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Observation on the Cubic Diophantine Equation with Four Unknowns $(x^3+y^3)+(x+y)(x+y+1)=zw^2$

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Vol. 10, 2017, 57-65

ISSN: 2349-0632 (P), 2349-0640 (online) Published 11 December 2017

www.researchmathsci.org

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22457/jmi.v10a8

57

Journal of

Observation on the Cubic Diophantine Equation with

Four Unknowns (x

3

+y

3

)+(x+y)(x+y+1)=zw

2

T. Priyadharshini1 and S. Mallika2 1

Department of Mathematics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Trichy-2 Tamilnadu INDIA, e.mail: jpdharshini16@gmail.com

2

Department of Mathematics, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Trichy-2 Tamilnadu INDIA, e.mail: msmallika65@gmail.com

Received 1 November 2017; accepted 06 December 2017

Abstract. The non-homogeneous cubic Diophantine equation represented by

(

3 3

)

(

)(

)

2

1

zw

y

x

y

x

y

x

+

+

+

+

+

=

is analyzed for its non-zero distinct integer solutions. A few interesting relations between the solutions and Polygonal numbers, Pyramidal numbers are also presented.

Keywords: Integer solutions, non-homogeneous cubic, Polygonal numbers, Pyramidal numbers.

AMS Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 11D25

1. Introduction

Integral solution for the Homogeneous or Non- homogeneous Diophantine cubic equation is an interesting concept as it can be seen from [1,2,3]. In [4−11] a few special cases of cubic Diophantine equation with four unknowns are studied. In this communication we present the integral solutions of an interesting cubic equations with four unknowns

2 3

3

)

1

)(

(

)

(

x

+

y

+

x

+

y

x

+

y

+

=

zw

. A few remarkable relations between the solutions are also presented.

2. Notations

= n m

t , nth term of a regular polygon with m sides

(

)(

)

  

 − −

+ =

2 2 1

1 n m

n

Pr

n = Pronic number of rank n.

=n(n+1)

n

S

= Star number of rank n.

(2)

58

6 ,

n

CP = Centered Pyramidal Number of rank n with sides m

3 n

=

3. Method of analysis

The cubic Diophantine equation with four unknowns to be solved for its non-zero distinct integral solution is

(

3 3

)

2

)

1

)(

(

x

y

x

y

zw

y

x

+

+

+

+

+

=

(1)

The substuition of the linear transformations

v

u

x

=

+

, y=uv

(

uv≠0

)

(2) in (1) leads to

2 2 2

3v w

U + = (3) where U =u+1 (4) Different patterns of solutions of (1) are presented below

3.1. PATTERN-1

Assume

2 2

3b

a

w= + (5)

where a and b are non-zero distinct integers. Substituting (5) in (3), we get

2 2 2 2 2

)

3

(

3

v

a

b

U

+

=

+

(6)

Employing the method of factorization, we get

2 2

) 3 (

) 3 (

) 3 )(

3

(U +i v Ui v = a+i b ai b

Equating the positive and negative factors, we get )

3

(U +i v = (a+i 3b)2 )

3

(Ui v = (ai 3b)2 Equating the real and imaginary part, we get

2 2

3b

a

U = − (7)

ab

v=2 (8)

In view of (4)

1 3 2

2 − −

=a b

u (9)

Substituting (8) and (9) in (2), we get the distinct non-zero integer solutions of (1) are given below

( )

,

=

2

3

2

+

2

1

=

x

a

b

a

b

ab

x

( )

,

=

2

3

2

2

1

=

y

a

b

a

b

ab

y

2

6

2

)

,

(

=

2

2

=

z

a

b

a

b

z

(3)

(x3+y3)+(x+y)(x+y+1)=zw2

59 1. x

( ) ( )

a,1 + y a,1 +z(a,1)−4t4,a +16=0 2. y

(

a,2a−1

)

+t32,a +4=0

3. x

( ) ( ) ( )

a,a +ya,a +z a,a +w(a,a)+4t4,a +4=0 4. z

( ) ( )

a,1 −wa,1 −t4,a +11=0

3.2. PATTERN-2

Write (5) as a2 +3b2 =w*1 (10) Now write 1 as

(

)(

)

