World War II.pptx

World War II

Japanese Aggression



1931, Japan invades China

 _{League of Nations condemned Japan’s} actions

 _{Japan left the League of Nations}

 _{1937, Japan took over most of eastern} China starting the Second

Sino-Japanese War

Italian Aggression

 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia.

 Ethiopians resisted but had outdated

weapons and could not compete with tanks, machine guns, poison gas and airplanes.

 The League of Nations voted

sanctions (penalties) against Italy for violating international law.

Spain Collapses Into Civil

War

 1931, king was forced to leave; a

republic was set up with a new constitution.

 Government passed controversial

reforms

 _{Took land away from the Church and old} ruling classes

 _{Leftists demanded more change}

Spain Collapses Into Civil

War



1936, Francisco Franco led a

revolt that started a civil war.

 _{Fascists and right-wing supporters}

= Nationalists; backed Franco

 _{Supporters of the Republic =}

Spain Collapses Into Civil

War

 Hitler and

Mussolini sent arms and forces to help Franco.

 Stalin sent

Spain Collapses Into Civil

War

 Very violent war; 500,000+ people died  April 1937, German planes dropped

bombs on Guernica and then used

machine guns mounted on the plans to kill any surviving civilians.

 1000+ civilians were killed .

 For the Nazi’s this was an experiment to

see how well their planes preformed.

 For the West this was a warning

Hitler’s War

 1930’s = appeasement = West looks the

other way as Hitler invades neighboring countries.

 _{Wanted to keep the peace at any price}

 _{Believed Communism was more threatening.}  _{Widespread pacifism = opposition to war}

 Ignored his take over of the Rhineland,

Austria, and Czechoslovakia.

 Finally when he invaded Poland the West

US Reaction

 Congress passed the Neutrality Acts

 _{Forbid the sale of arms to any nation at}

war

 _{Outlawed loans to warring nations}

 _{Prohibited Americans from traveling on}

ships of warring nations.

 The goal was to avoid involvement in

Alliance with the USSR

 The Nonaggression Pact (August 23,

1939)- Agreement between the

Soviet Union and Germany declaring they would never wage war on each other.

 Together they planned to invade

The Invasion of Poland

 September 1, 1939 Germany and the USSR

invade Poland.

 Blitzkrieg-

_{German military strategy = invade quickly,}

take the enemy by surprise = no chance to defend themselves.

 In response Britain and France declared war

on Germany September 3, 1939.

 On September 17, 1939 the Soviets begin

Alliances

 Allies: Britain, US, Soviet Union (after

Hitler invades the USSR) France.

 _{Many other countries in Europe and}

North Africa were on the Allied side but had been taken over by Germany either before the war started or very quickly after war erupted.

 Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

The Phony War

France and Britain declared war; waited for

Hitler to attack, yet he did not.

April 9, 1940, Hitler launched a surprise attack

on Denmark and Norway.

• Denmark fell in hours and two months later

Norway surrendered

Germany began building fortifications the

Denmark and Norway’s coasts.

From this point he could launch air attacks on

Hitler’s Brilliant Strategy

• Keep the allied armies occupied by invading

Belgium.

• _{This allowed him to move into France without}

resistance.

• _{German troops reached the northern French}

coast within 10 days.

• Hitler then sent troops northward trapping Allied

soldiers the French city of Lille.

The Allies retreated to the beaches of Dunkirk, a

Saving the Troops Trapped in

Dunkirk

England launched a fleet of 850 boats

across the English Channel to rescue the troops.

Included: Royal Navy ships and civilian

crafts.

May 26th – June 4th under constant air

attacks the civilian and Navy ships

Abandoned guns and

The Fall of France

• Following Dunkirk, the resistance in France

began to crumble.

• June 14th German troops captured Paris.

French leaders surrendered on June 22, 1940.

French government headed by Charles de

Gaulle set up an exiled government in London,

Called on the French people to resist the

The Battle of Britain

England only country fighting Germany

_{France captured, US isolationist}

 Winston Churchill, the British Prime

Minister, vowed that the British would never give up.

 “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall

The Battle of Britain

 1940, Hitler plans to invade England.

 _{Take out the Royal Air Force; land of}

250,000 German troops on British shores.

 Summer 1940, the Luftwaffe began heavy

bombing British airfield and industrial areas

 September 7, 1940

 _{Begin bombing British cities in an effort to}

The Battle of Britain



Royal Air Force (RAF) =

outnumbered but had two

technological advantages:

 _{Radar- developed in the late 1930’s}

= allowed the government to warn citizens of air raids and send out the RAF to intercept.

