EPBD implementation in Finland

EPBD implementation in Finland

11.10.2012

Jarek Kurnitski

• Primary energy kWh/m2 _{required as energy performance indicator}

• Target of nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB):

- By 31 Dec 2020, for all new buildings

- After 31 Dec 2018, for new buildings public authorities occupy and own

• Cost optimal energy performance requirements to be set

2013 (=primary energy leading to minimum life cycle cost)

• Strengthening of energy performance certificates

• Energy performance requirements for major renovations • Requirements for technical systems

• Reference to EN standards to promote the use of standards and

harmonize national codes

• From boiler inspection to heating system inspections • Inspection of air conditioning systems

DIRECTIVE 2010/31/EU www.energy.eu/directives/2010-31-EU.pdf

EPBD recast 2010 is much more demanding

than 2002 directive

Implementation schedule

• The laws and regulations shall be adopted and published in Member States by 9 July 2012 and most of requirements shall apply from 9 January 2013

• Extra time for cost optimal reporting by 21 March 2013 (EC delegated

regulation published 21 March 2012)

• Intermediate targets for improving the energy performance of new

buildings, by 2015, with a view to preparing the implementation of nZEB targets

EPBD implementation situation in 2008

• Situation in the member states after EPBD implementation in June 2008 regarding EP requirements for new buildings and calculation methods

• In the figure, the most developed available calculation method is shown; in many countries simplified methods may be used in parallel or for some building types

Finland Lithuania Austria Czech Latvia Slovenia Denmark Italy Belgium Greece Germany Hungary Netherlands Portugal Poland France Sweden Norway UK Spain Estonia

Monthly _simplifiedHourly _simulationDynamic

For components Energy frame Primary en. or CO 2 em . EP requirements Calculation methods

Source: Kurnitski J. Contrasting the principles of EP

requirements and calculation methods in EU member states.

REHVA journal, December 2008, 22–28.

(Vapaavuori, Asuntoforum 2008)

Finland 2008: Discussion about primary energy

based energy frame was launched with the target

to implement in the code in 2012

2-kerroksinen kompakti pientalo 145 m2 _{D5:n ja}

energiatodistuksen asetuksen mukaisesti laskettuna

Energiatodistus: virallisesti laskettu ja todellinen

energiatehokkuus

Laskentatapaus U-arvo, ulkoseinät LTO hyötysuhde ET-luku, kWh/br.m2,a ET-luokka -Ostoenergia, kWh/br.m2,a CO2-päästöt, kgCO2/br.m2,a

Perustapaus suoralla sähkölämmityksellä 0.24 60 181 C 176 70

Perustapaus maalämpöpumpulla 0.24 60 187 C 106 42

Sähkölämm., parannettu n50, LTO ja U-arvot 0.19 80 146 A 140 56

Maalämpö, parannettu n50, LTO ja U-arvot 0.19 80 153 B 89 36

Nykyinen virallinen energiatehokkuustarkastelu johtaa päästöjen kasvuun kun lämmitystapaa ja primäärienergian

käyttöä ei oteta huomioon

NEW ENERGY PERFORMANCE CERTIFICATE (draft for comments 19.4.2012) WILL FIX THE MISMATCH OF

Development of energy codes in Finland

• 1976-78 codes were highly advanced for that time

• 25 years stagnant period before rapid changes after 2003

• In 2012 systemic change from component based requirements to primary

energy frame – no more restrictions – all solutions in direct competition

• Next changes: expected in one or two steps to nZEB requirements

C3 1976 C3 1978 C3 1985 C3 2003 C3 2007 C3 2010 D3 2012 ?

External wall, W/(m2 K) 0,40 0,29 0,28 0,25 0,24 0,17 0,17

Roof, W/(m2 K) 0,35 0,23 0,22 0,16 0,15 0,09 0,09

Slab on ground, W/(m2 K) 0,40 0,40 0,36 0,25 0,24 0,16 0,16

Window, W/(m2 K) 2,1 2,1 2,1 1,4 1,4 1,0 1,0

Heat loss compensation limit, % 10 20 30 vapaa

Building leakage rate at 50 Pa n50 = 4,0 n50 = 4,0 n50 = 4,0 q50 = 4,0

Heat recovery annual efficiency, % 30 30 45 45

Specific fan power, kW/(m3/s) 2,5 2,5 2,5 2,0

How to compare energy performance requirements?

