢﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺽﻮﻋ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻩﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﻢﺘﺴﻧﺍﻮﺗ .
١٧ -ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻧﺯﺮﺳ ﺍﺭ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻡﺍ
ﻢﻨﻛ .
٣٨ -ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﺼﻋ ﻡﻮﺷ .
٧ -ﺋﺰﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻝﻮﻐﺸﻣ ﻲ
ﻡﻮﺷ . ٧٣
/ ٠
٦٥ / ٠
٦٤ / ٠
٦٤ / ٠
٦٢ / ٠
٦١ / ٠
٥٩ / ٠
٥٨ / ٠
٥٦ / ٠
٤٨ / ٠
٤٧ / ٠
ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ
٣١ -ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻢﺘﻗﻭ ﻲﺻﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﺺﺨﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻧﺍﺭﺬﮔ
.
٢٩ -ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﺳﻭﺩ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻭﺭ
.
٤٠ -ﻲﻣ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻭﺭ .
١٨ -ﻲﻣ ﻥﻭﺮﻴﺑ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﻮﺧ ﻚﻳ ﺎﻳ ﺍﺬﻏ ﻑﺮﺻ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻡﻭﺭ
.
٣٧ -ﻲﻣ ﻦﻔﻠﺗ ﺖﺳﻭﺩ ﻚﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻨﻛ
.
٢٣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻬﻣ ﻡﻭﺭ .
١٢ -ﻢﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻛﺍﺭﻮﺧ ﺎﻳ ﻩﺍﻮﺨﻟﺩ ﻱﺍﺬﻏ ﻚﻳ ﺎﺑ .
٣٢ -ﻩﺩﺎﻴﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻡﻭﺭ .
٤ -ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻢﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻢﻨﻛ .
٤٤ -ﻲﻣ ﺭﻭﺩ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺗﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﺘﺻﺮﻓ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻡﻮﺷ
.
١١ -ﻲﻣ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻡﻭﺮﺑ ﺏﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻨﻛ .
٧٣
/ ٠
٧٠ / ٠
٦٤ / ٠
٦١ / ٠
٦٠ / ٠
٥٦ / ٠
٤٥ / ٠
٤٠ / ٠
٣٦ / ٠
٣٦ / ٠
٣٦ / ٠
ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ
ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻱﻭﺭ
ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ
٤٨ -ﻲﻣ ﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ ﻥﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻠﺗ ﻢﻨﻛ
.
٢٠ -ﻲﻣ ﺪﻳﺮﺧ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻨﻛ
.
٩ -ﻩﺯﺎﻐﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻳﻭ ﻱﺎﺷﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻝﻮﻐﺸﻣ ﺎﻫ
ﻡﻮﺷ .
١٦ -ﻲﻣ ﻡﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻕﺎﻔﺗﺍ ﻦﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻢﻳﻮﮔ ﺪﺘﻓﺍ
.
٣ -ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺷﻮﺧ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻊﺟﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻡﺍ
ﻢﻨﻛ .
٥٣ / ٠
٥١ / ٠
٤٩ / ٠
٤٣ / ٠
٣٧ / ٠
ﺚﺤﺑ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻈﻧ
ﻲﮔﺪﻴﻨﺗ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ
ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ
ﺪﻧﺮﺑ
،
ﺖﺳﺩ ﻡﻭﺰﻟ
ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ
ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ
ﺍﺭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻳﺬﭘﺎﻧ
ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
.
ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻑﺪﻫ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻥﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﺮﺸﻗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﺴﺗ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ
ﯼﺍﺮﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ
ﻲﻤﻠﻋ
،
ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻭ
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﺟﺍ
ﺍﺮﻣ
ﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺭﻭﺎﺸﻣ ﺰﻛ
.
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ
٤٤
ﺳ
ﻮﺌ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻝﺍ
،
ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ
ﺍﺩ ﺺﻴﺨﺸﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺑ
ﻩﺩ
ﻩﺪﺷ
،
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
.
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ
ﻣ
ﻮ
ﻪﻔﻟ
ﻒﺸﮐ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﺪﺷ
،
ﻣ
ﻮ
ﺗ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺪﻳ
ﺎ
ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
]
٢٤
[
ﺖﺳﺍ
.
ﺎﻣﺍ
،
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ
،ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺪﻴﮐﺎ
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻪﻛ
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻚﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﺳ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﻱﻭﺭ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ
ﺳ ﺐﻴﮐﺮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻉﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ
ﻮﺌ
ﻝﺍ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
]
٢٤
[
ﻪﺑ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺳﺩ
.
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﯼﺎﻫ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺎﺑ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
،
ﺑ
ﻪ
ﻪﻠﻴﺳﻭ
ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ
ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻭ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ
ﻪﻛ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ
.
ﺎﻤﻫ
ﺪﻨﻧ
ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ
ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ
ﻦﻴﻴﺒﺗ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻦﻴﺸﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ
)
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ
٥٨
(%
،
ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﻴﺑ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ
]
٦
،
٧
،
٢٤
،
٢٥
،
٢٦
،
٢٧
.[
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁﺯﺎﺑ
،
ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺁ
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
.
ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺐﻳﺮﺿ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻞﮐ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﺳ ﺮﻫ ﻪﮐ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﮐ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ
.
