F
F
ault Mode
ault Mode
ling
ling
Generations of fault pillars, known as Key Pillars, are lines Generations of fault pillars, known as Key Pillars, are lines dening the slope and shape of the fault! "here are up to dening the slope and shape of the fault! "here are up to #
#e, e, so so cacalllled ed $h$hapape e PPoioints nts alalong ong eaeach ch of of thethese se lilinenes s toto ad%ust the shape of the fault to perfectly &atch your input ad%ust the shape of the fault to perfectly &atch your input data! "he Key Pillars are generated 'ased on input data such data! "he Key Pillars are generated 'ased on input data such as
as fafaulult t susurfrfacaceses, , faufault lt ststicicksks, , fafaulult t lilinesnes, , fafaulult t popolylygogonsns,, structural &aps, interpreted seis&ic lines, etc!
structural &aps, interpreted seis&ic lines, etc!
(n the pre#ious section, we did so&e editing on the input (n the pre#ious section, we did so&e editing on the input data to 'ring it to a for& suita'le to Petrel for 'uilding the 3D data to 'ring it to a for& suita'le to Petrel for 'uilding the 3D geological &odel! (n this section we will start 'uilding the geological &odel! (n this section we will start 'uilding the &odel! "he 'uilding process &ay 'e deco&posed into the &odel! "he 'uilding process &ay 'e deco&posed into the following steps)
following steps)
•
• Dening a *ew Model!Dening a *ew Model! •
• Creating Faults fro& Fault Polygons!Creating Faults fro& Fault Polygons! •
• +diting Key Pillars!+diting Key Pillars! •
• uilding Key Pillars fro& Fault Polygons!uilding Key Pillars fro& Fault Polygons! •
• Connecting Connecting FFaults!aults! •
• Disconnecting Disconnecting FFaults!aults! •
Defning a New Model
Defning a New Model
efefoorre e ''uiuillddiinng g a a 33D D ggeeoollogogiiccaal l &&ooddeel l iin n PPetetrreell, , iit t iiss ne
nececessssarary y to to dedenne e a a &o&odedel! l! PPetetrrel el lelets ts yoyou u wowork rk wiwithth se#eral di.erent &odels in one session! (t is i&portant to se#eral di.erent &odels in one session! (t is i&portant to de
denne e ththe e didi.e.errenent t &o&odedels ls 'y 'y gigi#i#ing ng ththe& e& apapprpropopririatatee na&es!
na&es!
Creating a new model
Creating a new model
1!
1! Dou'Dou'le clle click ick on thon thee Defne ModelDefne Model ite& under the ite& under the
Structural Modeling
Structural Modeling in the in the Processes PaneProcesses Pane!! /!
/! - Dene Model d- Dene Model dialog 'oialog 'o0 pops up, g0 pops up, gi#e the &odel ai#e the &odel a specic na&e
specic na&e Top Tarbert ModelTop Tarbert Model and click and click OK.OK. "he "he &odel will 'e placed under the Mo
&odel will 'e placed under the Models pane, as shown indels pane, as shown in Fig! 11!1!
Fig! 11!1!
Fig.11.1
Defning a New Model
Defning a New Model
efefoorre e ''uiuillddiinng g a a 33D D ggeeoollogogiiccaal l &&ooddeel l iin n PPetetrreell, , iit t iiss ne
nececessssarary y to to dedenne e a a &o&odedel! l! PPetetrrel el lelets ts yoyou u wowork rk wiwithth se#eral di.erent &odels in one session! (t is i&portant to se#eral di.erent &odels in one session! (t is i&portant to de
denne e ththe e didi.e.errenent t &o&odedels ls 'y 'y gigi#i#ing ng ththe& e& apapprpropopririatatee na&es!
na&es!
Creating a new model
Creating a new model
1!
1! Dou'Dou'le clle click ick on thon thee Defne ModelDefne Model ite& under the ite& under the
Structural Modeling
Structural Modeling in the in the Processes PaneProcesses Pane!! /!
/! - Dene Model d- Dene Model dialog 'oialog 'o0 pops up, g0 pops up, gi#e the &odel ai#e the &odel a specic na&e
specic na&e Top Tarbert ModelTop Tarbert Model and click and click OK.OK. "he "he &odel will 'e placed under the Mo
&odel will 'e placed under the Models pane, as shown indels pane, as shown in Fig! 11!1!
Fig.11.!
