Review Class Day 6
England’s evolving democracy, the Scientific Revolution & the Enlightenment
England’s government takes a different path
Prior to and during the 1600s, English monarchs actually __________________ power because they had to depend on ______________________________ for money
Henry II (1154-89)
-___________________________________ (1215)
____________________________________________________, a trial by jury & equal protection of the law Model Parliament (1295)
Representatives would vote to raise taxes The 100 Years War (1337-1453)
_________________________ the power of English parliament
Held the “purse”, meaning that every time King Edward needed money, he needed to call a meeting of Parliament to ________________________________________
________________________________ (1628) Charles I needed money to fund wars
Parliament refused to grant him money until he signed the Petition of Right in which he agreed to Not imprison subjects without due cause
Not levy (=raise) taxes without Parliament’s consent Not house soldiers in private homes (quartering) Not impose martial law in peacetime
For the first time it was recognized that _________________________________ than the king English Civil War (1642-1649) AKA The Puritan Revolution
Started when King Charles dissolved Parliament & imposed all sorts of fees on the English people in order to raise money
Cavaliers fought for the king
__________________________________ fought for _____________________________ & won King Charles was ____________________________________________________ (revolutionary event) Oliver Cromwell established a ____________________________ = Republican gov’t
But he ended up acting as a military dictator, died in 1658 The Restoration
____________________________ established (__________________________________)
Every prisoner had the right to obtain a writ or document ordering that the prisoner be brought before a judge
People can’t be put in jail for ___________________________________ Prisoners can’t be held ________________________________________ The Glorious Revolution
King James II was a Catholic & wanted the monarchy to have more power
Tories (supported a strong monarchy) united with the Whigs (supported parliament) ________________________ overthrow of King James II
______________________________ became rulers
_________________________________ established the monarch & Parliament govern _________________ English Bill of Rights approved
English Bill of Rights (1689) List of things a ruler cannot do
No suspending of Parliament’s ______________
No levying of taxes without a specific grant from Parliament
No interfering with _____________________________ in Parliament
No _____________________ for a citizen who petitions the king about grievances The cabinet became the link between the monarch & majority in Parliament
leader is called the Prime Minister
became the center of power & policy making
1. The primary purpose of the Magna Carta (1215) was to (1) Limit the power of King John
(2) Install Oliver Cromwell as dictator (3) Justify the Glorious Revolution
(4) Charter the British East India Company
2. A DEO REX, A REGE LEX —“the king is from God, and law is from the king.” — James I
This quotation best reflects the concept of (1) constitutional monarchy
3. The signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 and the Glorious Revolution in 1688 were key events in English history because they resulted in
(1) creating alliances with France (2) defeating Protestant nobles
(3) limiting the power of the monarchy (4) annexing territory
4.Oliver Cromwell led the Puritan Revolution in England in response to the (1) passage of the Bill of Rights
(2) autocratic rule of the king (3) implementation of mercantilism (4) defeat of the Spanish Armada
5. One similarity between the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights is that both documents (1) set up a two-party political system
(2) placed limits on the power of the monarch (3) established the right to inherit the throne (4) guaranteed equal rights for all citizens
6. Which institution became stronger and limited the monarchy in order to end absolutism in England?
(1) banks (2) Parliament (3) universities (4) Anglican Church
7. One similarity in the rule of Peter the Great, Suleiman I, and Louis XIV is that each leader (1) shared power with a legislature
(2) practiced religious toleration (3) expanded his territory
(4) decreased the amount of taxes collected
The Scientific Revolution
The Renaissance & Reformation paved the way Spirit of curiosity
Scholars questioned _____________________
New ways of thinking about ________________________ _____________________________________ power
_________________________ had _______________ a sense of power/control over the world around them Before 1500, how scholars determined truth from
-Geocentric Theory = ____________________________ universe
Perceived common sense (e.g the sun seems to revolve around the earth)
Europeans were willing to question accepted beliefs Travel/exploration to new lands
Need for ________________________________ encouraged scientific discovery Heliocentric Theory = ____________________________ universe
Aristarchus (Greek, lived in the 3rd Century AD)
First proposed by ______________________ in 1543, just before his death
____________________________________________ of the planets, sun & moon supported this theory Scientific method = a new approach for gathering and testing ideas
Depended on careful observation & experiments (___________________________)
Used math & logic to interpret the observations & test hypothesis (___________________________) ________________________________ agreed with Copernicus’s Heliocentric model, but noticed that the planets seemed to follow _______________________ courses instead of purely round ones.