 _{Enigma Machine- device that could}

The Battle of Britain



Surviving

 _{Air Raid Shelters}

▪ _{Each night 60,000 Londoners went into}

the Underground (Subway).

▪ _{Others slept in church crypts and}

basements.

 _{3 Million children were evacuated}

The Battle of Britain



Began in the summer of 1940

and lasted until May 10, 1941.



Eventually, stunned by the

British resistance, Hitler gave up

invading England and focused

his attention on the

Results of the Battle of

Britain

 Hitler was unable to break the moral

of British citizens.

 It taught the Allies that Hitler’s

Saving Food

 Before war broke out, Britain

had imported most of their food.

 When German submarines

began shooting down supply ships, British citizens were

forced to fend for themselves.

 Every British citizen was

issued a ration book that

Victory Gardens

 People were urged to

grow their own food to supplement their diets.

 The US also adopted

rationing programs

similar to those in Britain after joining the war.

 A healthier population

Other Rationed Items

 Food wasn’t the

only thing being rationed,

 _{Cloth, rubber, oil,}

gas and certain

types of metal were also in short supply.

 Rationing in

England continued for several years after the war

ended.

Rationing in Britain Propaganda Piece

Rationing Project

 For the next two days you will be

working with a family unit to see what rationing was really like.

 _{You will have to buy new clothes using a}

point system and plan out a victory

garden that would be capable of feeding everyone in your family.

 _{Families are already assigned and your}

Fighting in the Balkans

and Africa

The

Fighting in the Balkans and

Africa

 The Balkans

 _{October 1940, Italian troops invaded Greece}

and with German help both Greece and Yugoslavia were conquered.

 _{However, Greek and Yugoslav guerrillas}

continued to fight the occupying forces.

 _{Bulgaria and Hungary decided to join the axis}

rather than face German and Italian forces.

 By 1941, the Axis controlled most of

Fighting in the Balkans and

Africa

 North Africa

 _{Fighting for control of the}

Suez Canal, provided access to Middle Eastern oil fields.

 _{The Suez Canal was British}

property; Italian armies

unsuccessfully tried to take it.

 _{Hitler sent in General}

Rommel aka “Desert Fox”

Why Did Hitler Want the

USSR?

 “If I had the Ural Mountains with

their incalculable store of treasures in raw materials, Siberia with its vast forests, and Ukraine with its

tremendous wheat fields, Germany under National Socialist leadership would swim in plenty.”

 Plus he wanted to crush communism

Hitler Invades the USSR

 Broke the Non- Aggression Pact

 Set up military bases in the Balkans from which he

could launch attacks = Operation Barbarossa.

 June 28, 1941, tanks and aircraft began the invasion.

 USSR was taken by surprise and not prepared for an

attack; his army was weak because of the purges that had eliminated many of his top military officers.

 By autumn German soldiers pushed 500 miles into

the USSR; 3 million soldiers.

 Soviets used the same scorched earth technique

Hitler Invades the USSR

 Germany forces were ready to take

Moscow and Stalingrad (St. Petersburg).

 But then the Russian winter came

and just like Napoleons troops, German troops were equally

unprepared.

 By December, temperatures dropped

Hitler Invades the USSR

 The Siege of Stalingrad; lasted 2 ½

years

 _{September 1941}

 _{Soviets were trapped in the city, German}

troops surrounded it.

 _{Rations were dropped to 2 pieces of}

bread a day; desperate for food

Hitler Invades the USSR

 The Siege of Stalingrad

 _{1,000,000 + Stalingraders died but the}

German forces were never able to take the city.

 _{Stalin asked Britain to open a second}

front in Eastern Europe and though they could not offer much help Churchill

agreed.

 _{Both the Brits and the Communists put}

Life Under Nazi Rule

 Hitler’s New Order

 _{Create an Aryan master}

race

 _{Set up puppet}

governments in “Aryan” Western Europe

 _{Eastern Europe = home to}

the Slaves and the Poles = inferior race.

▪ _{Needed living space for the}

The Jewish Question

 At first Hitler favored Jewish immigration but

when France, England and the US began

shutting their doors he had to come up with something else.

 Jews were moved into Ghettos = Jewish only

cities = sealed off with barbed wire and patrolled by Nazi soldiers.

 They had to adhere to strict rules including a

curfew and wear a yellow Jewish star.

 Hitler hoped that Jews would simply starve or

The Holocaust: Nazi

Propaganda

 Propaganda film; shot

documentary style.

 Portrayed Aryans as hard

working and clean living.