Fig.11.! "he "he Top TarbertTop Tarbert new &odel new &odel
-s you did 'efore, create another tow &odels and call the&, -s you did 'efore, create another tow &odels and call the&,
Top Ness Model
Top Ness Model and and Top "ti#e ModelTop "ti#e Model! -s shown in! -s shown in Fig!11!3!
Fig!11!3!
Fig.11.$
Creating Faults %rom Fault Pol&gons
Creating Faults %rom Fault Pol&gons
F
Fault polygons are ault polygons are line data representing the line data representing the hangingwallhangingwall and footwall for each hori2on! "he polygons could 'e
and footwall for each hori2on! "he polygons could 'e
separated into lines for each fault or lines for each hori2on! separated into lines for each fault or lines for each hori2on! (n the latter case, the lines should 'e separated with ags to (n the latter case, the lines should 'e separated with ags to &ake sure that the sa&e line dose not denes two faults! (f &ake sure that the sa&e line dose not denes two faults! (f there are no ags 'etween the line data, you should do
there are no ags 'etween the line data, you should do so&e editing in the
so&e editing in the Make4+dit PMake4+dit Polygons process in order toolygons process in order to split the lines!
split the lines!
'ow to Create Faults %rom Fault Pol&gons
'ow to Create Faults %rom Fault Pol&gons
1
1!! GGo to too Structural ModelingStructural Modeling ite& in the ite& in the Processes Pane.Processes Pane.
/!
/! -c-cti#ti#ate ate thethe Fault ModelingFault Modeling process in the process in the ProcessesProcesses Pane
Pane 'y clicking on it once and &aking it 'old! 'y clicking on it once and &aking it 'old! 3!
3! DisplDisplay one of ay one of the faulthe fault polygt polygon in theon in the Top TarbertTop Tarbert Pol&gons
Pol&gons folder in a 3D window e!g! folder in a 3D window e!g! Pol&gon (( Pol&gon ((, as, as shown in Fig! 11!5!
5! (n the function 'ar, click on the Set Select*Pic+ Mode
icons as shown 'elow!
Notice the color of fault polygon 6purple7 changed to
6white7 after you selected 'y it as shown in Fig!11!8 6to do this step press S,i%t7!
8! $elect the desired fault geo&etry fro& the Fault Model 9ption "ools tool'ar! (n this case, a linear geometr& is suita'le!
:! Click on the Create Faults %rom Fault Pol&gons icon in the Function 'ar to generate Key Pillars along the selected polygons as shown in Fig!11!8! "he new fault has 'een
added under the Faults folder in the Models Pane, and is called ;Fault 1<as shown in Fig!11!:!
Fig.11.-
"he fault polygon after selected 'y the tool8 5
Fig. 11. Fault Polygons displayed in a 3D window after create faults fro& polygon
Fig. 11.( Fault Polygons displayed in a 3D window along with Top Tarbert surface
-nd also, repeat the sa&e process that you did it in Top Ness and Top "ti#e! -s shown in Fig!11!?! and Fig!11!@ !
Fig. 11./ Fault Polygons displayed in a 3D window along with Top Ness surface
Fig. 11.0 Fault Polygons displayed in a 3D window along with Top "ti#e surface
T,e settings o% Pillar geometr& ma& be
c,anged b&
Ainear, #ertical, listric, $shaped, re#erse, #ertically
truncated, 'ranched and connected faults can 'e created in Petrel! "he progra& allows you to create structurally and geo&etrically correct fault representations!
- fault is dened 'y a set of Key Pillars! +ach Key pillar consists of a set of shape points! - Key Pillar can ha#e /, 3 or 8 shape points, and a fault can consist of Key Pillar with a #arying nu&'er of shape points! +ach shape point can 'e edited in 3D!
1! the faults are grouped into 5 &ain groups)
a! ertical %aults consist of / shape points! "hey will always 'e #ertical!
'! 2inear Faults consists of / shape points! "his is, in &ost cases, the type to use!
c! 2istric %aults consists of 3 shape points! -ll three of the shape points can 'e edited separately in order to get a listric shape of the fault!
d! Cur#ed %aults consists of 8 shape points, and can 'e used in order to dene a cur#ed or $shaped fault!
c a
/! 9pen the
settings 'y dou'le
clicking on the fault
&odeling in the
Process Pane! *ote
the option to
e0tend the Key
Pillars a'o#e the gi#en &in point and 'elow the gi#en &a0 point of the input data! Bou can control how far Pillars are e0tended! For e0a&ple put it $33
Fig. 11.13 Fault &odeling with Gullfaks4Fault Model dialog 'o0
"diting Ke& Pillars
-fter you ha#e created a fault you &ay want to do so&e netuning on a specic Key Pillar or on the whole fault!