• Energy performance requirements have been improved in many countries with 2-3 years interval

• EPBD requires the use of primary energy as energy performance indicator,

that is not yet implemented in all countries

- some national energy performance frameworks use still the delivered energy (i.e. energy purchased to building without primary energy factors)

- in some countries heat sources (heat pumps etc.) are not taken into account

- lighting is typically considered, but appliances (plug loads) are not taken into account in all countries

• Quantitative comparison needs recalculation from primary energy to delivered

energy, which can be compared in all countries

• A degree day correction of space heating is needed when comparing countries

Minimum energy performance requirements in some

countries – comparison for detached houses

• The figure shows maximum

allowed delivered energy

without household electricity and lighting (i.e. delivered

energy to heating, hot water and ventilation systems)

• 150 m2 _house

• energy use for hot water heating 25 kWh/(m2 _{a) in all countries}

• electricity use of 5 kWh/(m2_{a) for}

fans of ventilation and 3

kWh/(m2_{a) for circulation pumps}

of water based heating assumed

• the rest of space and ventilation heating energy is degree-day corrected (base 17°C) to Copenhagen 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Germany Finland

Max delivered energy, kWh/(m

2a)

Oil or gas boiler Electrical heating

Source: Kurnitski J. Do national energy

performance requirements promote or compromise good indoor climate? Healthy Buildings 2012.

Apartment and office buildings with district heating

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Denmark Norway Sweden Estonia Germany Finland

Max delivered energy, kWh/(m

2a)

Apartment building Office building

Maximum allowed delivered energy in apartment and office buildings with district heating: • Degree-day corrected to Copenhagen

• Delivered energy includes heating, hot water, ventilation and cooling in apartment buildings, and additionally lighting in office buildings

Cost optimal as a first step towards nZEB

• MS have to provide cost optimal calculations to evaluate the cost optimality of current minimum requirements (Articles 4&5):

- The methodology called “COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) No 244/2012 of 16 January 2012” published supplementing Directive 2010/31/EU

- A comparative methodology framework for calculating cost-optimal levels of minimum energy performance requirements

- Net present value calculation according to EN 15459

- Global cost (=life cycle cost) sums construction cost and discounted energy and maintenance etc. costs for 20-30 years period

- MS have 12 months since publication (21 March 2012 in OJ) to report the cost optimal calculations

- http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:081:0018:0036:EN:PDF

EPBD recast – Nearly zero energy buildings nZEB

• In the directive ‘nearly zero-energy building’ means a building that has a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low amount of energy required should be covered to a very significant extent by energy from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced on-site or nearby.

Þ nZEB = very high energy performance + on-site renewables

• Definition of “a very high energy performance“ and “significant extent

of renewables” let for Member States

• Not possible without the utilisation of generated electricity, i.e. feed-in tariffs of net metering needed

Towards nZEB:

• Many countries have prepared long term roadmaps with detailed targets towards nearly zero energy buildings to improve energy performance of new buildings

• Helps industry to

prepare/commit to the targets

• In Finland, the preparation

of the roadmap is one

measure in ERA17 national strategy 100 150 200 2a Estonia

nZEB – on site production needed

Primary energy E is calculated from delivered E_del,i and exported energy E_exp,i

accounted separately for each energy carrier i. A_net is useful floor area. Primary energy

Delivered – exported energy = energy use – on site renewable

(

)

(

)

net i i i i i del i del A f E f E E

å

å

-= exp, exp, , ,

Total energy use of the building

Delivered energy

Exported energy

Building site = system boundary of delivered and exported energy

System boundary of building technical systems

Denmark: nZEB performance

requirements

2010 2015 2020 Primary energy Residential buildings 52.5 + 1650/A in kWh/m²a 30 + 1000/A in kWh/m²a

20

kWh/m²a Non-residential buildings 71.3 + 1650/A in kWh/m²a 41 + 1000/A in kWh/m²a

25

kWh/m²a Primary energy factors Electricity 2.5 2.5 1.8 District heat 1.0 0.8 0.6

Estonia: nZEB performance

requirements

2013 Low-energy nZEB Primary energy (9 building types in total) Residential buildings 160 in kWh/m²a 120 in kWh/m²a

50

kWh/m²a Office buildings 160 in kWh/m²a 130 in kWh/m²a

100

kWh/m²a Primary energy factors Electricity 2.0 District heat 0.9

• appliances and lighting in residential also included like in Finland (not in Denmark) • 2013 reqs based on cost optimal calculations (2011) and more strict than in Finland

Finnish nZEB definition – almost available

• Given in new energy performance certificate as class A (not published, draft version 19.4.2012, in residential buildings primary energy E=60 kWh/(m2 _a))

Can nZEB buildings be constructed in Finland?