His mathematical proofs further solidified the Heliocentric Model Galileo
Law of the pendulum
Falling objects fall at a fixed rate
Combined Copernicus & Kepler’s theories, and used ____________________________ and _____________ _____________________ to prove the theory
Trouble with the Church
Felt threatened by his ideas because they didn’t want to _____________________________ Put Galileo on trial
Isaac Newton
His ________________________________________ was instrumental (= extremely important) in linking motion ____________________ with motion ________________________
“Any two bodies in the universe attract each other with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”
Impact of the Scientific Revolution
Lead to improved technology = use of scientific knowledge to control/improve the world This helped/s make life easier/better (faster, safer, more reliable, more luxurious, ect.) Lesson Quiz
1. One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment are similar is that both (1) led to increased power for royal families in Europe
2. One way in which the contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, and Newton are similar is that each (1) challenged the heliocentric theory of the universe
(2) based his work on Enlightenment principles of social contract (3) practiced observation and experimentation in his work (4) supported the work of the Inquisition
3. Which statement about the Scientific Revolution in Europe is accurate? (1) The existence of natural laws was rejected.
(2) Scientists questioned traditional beliefs about the universe. (3) New ideas supported the geocentric theory of Ptolemy. (4) The Bible was used to justify new scientific findings.
4. Which pair of ideas were central to the Scientific Revolution? (1) social stability and economic self-sufficiency
(2) observation and experimentation (3) technology and military expansion (4) scarcity and interdependence
Base your answer to question 5 on the illustration below and on your knowledge of social studies.
Which individual supported the theory represented in this illustration? (1) Socrates (3) Dante
(2) Ptolemy (4) Galileo
Enlightenment Philosophes: Core Beliefs
Reason: truth could be discovered through ________________ or ______________________________ -_______________________
Nature: what was natural was also good & reasonable; there were _______________________________________ just as there were laws of motion
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Happiness: wanted well-being on earth & believed this was possible
Scientific Method: Bacon & Descartes
Liberty: through _________________, ___________________________________ Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Wrote Leviathan in 1651
Was influenced by the horrors of the English Civil War, believed people were ____________ & ___________ People give up __________________ in exchange for ______________ & _______________ (his version of a _____________________________)
Humans have __________________________________(State of nature, survival of fittest), only those that are given to them by forming into political societies.
People act in their own self-interests, as a result government (law) protects people from each other’s cruelty Supported ___________________________
John Locke (1632-1704)
Author of Two Treatises of Government (1689)
All people are born ____________ & _____________ with three NATURAL RIGHTS: A government should Protect a human’s Natural Rights
If government ________________ to do this, people have a right to _______________________ that government (right to rebel against unjust rulers)
Government only through “_____________________________” (his version of a social contract)
Voltaire (1694-1778)
Fought for Civil Liberties =
Believed that humanity’s worst enemies were intolerance, prejudice & superstition Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Wrote On the Spirit of Laws in 1748
Believed that a ___________________________ would prevent the abuse of any one power over the other two This idea became known as ______________ & _________________
_____________________________: Executive, Legislative, Judicial, which would ensure that citizens’ rights _______________________________
Enlightened Despots
= absolute monarchs that also accepted ________ of the ideals of the Enlightenment. They did this for two reasons: They thought this would ____________________________________
They wanted to make their rule ______________________________
Frederick II (“The Great”) of Prussia (1740-1786) Doubled size of empire
Granted many _____________________, reduced censorship, improved ____________________ Reformed the justice system and abolished the use of ______________________
Believed that his goal was to serve & strengthen the country Maria Theresa (Austria 1717-1780)
Decreased the power of _______________________
Limited the amount of labor that nobles could force peasants to do “the peasantry must be able to sustain itself”
Joseph II (Austria 1780-1790)
Introduced legal reforms and ________________________ Supported _________________________
_____________________________ and ordered that the peasants be paid for their labor with cash Many of his reforms were ___________________________ after his death
Peter the Great (1696-1725)
Had a passion for ships & the sea
Made a long visit to Western Europe to gain knowledge (visited Netherlands, England & Austria) Traveled & worked as a common man
Used this information to try to _____________________ Russia with ______________________ = make Russia stronger by using western Europe as a model
Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
Aspired to increase freedom, modernize & reform Russia Wrote letters to ________________
Wanted to allow…
Returned to ______________________ rule after a peasant rebellion
Quiz
1. Why is the Enlightenment considered a turning point in world history? (1) The factory system was used to mass-produce goods.
2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke both agreed that a government should be based on the (1) separation of nationalities
(2) religious values of the people (3) equal distribution of wealth (4) consent of the governed
3. Enlightenment thinkers encouraged the improvement of society through the (1) teachings of the church
(2) use of reason
(3) development of absolutism
(4) establishment of a rigid social hierarchy
4. Which writer opposed political absolutism? (1) Machiavelli
(2) Hobbes (3) Bossuet (4) Montesquieu
5. Which idea is central to John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government? (1) A government’s power comes from the consent of the people. (2) Predestination will determine who will go to heaven.
(3) Famine, disease, and conflict are natural checks on population growth. (4) The have-nots will rise up and overthrow the government of the haves.
6. *Supported reforms
*believed in natural rights and religious toleration *viewed themselves as servants of their state
In the 18th century, European leaders that fit these characteristics were best known as (1) Theocratic monarchs