 Portrayed Jews as filthy

parasites who were greedy and power hungry.

 Footage used for the film

was taken in the Ghettos

Propaganda Poster

 The Jew

 The inciter or war the

Children's Book

 Printed in

1938

 Main Idea:

The Jew is the most

dangerous poison

One of the

pages from

the book…

 Tells children

The Hungry Jew circa

1938

survives as a parasite off others and is always

The Final Solution to the

Jewish Question

 When the Ghettos didn’t work…

 _{Jews were put on trains and sent to}

various camps

▪ _{Extermination Camps = the very weak, and}

often women and children = death

▪ _{Labor Camps: usually near a factory, used}

to produce goods.

Concentration Camps = These were the first

camps and contained the undesirable;

Who Went to the Camps

 In addition to Jews

there were many others sent to the camps.

 Different colored

badges in the shape of triangles and the Star of David were used to identify

Triangles

Red —political prisoners: social democrats, socialists,

communists, and anarchists.

Green — "professional criminals;“ many were tried

and convicted after their release and sent to prisons.

Blue —foreign forced laborers, emigrants. Purple —Jehovah's Witnesses

Pink —homosexual men, sexual offenders, also tried

and convicted after release.

Brown —Roma (Gypsies)

Uninverted red —an enemy POW, spy or a deserter. Black —Asocial (don’t fit in)

_{The mentally ill, Alcoholics, Beggars, Pacifists, Draft}

Stars of David

 Two yellow triangles, the "Yellow badge"—a Jew  Red on yellow —a Jewish political prisoner

 Green on yellow —a Jewish "habitual criminal"  Purple on yellow —a Jehovah's Witness of

Jewish descent

 Pink on yellow —a Jewish "sexual offender"  Black on yellow —"asocial" Jews

 Voided black over yellow —a Jew convicted of

mixing with another race; "race defiler"

 Yellow on black—Aryan (woman) convicted of

Death Camps

 Used many different methods to kill,

diesel engines were popular.

 Prisoners were officially selected

based on their medical condition; those permanently unfit for labor

due to illness. Unofficially, racial and eugenic criteria were used: Jews, the handicapped, and those with

Often when camps were liberated, the locals were brought in and forced to

The “Doctors”

Experiments



One of the goals of the Nazi

party was to create German

super Aryans

 _{They literally wanted to alter the}

The “Doctors”

Experiments

 At least 30 different types of experiments.  Victims suffered pain, mutilation,

permanent disability, and usually ended up dying.

 At the Nuremberg "doctor's trial," 23

High Altitude Tests

 Purpose: find out how to best save German

pilots forced to eject at a high altitude.

 Test subjects were put into low-pressure

chambers that simulated high altitude.

 It is believed the head physician would

dissect victims brains while they were still alive to study how the brain reacted.

 200 people were subjected to this

Freezing Experiments

 Purpose: figure out how to help pilots forced

to eject, landing in the ocean and soldiers facing extreme exposure in the USSR.

 Test subjects were put into ice baths for

hours often naked.

 Others were taken outside and strapped

down also naked.

 When body temps dropped subjects were

Gangrene Treatment

Expiraments

 Purpose: how to best treat gangrene  Test subjects were inflicted with

battlefield type wounds which were then purposely infected with bacteria.

 Doctors would then rub glass and dirt

into the wound and tie off blood vessels to simulate an actual war wound.

 They were then treated with a new

Twin Experiments

 Purpose: figure out how to make more

German babies.

 Studied their connections; if you kill one

does the other one die? Do their bodies grow at the same rate? If you inflict pain on one does the other feel it?

 There were many different experiments

done on twins.

Other Tests

 Reactions to different types of poisons using

injection, poisoned bullets, and gas forms.

 Tuberculosis tests; can it be cured?

 Bone, muscle, and joint transplantation.

 Sterilization; prevent unwanted persons from

having babies… these were so inappropriate I can’t actually talk about them.

 Seawater; Can you make it drinkable? Forced

Life Under Japanese Rule

 Took control of Asia and the Pacific Islands  Proclaimed their mission was to free the

Asian people from colonial rule.

 They were at first welcomed; later guerrilla

groups rose up to fight them

 However Japanese invaders treated the

Chinese, Filipinos, Malaysians, and other conquered people brutally.

 They seized food crops, destroyed

Early Involvement

 Most Americans were in favor of isolationism

 President Roosevelt disagreed = believed that

if the Allies lost Germany would proceed to the US

 September of 1939, he asked congress to

allow the Allies to buy US weapons.