4 3 1 3 1

1= +ii (11) Using (10) and (11) in (3) and employing the method of factorization, the above equation (3) is written as

(

)(

) (

)(

)(

) (

2

)

2

3 3

4 3 1 3 1 3

3v U i v i i a i b a i b i

U+ − = + − + −

Equating the positive and negative factors, we get

(

)(

)

2

3 2

3 1

3v i a i b i

U+ = + + (12)

(

)(

)

2

3 2

3 1

3v i a i b i

U− = − −

(13)

Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get

(

a b ab

)

U 3 6

2

1 2 − 2 −

=

(14)

(

a b ab

)

v 3 2

2

1 2 − 2 +

=

(15)

Replacing a,b by 2A,2B respectively, we get

AB B

A

U =2 2 −6 2 −12 (16)

AB B

A

v=2 2 −6 2 +4

(17) In view of (4),

1 12 6

2 2 − 2 − −

= A B AB

u (18)

Substituting the above values ofu and v in (2), we get

( )

,

=

4

2

12

2

8

1

=

x

A

B

A

B

AB

x

( )

, =−16 −1

(4)

60

2

24

12

4

)

,

(

=

=

z

A

B

A

B

AB

z

2 2

12

4

)

,

(

A

B

A

B

w

w

=

=

+

represents the non-zero distinct integral solutions of (1)

PROPERTIES

1.

6

[

w

( )

1

,

1

]

=

6

( )

4

2 is a Nasty Number

2. y

(

n(n−1,1

)

+Sn +t22,n ≡0

(

modn)

)

3. w

( ) ( )

1,Bz1,Bt50,B −2≡1

(

mod2

)

4. w

(

A,A+1

) (

y A,A+1

)

−16PRAt34,A −13≡0

(

mod13

)

NOTE:

We note that, if we replace a,bby 2A+1,2B+1 respectively in (14) and (15) we get the different set of distinct non-zero integer solutions of (1) given by

( )

,

=

4

2

12

2

16

8

5

=

x

A

B

A

B

B

AB

x

( )

, =−8 −8 −16 −5

= y A B A B AB

y

10

24

24

8

12

4

)

,

(

=

2

2

=

z

A

B

A

B

A

B

AB

z

4

12

4

12

4

)

,

(

=

2

+

2

+

+

+

=

w

A

B

A

B

A

B

w

PROPERTIES

1.

6

[

w

( )

1

,

1

]

=

6

( )

6

2 is a Nasty Number 2. w(A,1)− y

( )

A,1 −t6,A −41≡1

(

mod3)

)

3. x(A,1)−w

( )

A,1 +61≡0

(

mod3

)

4. x(A,1)+ z(A,1)+w

( )

A,1 −t26,A +51≡0

(

mod5

)

3.3. PATTERN-3

We can also write 1 as,

(

)(

)

49

3 4 1 3 4 1

1= +ii

(19)

Using (5) and (19) in (3) and employing the method of factorization, we get

(

)(

) (

)(

)(

) (

2

)

2

3 3

49

3 4 1 3 4 1 3

3v U i v i i a i b a i b

i

U+ − = + − + −

Equating the positive and negative factors, we have

(

)(

)

2

3 7

3 4 1

3v i a i b

i

(5)

(x3+y3)+(x+y)(x+y+1)=zw2

61

(

)(

)

2

3 7

3 4 1

3v i a i b

i

U− = − −

Equating the real and imaginary parts ,

(

a b ab

)

U 3 24

7

1 2 − 2 −

=

(20)

(

a b ab

)

v 4 12 2

7

1 2 2 +

=

(21)

Replacing a,b by 7A ,7B respectively, we get

AB B

A

U =7 2 −21 2 −168 (22)

AB B

A

v=28 2−84 2+14

(23) In view of (4)

1

168

21

7

2

2

=

A

B

AB

u

(24)

Substituting (23) and (24) in (2), we get

( )

,

=

35

2

105

2

154

1

=

x

A

B

A

B

AB

x

( )

,

=

21

2

+

63

2

182

1

=

y

A

B

A

B

AB

y

2

336

42

14

)

,

(

=

2

2

=

z

A

B

A

B

AB

z

2 2

147

49

)

,

(

A

B

A

B

w

w

=

=

+

represents the non-zero distinct integral solutions of (1).

