Part Three
Cost Behavior
• Cost behavior is the manner in which a cost
changes as some related activity changes
• An understanding of cost behavior is necessary
to plan and control costs
• A relevant range is the range over which we
are interested in the cost’s behavior
COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Ø Definition: The study of how specific costs respond to changes in the level of business activity Ø Some costs change; others remain the same Ø Helps management plan operations and make decisions Ø Applies to all types of businesses and entitiesCOST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Continued
Ø Starting point is measuring key business activities Ø Activity levels may be expressed in terms of § Sales dollars (in a retail company) § Miles driven (in a trucking company) § Room occupancy (in a hotel) § Dance classes taught (by a dance studio)COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Continued
Ø Many companies use more than one measurement base Ø For an activity level to be useful: Changes in the level or volume of activity should be correlated with changes in costCOST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Continued
Ø The activity level selected is called the activity (or volume) index § Identifies the activity that causes changes in the behavior of costs § Allows costs to be classified according to their response to changes in activity as: Variable Costs Fixed Costs Mixed CostsCOST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
VARIABLE COSTS
Ø Costs that vary in total directly and proportionately with changes in the activity level
Ø If the activity level increases 10 percent, total variable costs increase 10 percent
Ø If the activity level decreases by 25 percent, total variable costs will decrease by 25 percent
COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
VARIABLE COSTS
Continued
Ø Variable costs also remain constant per unit at every level of activity
Ø
Examples of variable costs include
§ Direct material and direct labor for a manufacturer
§ Sales commissions for a merchandiser
COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
VARIABLE COSTS
Continued
StepVariable Costs
Activity Co s t Total cost remains constant within a narrow range of activity. Total cost remains constant within a narrow range of activity.StepVariable Costs
Activity Co s t Total cost increases to a new higher cost for the next higher range of activity. Total cost increases to a new higher cost for the next higher range of activity.COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
FIXED COSTS
Ø Costs that remain the same in total regardless of changes in the activity level.
Ø Per unit cost varies inversely with activity:
As volume increases, unit cost decline, and vice versa Ø Examples include § Property taxes § Insurance § Rent § Depreciation on buildings and equipment
COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
FIXED COSTS
Continued
Examples
Advertising and Research and DevelopmentExamples
Advertising and Research and DevelopmentExamples
Depreciation on Buildings and EquipmentExamples
Depreciation on Buildings and EquipmentTypes of Fixed Costs
Discretionary
May be altered in the shortterm by current managerial decisionsDiscretionary
May be altered in the shortterm by current managerial decisionsCommitted
Longterm, cannot be reduced in the short term.Committed
Longterm, cannot be reduced in the short term.COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
RELEVANT RANGE
Ø Throughout the range of possible levels of activity, a straightline relationship usually does not exist for either variable costs or fixed costs
§ The relationship between variable costs and changes in activity level is often curvilinear
§ For fixed costs, the relationship is nonlinear – some fixed costs will not change over the entire range of activities, others may
COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
COST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
RELEVANT RANGE
Continued
Ø Defined as the range of activity over which a company expects to operate during a year Ø Within this range, a straightline relationship usually exists for both variable and fixed costsCOST BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
MIXED COSTS
Ø Costs that have
both a variable cost element and a fixed cost element Ø Sometimes called semivariable cost Ø Change in total but not proportionately with changes in activity level
Fixed Monthly Utility Charge Variable Cost per KW Activity (Kilowatt Hours) Tot a l Ut il it y Cos t X Y
A mixed cost has both fixed and variable
components. Consider the example of utility cost.
A mixed cost has both fixed and variable
components. Consider the example of utility cost.
Mixed Costs
Total mixe d costFixed Monthly Utility Charge Variable Cost per KW Activity (Kilowatt Hours) Tot a l Ut il it y Cos t X Y
Mixed Costs
The total mixed cost line can be expressed as an equation: Y = a + bXWhere: Y = the total mixed cost a = the total fixed cost (the vertical intercept of the line) b = the variable cost per unit of activity (the slope of the line) X = the level of activity The total mixed cost line can be expressed as an equation: Y = a + bX
Where: Y = the total mixed cost
a = the total fixed cost (the vertical intercept of the line) b = the variable cost per unit of activity (the slope of the line) X = the level of activity Total mixe d cost Y = a + bX
The Analysis of Mixed Costs
Ø
Mixed costs must be classified into
their
fixed
and
variable
elements
Ø
The methods to analysis of mixed costs
includes:
The Analysis of Mixed Costs
Engineering Approach
Account Analysis
HighLow Method
LeastSquare Regression Method
Scattergraph Plot
Account Analysis & Engineering
Estimates
Each account is classified as either variable or fixed based on the analyst’s knowledge of how the account behaves. Each account is classified as either variable or fixed based on the analyst’s knowledge of how the account behaves. Cost estimates are based on an evaluation of production methods, and material, labor and overhead requirements. Cost estimates are based on an evaluation of production methods, and material, labor and overhead requirements.Plot the data points on a graph (total cost vs. activity). Plot the data points on a graph (total cost vs. activity). 0 1 2 3 4
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Tot a l Co s t in 1 ,0 0 0 ’s of Do ll a rs 10 20 0*
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Activity, 1,000’s of Units Produced X YThe Scattergraph Method
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Tot a l Co s t in 1 ,0 0 0 ’s of Do ll a rs 10 20 0*
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Activity, 1,000’s of Units Produced X YQuickandDirty Method
Intercept is the estimated fixed cost = $10,000 Intercept is the estimated fixed cost = $10,000 Draw a line through the data points with about an equal numbers of points above and below the line. Draw a line through the data points with about an equal numbers of points above and below the line.0 1 2 3 4
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Tot a l Co s t in 1 ,0 0 0 ’s of Do ll a rs 10 20 0*
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Activity, 1,000’s of Units Produced X YQuickandDirty Method
The slope is the estimated variable cost per unit. Slope = Change in cost ÷ Change in units The slope is the estimated variable cost per unit. Slope = Change in cost ÷ Change in units Vertical distance is the change in cost. Vertical distance is the change in cost. Horizontal distance is the change in activity. Horizontal distance is the change in activity.HighLow Method
– Compares the points of highest and lowest
activities, and their related costs, and calculates
the formula for a straight line connecting the two
points
– Dividing the incremental cost by the incremental
units of activity gives the variable cost per unit
of activity
– The variable cost per unit is substituted into the
cost formula to determine the fixed cost
• Total cost = fixed cost + variable cost per unit * number of units of activityHighLow Method
Units of Cost activity High point $ 18,000 10,000 Low point 12,000 6,000 Difference $ 6,000 4,000 $6,000 / 4,000 = $1.50 per unit At the low point: $12,000 = Fixed cost + $1.50 per unit * 6,000 units $3,000 = Fixed cost Total cost = $3,000 + $1.50 per unit * number of unitsApplications of Cost Behavior
Concepts
• Contribution margin
– Excess of sales over variable costs
– Contribution is the incremental amount of each sale
that is available to cover fixed costs and provide a
profit
– Knowing the contribution margin allows us to
predict changes in net income that will result from
a change in sales volume
Applications of Cost Behavior
Concepts
Total Percentage Per unit*
Sales $ 1,000,000 100% $ 1,000 Variable costs 600,000 60% 600 Contribution margin $ 400,000 40% $ 400 Fixed costs 300,000 Net income $ 100,000 * assume 1,000 units are sold