 Lend-Lease Act passed in March 1941, allowed

Early Involvement

 Summer of 41’ the US Navy was escorting

British ships carrying US weapons and supplies to the Europe. Hitler ordered Germans

submarines to sink any cargo ships they came across.

 September, a German U-Boat sank a US Navy

destroyer. Roosevelt ordered Navy

commanders to shoot German U-Boats on site.

 The US was now in an undeclared war with

Not All Americans Were

Isolationist

 There were many who believed the

US should be involved in the war.

 Early on there was a program that

allowed men in the US Air force to go and fight in the RAF as a pilot.

 And even one of US’s most beloved

Japan Attacks the US

 Dec. 7th, 1941 “A day that will live in

infamy”

 Japanese airplanes bombed the

American fleet at Pearl Harbor Hawaii.

 2,500 people dead; most of the Pacific

fleet destroyed.

 Dec. 8th, Roosevelt asked Congress to

declare war on Japan.

 Dec. 11th, Germany and Italy Japans

Why did Japan attack?

 Japans goal: take over European

possessions in Southeast Asia.

 1940, Japan advanced in French

Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.

 In response the US banned the sale

of war materials = iron, steel and oil, to Japan.

 Japanese leaders saw this as a threat

Why did Japan attack?

 Meant to scare the US into

submission; take the US out of the war before it even entered.

 The plan backfired = woke a

“sleeping giant.”

 Though Japan was successful

immediately after the bombing = take over the Philippines and other US Pacific islands and British, Dutch and French colonies, in the end it

Alliances of WWII

Before and After Pearl Harbor

Dark Green Allies

Light Green Joined the Allies after Pearl Harbor Orange Axis Powers

The Allies Turn the

Tide

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Wartime Economy

 Factories go from making cars and

refrigerators to airplanes and tanks.

 _{Women took on a major role in the}

factories to replace the men

 War bond drives

 Food/vital goods ration programs  Prices and wages were frozen

 Increase in production ended

Women at War



In addition to working in the

factories women also served in the

armed forces as:

 _{Ambulance drivers, delivering}

airplanes and decoding messages

 _{French women fought in the resistance} and provided shelter for allied

soldiers.

The Big Three



War Strategy: 1942, agreed to

finish the war in Europe and then

concentrate on the Pacific.



Allied tension

 _{Churchill and Roosevelt feared}

Stalin wanted to dominate Europe.

 _{Stalin believed the West wanted to}

The Big Three

Stalin, Roosevel t, &

Allied Advances in Italy

 After victory in North Africa allied

troops crossed the Mediterranean into Italy.

 S. Italian forces were defeated in a

month.

 Overthrew Mussolini and signed an

armistice.

 However fighting in the north

continued for 18 months= Hitler sent reinforcement troops = allies

suffered heavy losses

 The advance forced Hitler to open

Battle of Stalingrad

 With troops stalled at Stalingrad and

Moscow, in 1942, Hitler launched another offensive in the USSR.

 However his troops were again held

up when they reached Stalingrad.

 Hitler was determined to take the city

Battle of Stalingrad

 German troops surrounded the city

just as winter came.

 Fighting was done street by street,

house by house, building by building.

 November = the Soviets encircled

the German troops and they were forced to surrender in January 1943.

 By early 1944 began pushing

The D-Day Invasion: The

Ghost Army

 From June 1944 to March 1945 it

staged 20 battlefield deceptions,

beginning in Normandy and ending along the Rhine River. The deceivers employed an array of inflatables

(tanks, trucks, jeeps, airplanes) and played sound tracks, phony radio

The D-Day Invasion

 June 6th 1944

 Biggest amphibious invasion in history.  June 5th – allied hundreds of planes

dropped paratroopers behind enemy lines.

 At dawn thousands of ships ferried

156,000 allied troops across the English Channel to the beaches of Normandy.

 About 2,500 died in the invasion  Despite heavy losses allied troops

Taking Back France

 August 1944, British and American

troops begin an advance towards Paris.

 French resistance forces begin engaging

the occupying German armies.

 Allied forces in Italy sail north and land

on the southern shores of France.

 German troops begin to retreat.

 August 25th the allies enter Paris; within

Allied Bombing Raids

 For 2 years allied bombers

hammered military bases, factories, railroads, and cities to destroy

German industrial areas and break the moral of the civilians.

 Hundreds of thousands of German

civilians died in these bombings and entire cities were completely

The Battle of the Bulge

 December; in

Belgium

 Final German

counter attack

 Lasted more than

a month

 Both sides

suffered heavy losses

 Allies were able to

hold off the

The End of the War in

Europe

 As the Battle of the Bulge was going

on Soviet troops were advancing towards Berlin.