PROPERTIES

1.

6

[

w

( )

1

,

1

]

=

6

( )

14

2 is a Nasty Number

2. z(A,1)+ y

( )

A,1 +w(A,1)−t86,A −165≡0

(

mod159

)

3. z(AA)+364t4,A +2=0

4. x

( )

A,1 −t72,A +106≡0

(

mod2

)

3.4. PATTERN-4

(3) is written in the form of ratio as

0 ,

3 = − = ≠

+

n n m U w

v v

U w

(25)

which is equivalent to the system of equations, 0

3 =

+nU mv

nw (26) 0

= − −mU nv

mw (27)

(6)

62 3m n

U = −

mn v=2

2 2

3

m

n

w

=

+

In view of (4), 1 3 2 − 2 −

= m n

u

Substituting the values of u and v in (2), we get the non zero distinct integer solutions of (1) is given by

( )

,

=

3

2

2

+

2

1

=

x

m

n

m

n

mn

x

( )

,

=

3

2

2

2

1

=

y

m

n

m

n

mn

y

2

2

6

)

,

(

=

2

2

=

z

m

n

m

n

z

2 2

3

)

,

(

m

n

m

n

w

w

=

=

+

PROPERTIES

1.

x

(

m

,

m

+

1

) (

y

m

,

m

+

1

)

4

PR

m

=

0

2. x

(

m,m+1

) (

+ ym,m+1

)

t12,m + PRm +4≡0

(

modm

)

3. x

( ) ( )

m,1 + y m,1 +z(m,1)+w(m,1)−15t4,m +7=0

4. x(m,m+1)+ y

(

m,m+1

)

+z(m,m+1)−t20,m +PRm +8≡0

(

modm

)

3.5. PATTERN-5

One may write (3) in the form of ratio as

0 ,

3 =

− = +

n n m U w

v v

U w

(28)

which is equivalent to the system of equations 0

= − +nU mv

nw (29) 0

3 =

mU nv

mw (30)

Applying the method of cross multiplication for solving (29) and (30), we have

2 2

3n

m

U

=

+

mn v=2

2 2

3n

m w= +

In view of (4),

1

3

2

2

=

m

n

u

Substituting the values of

u

and

v

in (2), we have

( )

,

=

2

3

2

+

2

1

=

x

m

n

m

n

mn

x

( )

,

=

2

3

2

2

1

=

y

m

n

m

n

mn

y

2

6

2

)

,

(

=

2

2

=

z

m

n

m

n

z

2 2

3

)

,

(

m

n

n

m

w

(7)

(x3+y3)+(x+y)(x+y+1)=zw2

63

represents the distinct non zero integral solutions of (1)

PROPERTIES

1.

x

(

m

,

1

)

w

(

m

,

1

)

+

7

0

(mod

2

)

2. z(m,m+1)− y

(

m,m+1

)

−2PRm +t6,m +4≡0

(

mod7

)

3. x

(

1,n+1

) (

+ y1,n+1

) (

+z1,n+1

)

+w(1,n+1)−t12,m +36=0 4. x

( ) ( )

m,1 + y m,1 +w(m,1)−3t4,m +5=0

3.6. PATTERN-6

Introduction of the linear transformations T

X

U = +3 v= XT (31) in (3) gives,

2 2 2

12

4

X

+

T

=

w

(32) which is satisfied by,

2 2

6 2a b X = −

ab T =4

b

a

w

=

4

2

+

12

Substituting the values of X,T in (31), we get

ab

b

a

U

=

2

2

6

2

+

12

(33)

ab

b

a

v

=

2

2

6

2

4

(34) In view of (4),

1 12 6

2 2 − 2 + −

= a b ab

u

(35) Substituting (34) and (35) in (2), we get the distinct non- zero integer solutions of (1) is given by

( )

,

=

4

2

12

2

+

8

1

=

x

a

b

a

b

ab

x

( )

, =16 −1

= y a b ab y

( )

2 2

2 2

12 4

,

2 24 12

4 ) , (

b a b a w w

ab b

a b a z z

+ = =

− +

− = =

PROPERTIES

1. x

( )

a,a +z(a,a)−16t4,a +3=0

(8)

64 4.

