HISTORICAL AND CURRENT LEGAL
ISSUES RELATING TO OCCUPATIONAL
CAUSES OF RESPIRATORY
MALIGNANCIES
Wittenoom – Professor Eric Saint
“Wounds go septic for no other reason than
the fact that all they have is this ghastly
room with filthy dressings, in which a badly
trained orderly (a filthy, nailed son of a bitch
with a St John’s ticket) tries his best to give
all his patients septicaemia, tetanus and
gangrene.”
Injury of same class, type or character
Mt Isa Mines v Pusey (1971) 125 CLR 383 at
413:
“It is not a condition of liability that either the
precise character of the damage or the extent
of it should have been foreseen. It is
necessary only that the damage suffered
should not be different in kind from that
which was foreseeable.”
Multiple exposures –
Mesothelioma – Cumulative effect
James Hardie Corporate Restructure
2001
– Established Foundation with $293M
James Hardie Actuaries – Trowbridge
•
Actuarial reports remained in draft – not seen by board
•
Not take into account recent cases of minimal exposure
– 3
rdwave
•
Not take into account increasing settlement figures
•
Not take into account most recent figures indicating
increase in cases
•
Based on assumption mesothelioma claims have
peaked in 2000
•
Senior executives realized the work was based on
imperfect epidemiological models and was speculative
Access economics / Pricewaterhouse
– Stake‐holder management
•
Examined model as a mathematical tool
•
Was not engaged to examine underlying assumptions
•
Names were used to prevent questions
$293M becomes $1.7B
•
In 2004 there was only funding for another 3 years
The Supreme Court application for
restructure ‐ 2001
Rolah McCabe v British American
Tobacco Australia Services Limited
[2002] VSC 73
•
Lung cancer
•
Addicted as teenager
•
Alleged BAT took no steps to warn consumers and
publicly disparaged research results linking smoking to
lung cancer
•
Deliberately marketed to adolescents
Important to case
•
Knowledge of BATAS of the risks of smoking
addictive quantities of nicotine
•
Knowledge of BATAS of consumption by
children
•
BAT internal documents important to proving
case
Document strategy
•
Contended since 1985 BAT embarked on a strategy
involving ‐
•
Destruction of damaging documents
•
Ascribe innocent intention to destruction
•
Confine litigants to documents in public domain
•
Attaching legal professional privilege
inappropriately to documents
•
Establish data bases with external lawyers in
attempt to avoid production
Non‐disclosure of policy to the
Court and to Plaintiff
•
Rolah McCabe as a consequence of policy could never
have a fair trial
Plaintiff denied a fair trial
Rolah McCabe v British American Tobacco Australia Services Limited [2002] VSC 73 at [377]: “Once it is concluded, as I have concluded, that the plaintiff has been denied a fair trial, in circumstances which cannot be adequately redressed, then in my opinion there is no point in attempting to quantify the extent of the unfairness. A trial is either fair or it is not. Unless all unfairness which the defendant has created can now be removed then a verdict by the jury in favour of the plaintiff would not demonstrate that the unfairness in the trial had been eliminated, but merely that the plaintiff had succeeded despite the unfairness of herPlaintiff denied a fair trial (cont)
Rolah McCabe v British American Tobacco Australia Services Limited [2002] VSC 73 at [377]: “If it is necessary for me to be satisfied that there would remain a substantial risk of injustice to the plaintiff if the trial proceeds, even after further orders are made in an attempt to alleviate her disadvantage, then I am so satisfied.”McCabe – Court of Appeal
• Trial judge overturned – BATAS had not complied with discovery orders but Plaintiff’s advisors knew of likely destruction thus no prejudice – The obvious remedy to a defect in discovery was the filing of a fresh affidavit – The trial judge erred in finding that the document retention policy was a means to rid itself of damaging documents under cover of an innocent housekeeping arrangement• Trial judge overturned – In so far as the trial judge referred to the destruction of the 30,000 electronically imaged documents, this could be seen to reflect, yet again, the warning in a manual of the defendant’s that there was not much point in destroying the paper document only to keep a record on computer if, as appeared to be the case, one at least of the problems facing the defendant in litigation was the magnitude, expense and complexity of meeting any notice for general discovery – Where one party alleged against another that the destruction of documents before the commencement of the proceeding was to its prejudice, the question whether a “fair trial” was denied was an unsatisfactory criterion for the court’s intervention