Text Book: Peter Norton (2011), Introduction to Computers , 7 /e, McGraw-Hill Reference Book: Gary B (2012), Discovering Computers , 1/e, South Western Deborah (2013), Understanding Computers 14/e, Cengage Learning June P & Dan O (2014), New Perspective o

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INTRODUCTION TO

COMPUTERS

LECTURE 1 : WEEK 1

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TEXT AND REF. BOOKS

2

Text Book:

Peter Norton (2011), Introduction to Computers, 7 /e, McGraw-Hill

Reference Book:

Gary B (2012), Discovering Computers, 1/e, South Western

Deborah (2013), Understanding Computers, 14/e, Cengage Learning

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MOBILE ALERT

Kindly

Switch Off

your Mobile/Cell Phone

OR

Switch it to

Silent Mode

Please

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COURSE ASSESSMENT

4

 Home/Assignment --- 20%

 Quizzes --- 15%

 Mid Term --- 25%

 Final --- 40%

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GOOGLE SITE ADDRESS

For Book Download:

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B-7LjIntmmEHUlVjUG5selpPaEE/ view

FOR TYPING PRACTICE :

http://www.sense-lang.org/typing/tutor/keyboarding.php

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GRADING

Letter Grade Percentage Grade Point

A (Outstanding) 87 - 100 4.0

B+ (Very Good) 80 - 86 3.5

B (Above Average) 72 - 79 3.0

C+ (Satisfactory) 66 - 71 2.5

C (Barely Acceptable) 60 - 65 2.0

D (Poor) 50 - 59 1.5

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Master of Engineering(ME) in Information Technology Assistant Professor.

Computer Science Department. BUKC

Presented by: Engr. Asma Khan

TYPES OF

COMPUTERS

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LEARNING OUTCOME

 Computer Defined

 The History Of Computers  Types Of Computer

 Computers For Individual Users  Computers For Organizations  Computers In Society

 Impact Of Computers On Society

 Evaluations Of The Impact Of Computer Technology  Prohibiting Bad Technologies

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What Is A Computer…



An Electronic device



Converts data into information



Modern computers are digital

 Two digits combine to make data



Older computers were analog

 A range of values made data

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13

Advantages



Speed



Reliability



Consistency



Storage



Communications

Disadvantages



Violation of

Privacy



Impact on Labor

Force

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History of Computers

(A detail resource to read is provided)

 The Mechanical Era (1623 – 1900)

*1. Ref Introduction to Computers by Peter Norton

Machine / Device Year Info

Abacus 3000 BC *1

Napier’s Bones 17th_Century

Pascaline 17th_Century

Difference & Analytical Engine 1823 – 1833

Punched Cards

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History of Computers

 First Generation Electronic Computers (1937 – 1953)  Vaccume tube

Atanasoff-Berry Comp. 1942 *1

Havard Mark-I 1944

ENIAC 1946

EDVAC 1949

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History of Computers

 Second Generation Computers (1954 – 1962)  Transistors

TRADIC 1955 *1

IBM 704 1954

LARC 1960

IBM 7030 1961

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History of Computers

Third Generation Computers (1963 – 1971) Integrated Circuits

System/360 1964 *1

PDP-8 1965

CDC 7600 1969

Intel 4004 1971

Intel 8008 1972

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History of Computers

 Fourth Generation Computers (1972 – 1984)  Microprocessors

ALTO 1974 *1

APPLE I 1976

IBM PC 1981

LISA 1983

MACINTOSH 1984

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History of Computers

Fifth Generation Computers (1983 – 1990)

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

IBM PC-AT 1984 *1

PC/RT 1986

PS/2 1987

Intel 80486 1989

Video Toaster 1990

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History of Computers

 Sixth Generation Computers (1990 – Till Date)

Poser Book 1991 *1

Pentium Microprocessor 1993 Sun Ultra Workstation 1996

iMac 1998

Apple iMac Pedestal 2002

Power Mac G5 2003

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Types Based On Principal Of

Operation

There are three different types of computers according to the principles of operation. Those three types of computers are

 Analog Computers

Analog Computer is a computing device that works on continuous range of values.

 Digital Computers

Digital computer operates on binary number system in which there are only two digits 0 and 1. Each one is called a bit.

 Hybrid Computers

A hybrid computer combines the desirable features of analog and digital computers.

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Digital Computers Can Be

Classified As

 General Purpose Computers

General purpose computers are used for any type of application. Most of the computers that we see today, are general purpose computers.

 Special Purpose Computers

Special purpose computer is one that is built for a specific application.

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Types Based On Configuration

There are four different types of computers when we classify them based on their performance and capacity

 Super Computers

 Mainframe Computers

 Mini Computers  Micro Computers

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Types Based On Configuration

 Super Computers

The best in terms of processing capacity and also the most expensive ones. These computers can process billions of instructions per second. Used for applications which require intensive numerical computations such as stock analysis, weather forecasting etc.

Ex: China's Tianhe-2, Blue Gene

 Mainframe Computers

Mainframe computers can also process data at very high speeds i.e.,

hundreds of million instructions per second and they are also quite expensive. Normally, they are used in banking, airlines and railways etc

Ex: IBM System z9

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Types Based On Configuration

 Mini Computers

Mini computers are lower to mainframe computers in terms of speed and storage capacity. They are also less expensive than mainframe computers. Some of the features of mainframes will not be available in mini computers.