6

[

w

( )

1

,

1

]

=

6

( )

4

is a Nasty Number

3.7. PATTERN-7

Introduction of the linear transformations T

X

U = +3 v= XT in (3) gives,

2 2 2

12

4

X

+

T

=

w

which can be written as

1 * 12

4X2 + T2 =w2

(36) Write 1 as

16

) 12 2 )( 12 2 (

1= +ii

(37) Substituting (37) in (36) and employing the method of factorization,

we get

ab b

a

X = 2 −3 2 −6

ab

b

a

T

=

2

3

2

+

2

Substituting the values of X,T in (31),we get

2 2

12 4a b

U = − (38)

ab

v=−8 (39) In view of (4),

1 12 4 2 − 2 −

= a b

u (40) Substituting (39) and (40) in (2), we get the distinct non- zero integer solutions of (1) is given by,

( )

,

=

4

2

12

2

8

1

=

x

a

b

a

b

ab

x

( )

,

=

4

2

12

2

+

8

1

=

y

a

b

a

b

ab

y

( )

,

=

8

2

24

2

2

=

z

a

b

a

b

z

( )

2 2

12

4

,

b

a

b

a

w

w

=

=

+

PROPERTIES

1. x

(

a,a(a+1)

)

y(a,a(a+1))+16CPn,6 +16t4,a =0 2. w

(

2a+1,b

)

−28t4,b −4≡0

(

mod2

)

3.

[

( ) ( ) ( )

]

( )

2

8 6 4 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 1

6x +y +z − = is a Nasty Number

4. x

(

a,a+1

) (

+y a,a+1

) (

+z a,a+1

) (

+wa,a+1

)

t42,a +t74,a +40≡0

(

mod4

)

4. Conclusion

(9)

(x3+y3)+(x+y)(x+y+1)=zw2

65

REFERENCES

1. L.E. Dickson, History of Theory of Numbers, Vol 11, Dover publications, New York (2005).

2. L.J.Mordell, Diophantine equations, Academic press, London (1969).

3. R.D.Carmicheal, The Theory of Numbers and Diophantine Analysis, Dover publications, New York (1959).

4. M.A.Gopalan and V.Pandichelvi, Remarkable solutions of the cubic equations with four unknowns

x

3

+

y

3

+

z

3

=

28

(

x

+

y

+

z

)

w

2

,

Antartica J Math, 7(4) (2010) 393-401.

5. M.A.Gopalan, S.Premalatha, On the cubic Diophantine equation with four unknowns,

(

x

y

)

(

xy

w

2

) (

=

2

n

2

+

2

n

)

z

3, International Journal of Mathematical Science, 9(2) (2010) 171-175.

6. M.A.Gopalan, S.Vidhyalakshmi and S.Mallika, Observation on the cubic Diophantine equation with four unknowns,

xy

+

2

z

2

=

w

3, The Global Journal Of Applied Mathematics and Mathematical Science, 2(1) (2012) 69-74.

7. M.A.Gopalan and K.Geetha, Observation on the cubic Diophantine equation with four unknowns,

x

3

+

y

3

+

xy

(

x

+

y

)

=

z

3

+

2

(

x

+

y

)

w

2

,

International Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 6(1) (2013 ) 25-30.

8. M.A.Gopalan, S.Vidhyalakshmi and S.Mallika, Observation on the cubic Diophantine equation with four unknowns,

2

(

x

3

+

y

3

)

=

z

3

+

w

2

(

x

+

y

)

,

JAMP, 4(2) (2012) 103-107.

9. M.A.Gopalan, S.Vidhyalakshmi and G.Sumathi, On the homogeneous cubic equation with four unknowns,

(

x

3

+

y

3

)

=

14

z

3

3

w

2

(

x

+

y

)

, Discovery, 2(4) (2012) 7-19.

10. M.A.Gopalan, M.Somanath and V.Sangeetha, Lattice points on the homogeneous cubic equation with four unknowns,

(

x

+

y

)

(

xy

+

w

2

) (

=

k

2

1

)

z

3

,

k

>

1

,

Indian Journal of Science, 2(4) (2013) 97-99.

References

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