• RakMK D3 2012 system boundary:

TILOJEN ENERGIANTARVE Lämmitys Jäähdytys Ilmanvaihto Käyttövesi Valaistus Kuluttajalaitteet

Ostoenergian (järjestelmien) energiankulutuksen taseraja

lämmitysenergia jäähdytysenergia sähkö _polttoaineet uusituvat ja uusiutumattomat TEKNISET JÄRJESTELMÄT Järjestelmähäviöt ja -muunnokset Uusiutuva oma-varaisenergia kaukolämpö kaukojäähdytys sähkö Auringon säteily ikkunoiden läpi

Lämpökuorma ihmisistä

Lämpöhäviöt

NETTOTARPEET

OSTOENERGIA

• New energy code RakMK D3 2012 is one of the most advanced in EU including simulation etc., but exported energy was left out from the system boundary in the last minute, because of ongoing process of preparation of feed-in rules

• To construct nZEB building one needs to assume feeding in to grid (and has to

System boundary in the draft of RakMK D3

16.05.2011 ENERGY NEED Heating Cooling Ventilation DHW Lighting Appliances Heat gains from occupants

System boundary of net delivered energy

Net delivered energy

(electricity, district heat, district cooling, fuels)

System boundary of delivered energy

heating energy cooling energy electricity fuels BUILDING TECHNICAL SYSTEMS Energy use and production System losses and conversions electricity cooling energy On site renewable

energy w/o fuels

district heat district cooling electricity heating energy Solar gains/loads Heat exchange NET ENERGY NEED DELIVERED ENERGY EXPORTED ENERGY (renewable and non-renewable)

Meaning of exported

electricity: Lantti

nZEB house/ Housing

Fair 2012 Tampere

• Grid connected and feeds to

grid about 4000 kWh/a

• Zero energy building

according to EPBD definition, E=-1 kWh/(m2 _a)

• E = 50 kWh/(m2 _a)

calculated with RakMK D3 2012 system boundary

Lantti zero energy house from Housing Fair

Tampere 2012

nZEB pilot apartment buildings in Kuopio and Järvenpää

Ympäristötalo, Viikki, 2011

• In use all over EU – not typical in the rest of world

• Classification defined on national bases

• Typically based on calculated energy use – allows

to compare buildings without the effects of operation times/user behaviour on energy use

• In some countries measured energy use included in parallel – positive feedback from UK

• If based only on measured energy use, the

certificate may lead to “wrong” energy savings (compromising indoor climate etc.)

• Indoor climate class very seldom included in the

certificate, however energy use has no meaning if indoor climate not known

Proposed requirements

in Finland for houses

(draft 19.4.2012)

• Classification scale is based on calculated primary energy (the same E-value in the building code RakMK D3 2012)

• E-value is calcuated with standard

use of building and calculation rules of building code

• Measured energy use may be

included on voluntary bases

• Recommendations for energy

performance improvement measures included

• Class A provides tentative definition

Inspection of heating and air-conditioning systems

included in EPBD

• Article 14 Inspection of heating systems

- Not limited to boilers but deals with all parts of heating system

• Article 15 Inspection of air-conditioning systems

- Not limited to chillers but deals with all accessible parts of air-conditioning systems

• For both inspections an alternative measures to advice users in

replacements and modifications of systems may be developed

• This alternative approach shall be with equivalent overall impact =

Conclusions

• Finland was a pioneer in energy efficiency in 1970s and 1980s, and a

new wave with rapid changes started about 5 years ago – too short period to achieve forerunner position

• nZEB pilot buildings, one of the most advanced new building code,

knowledge and skills to construct nZEB buildings exist in Finland – administrative capacity in the preparation of EPBD-compliant

legislation is likely the limiting factor:

- Exported energy left out from the official system boundary

- Energy performance certificate not yet published (two calculations, with old and new system, needed to apply the building permit)

- Cost optimal calculations ongoing

• First building code in Finnish history for renovation under preparation