Petrel has the option to edit single $hape Points or pillars as well as a selection of $hape Points or pillars! "o select &ore than one, press the $hift key as you &ake your selection! "he Fault Modeling and hence editing of Key Pillars is a #ery
i&portant step in &aking an accurate and relia'le Petrel &odel! "he Key Pillars should descri'e the fault planes as dened 'y the input data! (t is possi'le to edit on a co&plete fault, a single Key Pillar or a shape point , B and E
directions, which &akes the editing on faults #ery e0i'le! -uto&atically constructed Key Pillars are often &alfor&ed and often it is necessary to add new Pillars 'etween key
pillars and to the end of a fault then &odify their shape! Bou ha#e to insert Key Pillars 'etween e0isting pillars when a faults shape contains &ore detail than the e0isting Pillar spacing can represent! se the tool for adds Pillars to end of fault and add pillar 'etween! +diting of shape points and4or entire Key Pillars will 'e reHuired to &ore closely t the input data! "his editing &ay reHuire adding &ore shape points to the pillar to achie#e the desired for&! -ll Key Pillars in a fault dont necessarily need the sa&e nu&'er of shape points! $ee Fig! 11!13!
Fig. 11.11
(llustrate drawing to show hori2ons, fault planes and key pillars
To edit +e& pillars4 %ollow t,e steps
1! 9pen a new 3D Iindow!
/! Display a few of the faults 6Key Pillars7 to 'e edited! 3! "oggle on the check'o0 ne0t to all of the faults in the
Fault Model folder!
5! Click on the Toggle fll between pillars icon to &ake it easier when editing the plane 'etween Key Pillars is lled with color, as shown in Fig! 11!1/!
Fig. 11.1! Fault Polygons displayed in a 3D window while Fault Model -ction 6Pillars7 "ools tool'ar is displayed
8! "he tool used for &o#ing points and lines in Petrel is the widget!
tangent of the cylinder! e sure that you are in the
Select*Pic+ Mode 5P6 as shown 'elow!
@! Press the left &ouse 'utton on the widget and &o#e the Key Pillar or the shape point!
1J! Make sure the Mo#e 7long 2ine Tangent Onl& tool is acti#e! "his tool li&its the &o#e&ent to the tangent of the Key Pillar and it is a #ery intuiti#e way of editing the Key Pillars!
11! "o select only one shape point, &ake sure the Select S,ape Points icon is acti#e, as shown 'elow!
1/! "o select an entire Key Pillar &ake the Select Pillars
icon acti#e as shown 'elow! (f you click on the line
'etween Key Pillars, all shape points at that le#el will 'e selected, as shown 'elow!
?
1J
13! (f you click on the line 'etween Key Pillars while ha#ing the ;$elect Pillars< icon acti#e, all Key Pillars will 'e
selected! "o select only a few Key Pillars4shape points, click on those that you want to select while pressing the shift key!
15! Check that the fault &odel has the correct orientation 'y displaying the top and 'ase hori2ons! (f not, edit the& as descri'ed a'o#e!
Comment
Ihen nished editing, the Key Pillars should ha#e a
s&ooth transition in E fro& Key Pillar to Key Pillar in a fault! "he Key Pillars in the faults should e0tend a'o#e the top of
the top surface and 'elow the 'ase of the lowest surface!
1/
Fig. 11.1$ +diting Key Pillars 'efore after
11
8uilding Ke& Pillars %rom Fault Pol&gons
"he sa&e steps of 9"diting Ke& Pillars9 are applied in this section! -nyhow do not forget to deselect the acti#e fault when creating a new one! 9therwise, the new fault will 'e attached to the pre#ious acti#e one, see Fig! 11!13!
