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(1)

Paleontology Definition:

What is a Fossil?

5 phases of Fossilization:

Conditions Required for Fossilization:

Types of Preservation:

What do Fossils tell us?

Fossils

(1.3 & 2.1)

(2)

Principles of Uniformitarianism:

Principal of Superposition:

Catastrophism:

Fossil Succession:

Unconformity:

Index Fossil:

Relative time:

Absolute time:

(3)

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(4)

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6

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11

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(7)

Pr

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The same laws and

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15

Zion Canyon, UT

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16

(8)

17

A B C D

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18

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21

22

1)

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23

Un

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it

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tru

sive Ign

eou

s Roc

k

V

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24

(10)

T he D evi ls To w er in W yo mi ng is an e xa mp le o f a vo lca ni c ne ck. Ma gma w as in tru de d in to th e ne ck of a vo lca no a nd co ol ed to fo rm an in tru si ve ig ne ou s ro ck. As th e ma gma co ol ed it co nt ra ct ed a nd cra cke d in to th e ve rt ica l co lu mn s sh ow n in th e pi ct ure . T hi s fe at ure , ca lle d co lu mn ar jo in tin g, is de scri be d fu rt he r on in th is mo du le . Af te r in tru si on o f t he vo lca ni c ne ck, th e vo lca no b eca me e xt in ct an d eve nt ua lly , a fte r a lo ng p eri od o f t ime , e ro de d co mp le te ly aw ay , l ea vi ng o nl y th e ha rd , re si st an t ro ck in th e vo lca ni c ne ck to st an d up a bo ve th e su rro un di ng co un trysi de . 25 1)   R an k th e ro ck la ye rs fro m ol de st to yo un ge st . 2)   Id en tif y th e un co nf ormi ty . 26 A B SO L U T E D A T IN G : D et ermi ni ng a ge (i n ye ars) of a ro ck la ye r or fo ssi l

versus

R EL A T IVE D A T IN G : D et ermi ni ng w hi ch ro ck la ye rs an d fo ssi ls are o ld er an d w hi ch a re yo un ge r (i. e. de te rmi ni ng w hi ch e ra / pe rio d/ ep och a fo ssi l o r la ye r be lo ng s to ). Law of Su pe rp osi tio n Low

of O rigin al Hori zont ality La w o f L at era l Continuity Law

(11)

R el ati ve D ati n g T ec h n iq u es - C o rr e lat io n In de x F ossi ls : f ossi ls th at ca n he lp d et ermi ne th e re la tive a ge s of ro cks an d co rre la te ro ck se qu en ce s fro m di ffe re nt lo ca tio ns. In de x fo ssi ls sh ou ld b e: •  co mmo n •  ea si ly re co gn iza bl e •  occu rre d ove r a la rg e are a •  re la tive ly sh ort ti me 29 30

R

ad

io

m

etr

ic

D

ati

n

g

Igneous Rocks So m e se d im en ta ry r o ck s O rg an ic m ate ri al Vo lc an ic A sh •  U se s ra di oa ct ive el eme nt s to d et ermi ne th e ab so lu te a ge (a ge in ye ars) of a ro ck or fo ssi l •   O nl y so me ma te ria ls ca n be da te d usi ng th is me th od 31 W hi ch e le me nt s are th ese ? (p ro to ns are sh ow n in re d an d ne ut ro ns in w hi te .) T he y are b ot h ca rb on . Bo th h ave 6 p ro to ns. i. e. th ey bo th h ave a n at omi c nu mb er of 6 . •  T he se a re tw o is o to p es (va rie tie s) of ca rb on . - sa me ch emi ca l p ro pe rt ie s, b ut d iff ere nt p hysi ca l p ro pe rt ie s (e .g . h ow th ey be ha vi ng in n ucl ea r re act io ns) - di ffe re nt n umb er of n eu tro ns, th ere fo re d iff ere nt a to mi c ma sse s St ru ct ur e o f t he N uc le us - R ev ie w •   So me iso to pe s are u nst ab le a nd th ere fo re ra di oa ct ive
(12)

C

14

6

C

12

6

Ma ss nu mb er = 12 p + = 6 n

0 =

6 Ma ss nu mb er = 14 p + = 6 n

0 =

8

Ma

ss

nu

mb

er

=

#p

+

+

#n

o

C ar b o n -1 2 C ar b o n -1 4

At

omi

c

nu

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er

=

#p

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C

12

6

Tw o iso to pe s of ca rb on :

common and

(13)

R

a

d

io

a

ct

iv

e D

ec

a

y Cu

rv

e

% o f R adi oact ive Ma teri al

100%

50% 25%

12.5%

T

ime

Ea

ch

iso

to

pe

h

as

a

pa

rt

icu

la

r

H

al

f-l

ife

. T

hi

s

al

lo

w

s

us

to

d

at

e

th

e

sa

mp

le

co

nt

ai

ni

ng

ra

di

oa

ct

ive

iso

to

pe

s.

H

al

f

life

:

th

e

ti

m

e

it

ta

ke

s

fo

r

h

al

f

o

f

th

e

p

ar

en

t

ra

d

io

ac

ti

ve

e

le

m

en

t

to

decay

to

a

d

au

g

h

te

r

p

ro

d

u

ct.

37

D

iff

ere

nt

ra

di

oa

ct

ive

iso

to

pe

s

ha

ve

di

ffe

re

nt

h

al

f l

ive

s Carb

on

-1

4

is

go

od

fo

r

da

tin

g

act

ua

l re

ma

in

s.

T

o

a

limi

t o

f

ab

ou

t 6

0

00

0

ye

ars

G

oo

d

fo

r

da

tin

g

re

al

ly

ol

d

vo

lca

ni

c

la

ye

rs

an

d

me

te

ori

te

s

38

Exa

mp

le

1

:

A

b

ab

y

ma

mmo

th

fo

un

d

fro

ze

n

in

a

gl

aci

er

is

fo

un

d

to

co

nt

ai

n

on

e

qu

art

er

of

its

ori

gi

na

l ca

rb

on

-1

4.

D

et

ermi

ne

it

s

ag

e.

1.

15

x

10

4 ye

ars

References

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