 Hitler’s support in Germany was

declining; survived and assassination attempt by some of his senior

officers.

 By 1945, German defeat was

The Yalta Conference

 Meeting February 1945; Roosevelt,

Churchill and Stalin.

 Planned a war strategy; tension!

 Stalin: the Soviet Union needed to

maintain control of Eastern Europe to protect itself from future aggression.

 Churchill & Roosevelt: favored self

determination in Eastern Europe.

 Soviet troops were still needed to win

The Yalta Conference

Outcomes

 Soviet Union would open a second front

against Japan within three months of Germanys surrender.

 The Soviet Union would gain control of a

few Asian islands and part of Korea.

 Germany would be temporarily divided

into four zones, governed by American, French, British, and Soviet Forces.

 Stalin agreed to hold free elections in

V-E Day: Victory Over

Europe

 March 1945, American/British armies

crossed the Rhine into western Germany.

 Axis armies across Germany began to

surrender.

 In Italy, guerrillas executed Mussolini.

 As Soviet troops moved into Berlin from

the east, Hitler committed suicide in his underground bunker.

 May 7 = Germany surrendered

How the Allies Won the

War

 Hitler’s army was forced to fight on many

fronts.

 Hitler underestimated the Soviets

 The US was an industrial powerhouse

able to produce 2x the goods of the Axis Powers.

 Continued Allied bombing of Germany’s

industrial areas slowed down production.

 Oil became so scarce that the Luftwaffe

War In the Pacific!

Struggle Against Japan



1942, Japan controlled most of

East Asia and many Pacific

Islands.



May 1942, gained control of the

Philippines killing several

Bataan Death March (65

miles)



American soldiers were rounded

up and forced to march to a POW

camp.

 _{“a macabre litany of heat, dust,}

starvation, thirst, flies, filth, stench, murder, torture, corpses, and

wholesale brutality that numbs the memory”

 _{Many Filipinos risked their lives}

Battle of the Coral Sea and

Midway



May 1942



Japanese plans to attack

Australia were intercepted by

Navajo Code talkers.



2 aircraft carriers and several

cruisers and destroyers were

sent to intercept.



Resulted in an epic sea battle

won by the US; blocking

Navy sailors jumping off the burning

Battle of the Coral Sea and

Midway



June 1942



Midway = 2 US controlled islands

near Hawaii



Japanese plans to attack were

intercepted and US troops setup a

trap for the Japanese fleet.

Island Hopping

 US military tactic in the Pacific

 US troops led by Douglas MacArthur

would move island by island

knocking out Japanese troops and building military and airbases to be used on the next island.

 Though causality rates were high the

The Defeat of Japan

 Invasion or Bomb

 _{Atomic technology was developed in Los}

Alamos New Mexico under the code name Manhattan Project.

 _{President Truman had to decide whether}

or not to use atomic weapons on Japan or invade.

 _{The decision was made based on the}

The Defeat of Japan

 Finally the decision to drop “the bomb” was

made.

 August 6, 1945 the first atomic bomb was

dropped on Hiroshima killing 70,000 people immediately and many others in the months to follow from radiation poisoning.

 August 8th Soviet soldiers invaded Manchuria

but still Japan did not surrender.

 The decision to drop a second bomb was

made.

The Potsdam Conference

 Berlin, July 17-August 2, 1945,

 Was the last of the Big Three meetings

 _{Stalin, Churchill (replaced by a new prime}

minister) Truman

 On July 26, the leaders issued a

declaration demanding ‘unconditional surrender’ from Japan

 Otherwise, the conference centered on

War Crimes

 Nuremberg Trials

 _{Top Axis leaders were tried for crimes against}

humanity.

 _{200 Germans and Austrians were tried, most}

were found guilty.

 _{Top Nazi officials received death sentences}

 Similar war crimes trials were held in Japan

 _{Many were never captured or brought to trials}

 Trials showed that political and military

Occupation

 Western allies built new

governments in occupied Germany and Japan with democratic

constitutions to protect the rights of all citizens

 _{Effort to prevent events like the}

Establishing the United

Nations

 April 1945, delegates from 50

nations convened San Francisco to create the UN

 Each member nation has only one

vote in the General Assembly.

 However the Security Council has

much greater power

 _{5 permanent members; US, Soviet Union}

(Russia today), Britain, France, and China.

▪ _{Have the right to veto any Assembly}