Connecting Faults
(f a fault is truncated 'y another fault in the hori2ontal direction, it &ust 'e connected to that other fault! "his &eans that a co&&on Key Pillar 'etween the two faults &ust 'e dened! Bou can 'oth use a Key Pillar that already e0ists and edit it into a position so that it ts 'oth fault
planes, or you can add a new Key Pillar 'etween two e0isting Pillars and use that as the co&&on4connected Key Pillar! -ll faults intersecting each other in Petrel &odel &ust 'e
properly connectedL "his is i&portant 'ecause the gridding process in Petrel will use the faults for guiding the gridding lines! "he faults which are unconnected are treated
di.erently fro& the faults which are connected! Further&ore, faults which are close together 'ut unconnected are likely to lead to pro'le&s in Pillar Gridding and Make ori2ons! Petrel has an auto&atic fault connection option which will connect
To connect two %aults4 %ollow t,e steps
1! Choose the two faults to 'e connected
/! Eoo& in on the area where the two faults are to 'e
connected $elect the two Key Pillars you want to connect using the Select*pic+ Mode icon and the S,i%t Key!
3! Click on the Connect Two Faults icon as shown 'elow!
Fig. 11.1) "wo faults 'efore connection
5! Dene how you want to connect the& when the Connect pillars dialog bo: pops up as shown in Figs! 11!18! and 11!1:!
Disconnecting Faults
"he undo 'utton does not work for connected Key Pillars! Bou will ha#e to disconnect the& instead!
To disconnect %aults4 %ollow t,e steps
1! $elect the two Key Pillars that should 'e disconnected! /! Click on the Disconnect Fault icon! $ee Fig! 11!1=!
Fig. 11.1/ "wo faults 'efore and after disconnection
Creating 8ranc,ed and Crossing Faults
1.
$elect the Key Pillar where you want the crossing orbranc,ing fault as shown in Fig!11!1@!
!.
Click on either the New 8ranc,ed Fault icon! -s shown in Fig!11!/J!$.
9r click on the New Crossing Fault icon to generate a new fault, as shown in Fig! 11!/1!Fig. 11.10 - fault displayed in a 3D window
3 /
Fig. 11.!3 - fault displayed in a 3D window after creating 8ranc,ed %ault
Fault sticks can 'e used like fault polygons to create Key Pillars! Fault sticks are sets of line data that represent the fault plane! "he le with fault sticks can represent one fault are a set of faults and are generated in Petrel or another
work station! "hese sticks represent the fault surface and are con#erted to Key Pillars! "his ðod is prefera'le if you
ha#e fault interpretations that &ay contain a 'it of noise and you would like to ha#e the option to disregard so&e of it!
To create %aults %rom selected %ault stic+s4
%ollow t,e steps
1! "urn o. all of the faults, fault polygons and any other data you &ay ha#e displayed in your 3D window!
/! Fro& the ;nput pane display the fault sticks! $ee Fig! 11!//!
3! $elect ertical, 2inear, 2istric or Cur#ed Pillars
depending on the type of fault you are &odeling! +ither
linear or listric %ault geo&etries will 'e ne 'ut e0a&ine the fault sticks 'efore you choose!
5! Click on the Select*Pic+ Mode 5P6 icon in the Function 'ar! 8! $elect so&e of the fault sticks on a fault 'y clicking on the
fault stick and holding the S,i%t Key! $ee Fig! 11!/3!
Fig. 11.!$ $electing fault sticks
3 5
:! Click on the 7dd to or Create Fault %rom Selected Fault Stic+s icon in the Function 'ar to generate Key Pillars along the selected fault sticks! $ee Fig! 1J!/5! *otice that 'y choosing this ðod, a fault will only 'e generated that connects the sticks that you selected! "his could cause you to potentially lose so&e i&portant detail!
Fig. 11.!) "he Key Pillars for fault sticks created as a &odel
do the necessary editing and follow the procedure as descri'ed in the e0ercises a'o#e!
?! Connect the faults where necessary! $ee Figs! 11!/8! to 11!/=!
@! Continue &odeling all the faults in the folder! -s shown in Fig! 11!/?!
Creating Faults %rom 7ll Fault Stic+s
(t possi'le to select the entire set of fault sticks representing one fault and &ake Petrel use e#ery nth fault stick as input! "his is a fast approach 'ut it reHuires that the fault stick are
representati#e of the fault, i!e! do not contain lots of ;noise<!
To create %aults %rom all %ault stic+s4 %ollow t,e
steps
1.
Fro& the ;nput pane display the %ault stic+s in the<Fault Stic+s= folder!
!.
$elect ertical4 2inear4 2istric or Cur#ed Pillarsdepending on the type of fault you are &odeling! +ither
linear or listric fault geo&etries will 'e ne 'ut e0a&ine the fault sticks 'efore you choose!
$.
Click on the Select*Pic+ Mode 5P6 icon in the Function 'ar!).