 Micro Computers

The invention of microprocessor (single chip CPU) gave birth to the much cheaper micro computers i.e.

 _Desktop

 _Workstations  Laptop/Notebook

 Hand Held (PDA’s) etc

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Computers For Individual Use

 Desktop computers

 The most common type of computer  Sits on the desk or floor

 Performs a variety of tasks

 Workstations

 Specialized computers

 Optimized for science or graphics

 More powerful than a desktop

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Computers For Individual Use



Notebook computers

 Small portable computers

 Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds

 About 8 ½ by 11 inches

 Typically as powerful as a desktop

 Can include a docking station

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Computers For Individual Use



Tablet computers

 Newest development in portable

computers

 Input is through a pen

 Run specialized versions of

office products

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Computers For Individual Use

 Handheld computers

 Very small computers

 Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)

 Note taking or contact management

 Data can synchronize with a desktop

 Smart phones

 Hybrid of cell phone and PDA

 Web surfing, e-mail access

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Computers For Organizations



Network servers

 Centralized computer

 All other computers connect

 Provides access to network resources

 Multiple servers are called server farms

 Often simply a powerful desktop

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Computers For Organizations



Mainframes

 Used in large organizations

 Handle thousands

of users

 Users access through a

terminal

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Computers For Organizations



Minicomputers

 Called midrange computers

 Power between mainframe and desktop

 Handle hundreds of users

 Used in smaller organizations

 Users access through a terminal

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Computers For Organizations



Supercomputers

 The most powerful computers made

 Handle large and complex calculations

 Process trillions of operations per second

 Found in research

organizations

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Computers In Society

 More impact than any other invention

 Changed work and leisure

activities

 Used by all demographic groups

 Computers are important because:

 Provide information to users

 Information is critical to our society  Managing information is difficult

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Computers In Society

 Computers at home

 Many homes have multiple computers

 Most urban homes have Internet

 Computers are used for

 Business

 Entertainment

 Communication

 Education

 Finance Management

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Computers In Society



Computers in education



Online education across the borders

 Computer literacy required at all levels

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Computers In Society

37



Computers in small business

 Makes businesses more profitable

 Allows owners to manage at ease

 Business reach across the world

(*Ecommerce)

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Computers In Society

 Computers in industry

 Computers are used to design products  Assembly lines are automated

 Management of shipping, freight

 Computers in government

 Necessary to track data for population

 _{Police officers}

 Tax calculation and collection

 Military use, weapon systems etc

 Governments were the first computer users

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Computers In Society



Computers in health care

 Revolutionized health care

 New treatments possible

 Scheduling of patients has

improved

 Delivery of medicine is safer

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Computers In Society



Computerized Banking

 Banker’s Automated Clearing Services

(BACS)

 Online Banking

 A great facility for off-time banking

 Automated Teller machines

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Computers In Society



Computer as an entertainment

 Used as gaming station

 Music/Movie player , editor

 Social Networking, chat etc

 Communication tool

 Some serious consequences

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Impact of Computers on

Society

42

 Digital Divide

 the gulf between those who have ready access to

computers and the Internet, and those who do not. "there is a ‘digital divide’ between rich and poor, black and white, in terms of computer use“

 Important Factors

- Individual Wealth - Age - Gender

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Loss of Skills and Judgment

 Abdicating Responsibility

 People may rely too much on computers for

decisions about:

 Approval of loans or insurance coverage.

 Assessment of student, teacher, and school

administrator progress.

 The arrest of certain individuals.

 How to make a particular business decision.

 The treatment of a disease with a particular medicine.

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Evaluations of the Impact of Computer

Technology

 The Neo-Luddite View

 Criticisms of Computer Technology:

 Causes massive unemployment and deskilling of jobs.  We use them because they are there.

 Causes social inequality.

 Source of social disintegration; they are dehumanizing.

 _{Separates humans from nature and destroys the environment.}  Benefits big business and big government.

 Prevent development of social skills in children.  _{Solves no real human problems.}

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Evaluations of the Impact of Computer

Technology

 Accomplishments of Technology

 Some Benefits:

 Raw materials are more ample and prices of natural resources

have declined.

 Wages and salaries have risen in both rich and poor countries.  New substitutes for natural resources have been created.

 New forms of crop management.

 Improved transportation of food from field to table.  More diseases now treatable or eradicated.

 Improved, safety-minded products for home, school, and work.

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Prohibiting Bad Technologies

 Choice of Values

 Technology Advocates

People can choose to use a technology for good or ill.

Influenced by society, technology does more than it was designed to

do.

People adopt technologies that give us more choices for action and

relationships.

 Technology Critics

Technology is not “neutral”

_{Big business and governments make decisions about technology.}

Once created, technology drives its self.

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Prohibiting Bad Technologies



The Difficulty of Prediction

 Guessing the Consequences of Technology

 How will people use the new technology?

 How will people benefit from the new technology?

 Will people like the new technology?

 How much will people pay for the new technology?

 What problems will the technology cause?

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Prohibiting Bad Technologies



The Difficulty of Prediction

_(cont’d)

 The Decision-Making Process About

Introducing New Technologies Should:

 Be decentralized and non coercive.

 Produce what people want.

 Should Work well.

 Respect the diversity of personal opinions.

 Be relatively free of political manipulation.

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Any Questions !!!

END OF LECTURE 1