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺎﻫ
)
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ
(
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺨﻤﻫ
.
ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺁ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﮐ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ
ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻪﮐ ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﮕﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ،ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ
،
ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺯﺍ
.
ﻪﺑ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺳ
ﺌ
ﻝﺍﻮ
ﻪﮐ
"
ﺵﻭﺭ ﺎﻳﺁ
ﻥﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ
؟ﺩ
"
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ
ﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺍﺩ
،
ﺭﺩ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻳﺍ
.
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ
ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﻮﺴﺒﻴﮔ
]
١٣
[،
ﻚﻧﺍﺮﻛ ﻖﻔﻳﺯ
]
١٦
،
٢٦
[
ﻭ
ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺳﺍﺮﻓﺍ
]
١٨
[
ﻢﻫ
ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻳﻮﺳ
.
ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﺘﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
.
ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ
ﻥﺎﺠﻴﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻭ
ﻲﺑﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ
،
ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ ﻭ
ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
]
١٢
،
١٩
.[
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ
ﺱﺎﭙﻤﻛ
]
١٧
[
ﻭ
ﻲﺸﻳﺮﻗ
ﺩﺍﺭ
]
١٥
[،
ﻱﻮﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ
،
ﻲﻠﻋ
ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻢﻏﺭ
ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ
ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﺘﺧﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺍﺮﺴﭘ
،
ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ
ﺩﺍﺪﻧ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺭﺍﺩ
.
ﺵﺮﮕﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻧﺍ
،
ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻲﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲﻟﻭ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ
.
ﻲﻣ
ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
،
ﺎﺑ
ﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺐﻳﺮﺿ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
،
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ
ﻪﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﻧﺎﮔ
،
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺒﺛ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ
.
ﻥﺎﻨﭼ
ﺰﻴﻧ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ
،
ﻪﺑ
ﺰﺟ
ﺀ
ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﻧﺍ
ﺮﻟﺪ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﻪﻛ
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺩﻮﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ
،
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﺑ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺐﻳﺍﺮﺿ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﻴﻘﺑ ﺭﺩ
.
ﺭﺩ
ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ
،
ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﺍﺭ
ﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﻨ
ﺪ
.
ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﺕﺪﻣ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ
ﺍﺮﺟﺍ
)
ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺩ ﻩﺩ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ
(،
ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ
)
ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ
(
ﺖﻟﻮﻬﺳ ﻭ
ﻩﺮﻤﻧ
ﻢﻬﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ
ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ
ﺏﺎﺴﺣ
ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻳﺁ
]
۷
،
۲۴
،
۲۷
[،
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ
.
ﻪﺑ
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﻱﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ
ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺍﻭﺭ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
،
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ
ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
،
ﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﻲﺘﻳﺮ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﺩﺮﻛ
.
ﻪﭼﺮﮔ
ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ
ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﺑ
ﻪ
ﻥﺎﻧﺍﻮﺟﻮﻧ ﻲﻨﺳ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
١٦
-١٥
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺳ
ﻩﺪﺷ
،
ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻴﻋ
ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻝﺎﺣ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ
ﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ
ﻮ
ﻩﺭﻭﺎﺸﻣ ﺕﺎﺴﺳ
ﻭ ﻱﺍ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭﺩ
.
ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ
ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻥﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﻩﺩﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺮﺗ
ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ
ﺮﻟﺪﻧﺍ
ﻭ
ﺮﻛﺭﺎﭘ
ﺭﺩ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
،
ﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻋﺍ
ﻪ
ﺑﺎﻧ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
ﻪ
ﺭﺎﺠﻨﻫ
،
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ
ﻊﻴﺳﻭ
ﻮﺷ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻲﻨﺳ ﻊﻃﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺮﺗ
ﺩ.
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ
ﯼﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﺑ ،ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﻠﻋ
ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ،ﻲﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﭼ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺯﺍ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﯼﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻬﺟﻭ
ﺶﻴﭘ ،ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ
ﻱﮋﺗﺍﺮﺘﺳﺍ ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻙﺭﺩ ،ﻲﻳﻭﺭﺎﻳﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ
،ﻱﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﯼﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫ
ﺍﺭ ﻲﺘﻴﺼﺨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﺪﻨﮐ
.
ﯽﻣ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ
ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ،ﻪﻠﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ
ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ
ﻱﺰﻳﺭ
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭﺩ
ﺩﺮﮐ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﺘﻴﺑﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫ
.
ﻧﺍﺩﺭﺪﻗ ﻭ ﺮﮑﺸﺗ
ﻲ
:
ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺍﺯﻮﻣﺁ
ﻲﻧﺩﻮـﻣﺯﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
،
ﻢﺸﭼ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ
ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺩ
ﻲﻳﻮﮔ
ـﻤﻠﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ
ﺎ
ﻭ ﻥ
ﻱﺭﺎـﻳ ﺶﻫﻭﮋـﭘ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﺱﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﻡﺮﺘﺤﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ
ﺪﻧﺩﻮﻤﻧ
،
ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺰﮕﺳﺎﭙﺳ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻤﺻ
ﺩﻮﺷ
.
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ
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defense: Theory and clinical. Paris: Nathan; 1997.
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