$elect all of the fault sticks on a fault 'y clicking on the%ault stic+ and holding the S,i%t Key!
-.
Click on the Create Fault %rom Fault Stic+s4 Sur%ace or ;nterpretation icon in the Function 'ar to generate Key Pillars along the selected fault! $ee Fig! 11!/@!Fig. 11.!0 Fault sticks displayed in a 3D window while the Fault Model -ction 6Pillars7 tool'ar is displayed
/ 3
.
>epeat the sa&e process to the other faults! $ee Fig! 11!3J!(.
9nce you ha#e created the Key Pillars for a new fault, do the necessary editing 'y following the steps as descri'ed in the e0ercises a'o#e!/.
Connect the faults where necessary and continue &odeling the faults in the folder!Fig. 11.$3 "he Key Pillars for fault sticks created
7utomatic >eneration o% Faults
$o far the faults ha#e 'een generated one 'y one! (n this
To create automatic generation o% %aults4 %ollow
t,e steps
1! -cti#e the Fault Modeling fro& Process pane! /! Con#ert one set of fault sticks to Key Pillars)
a! Find the fault sticks folder! 9pen the folder and right click on one of the fault sticks! $elect Con#ert to Faults in Fault Model? fro& the pulldown &enu! $ee Fig! 11!31!
Fig. 11.$! Con#ert to Fault in the acti#e Fault Modeling dialog 'o0
$ee Fig! 11!33!
Fig. 11.$$) - new fault under the Fault Model folder after the con#ersion process displayed in a 3D window
"his operation can 'e perfor&ed for all fault sticks in a folder)
1! "o a#oid dou'le sets of faults, delete the fault created a'o#e 'y selecting the whole fault in the 3D window or selecting it 6&aking it 'old7 in the &odels ta' of Petrel +0plorer and then pressing delete!
/! >ight click on the folder called <Fault Stic+s=. $elect
Con#ert to Faults in Fault Model? fro& the appearing pulldown &enu! $ee Fig! 11!35!
Fig. 11.$) -ll faults sticks 'efore con#ersion displayed in a 3D window
3! -ll new faults will 'e added under the Fault Model folder in the &odel 6in the Models Pane7! $ee Fig!11!38!
5! Continue doing the necessary editing of Key Pillars as descri'e a'o#e!
8! Connect faults where necessary!
Fig. 11.$- -ll faults sticks after con#ersion displayed in a 3D window
t,e steps
1! Display all the faults you ha#e created in a 3D window! $ee Fig! 11!3:!
/! Click on the Fault Modeling in the Processes pane!
Fig. 11.$ "wo fault sticks displayed 'efore auto connection while the Fault Modeling dialog 'o0 is displayed
'utton and use an ":tent distance of !-3m and do the auto&atic fault connection only for the #isi'le faults! $ee Fig! 11!3=!
5! Check the connections and do &anual editing if necessary!
Fig. 11.$/ "wo fault sticks displayed after auto connection
7utomatic 7d@ustment o% Ke& Pillars
(t is possi'le to ad%ust all the Key Pillars auto&atically 'y cuOng the& or e0tending the& relati#e to a surface or a constant #alue! $ince it is possi'le to edit all the Key Pillars &anually, and since &anual editing will always 'e
necessary, the auto&atic ;tri&&ing< of Key Pillars
functionality has 'een included as an optional e0ercise only!
Cretaceous surface is a good candidate to 'e used for
tri&&ing since this is a nonfaulted surface! (n the e0ercise 'elow only the top $hape Points will 'e tri&&ed! (f the 'ase $hape Points should 'e tri&&ed as well, then a copy could 'e &ade of "op +tti#e surface, then this copied surface could 'e s&oothed to re&o#e &ost of the structure 6'ut keep the general dip7 and shifted downwards so that it is deeper than the entire "op +tti#e surface!
To create automatic ad@ustment o% +e& pillars4
%ollow t,e steps
1! Display Top Tarbert surface with the generated Key Pillars together!
Fig. 11.$0 "he Top Tarbert Model displayed in a 3D window 'efore Key Pillar 9perations
/! Dou'le click on the Fault Modeling process in the Process pane!
3! Go to the Operations ta' fro& the dialog 'o0 that pops up and select the Top Tarbert surface in the ;nput pane
6click on the na&e to &ake it 'old7!
5! "oggle on the check'o0 ne0t to Top limit in the
Operations ta' under Cut*":tend pillars and click on the 'lue arrow!