Constructive and technological measures of increasing the reliability and lifetime of the cars wheel pairs

(1)

!" 629.4.027:115.001.24, 621.822.8

. !. "#$%&', (.).*., +,-./00-,, 1/2345 (6/0+7829:; 1/2;,70<); !. =. >#6$!$, :.).*., (-?/*), 1/2345 (6/0+7829:; 1/2;,70<); 6. !. >#6$!$, @;A90), ).*., 1/2345 (6/0+7829:; 1/2;,70<)

"#$%&' "&()$#

-

&+$#,#-(.%"(*

**/*'#0'(1&(1**

0#

**0#)23*$(4**

$5!67$#%&(

(

%'#"5

%, 782

"#,6%$2+

05'

)5-#$#)

B-:;C;*D*/(-2D:90:2;(;**E-(/@-*);F7 C’G(*;*< DC*;)EA-@ D :-*),-2H@D?*-0)D)/+2-I9J*;+,/0-I-: :-2D0*9J +;,, *;I/(/*D (;*D +,- ,-C,-82/*D *-ID ,DK/**E C -?D*:9 @D?*-0)D +-+/,/L*--+,/0-I9J C’G(*;*< :D2/?<+D(K9+*9:DIDCK/M:;@9-0/MDAD(,-,-C+,/0-I?D:D2/?<+D(K9+*9:DI.

'),;F/*N*/(-0);):908-,:9-(/@-*);F;0-/(9*/*9M0*;)EA-@9:-*),-2E+,-L*-0)9)/+2-INJ*;+,/0 -0-I-::-2O0*NJ+;,, +,9I/(/*N(;**N/-,;C,;8-);**NJ*-INJ,/K/*9EJ+--?/*:/+,-L*-0)9+-+/,/L*- -+,/00-INJ0-/(9*/*9M:-2/?+-(K9+*9:-I0K/M:;@9-0/M9A9(,-,;0+,/00-I:/:-2/?+-(K9+*9:-I.

The disadvantages of assembling-demounting of joints with pull and checking of strength of heat on-pressings of wheel pairs are reflected, the data about developed new solutions on estimation of strength of transverse-pressed joints of bearing rings with axle necks and hydro-depressing of bearing rings are given.

)9:;:<=:

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…20 % I C;I909@-

-0)9 -) @;)/,9;2-I 0-+,EFO**NJ P2/@/*)-I:- -2O0*NJ +;,, )./. *;82H(;/)0E C*;L9)/2<*NM9C -*-0+-I/,J*-0)/M:-*);:); [1].

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

(2)

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

"27L;9 ,;C,7K/*9E 87:0-INJ 7C2-I :-2O0 -*NJ +;, I;A-*-I I P:0+27;);?99 +-()I/,F(;/) */-8J-(9@-0)< I0/@/,*-A- 0-I/,K/*0)I-I;*9E :-*),-2EC; :;L/0)I-@ +-27L;/@NJ +-+/,/L*- -+,/00-INJ )/+2-INJ 0-/(9*/*9M I*7),/**9J :-2/?87:0-INJ +-(K9+*9:-I0 K/M:;@9 -0/M. T*;29C +,9L9* *;,7K/*9E 8/C-+;0*-0)9 (I9 -F/*9E+-(;**N@'T' «6UR» +-:;CNI;/), L)--+;0*N/ */90+,;I*-0)9, 9C-C; :-)-,NJ I;A-*N *;+,;I2EH)0E I )/:7S9M -)?/+-L*NM ,/@-*) 0-0);I2EH): – A,/*9/87:0 8-2// 52 % 9 0(I9A :-,+70;87:0N – 23 %, +,9 P)-@/F/A-(*- -:- -2- 30% I0/J -)?/+-:, 0IEC;**NJ 0 0-0)-E*9/@ 87:0-I-A- 7C2;, *;82H(;/)0E I +/,IN/ K/0)< @/0E?/I +-02/ ,/@-*); [1], L)- );:F/ 0I9(/ -)/2<0)I7/) - */(-0);):;J .-,@9,-I;*9E +,9 ,/@-*)/9-)07)0)I99P../:)9I*-A- INJ-(*-A-:-*),-2E+,-L*-0)9+-27L;/@NJ0-/(9*/*9M.

B- (;**N@ $!!U5; -02;82/*9/ *;)EA; +-0;(:9 I*7),/**/A- :-2<?; ,-29:-I-A- +-( -K9+*9:; 0-0);I2E/) (2E 87:0 +;00;F9,0:9J I;A-*-I-:-2- 4% 9 (2E87:0A,7C-INJ I;A-*-I +,9@/,*- 18% -) -8S/A- :-29L/0)I; -):;C-I

+-87:0-I-@7 7C27. 4I/29L/*9/ *;)EA;+-0;(:9 -) 70);*-I2/**-M *-,@N+,9I-(9) :I-C*9:*- -I/*9H IN0-:-M :-*?/*),;?99 *;+,EF/*9M, 9C -2-@7929,;C,NI7I*7),/**/A- :-2<?;+-(K9+ -*9:;. 4:;C;**NM I9( -):;C-I 0-0);I2E/) -:-2-20%. &-*),-2< 08-,:9 +- +,-L*-0)9 0-+,EF/ -*9E:-2/?87:0-INJ,-29:-INJ+-(K9+*9:-I 0 -0E@9 EI2E/)0E 0-0);I*-ML;0)<H )/J*-2-A9L/ -0:-A- +,-?/00; 0-(/,F;*9E ,-29:-INJ :-2O0 -*NJ +;, I;A-*-I 9 +,/(0);I2E/) I;F*7H *;7L -*--)/J*9L/0:7HC;(;L7.

(3)

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«I;2–I)72:;».

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

I C-*/ :-*);:); (/);2/M 0-/(9*/*9E. P)-@ 027L;/ @/F(7 :-*);:)9,7HS9@9 +-I/,J*-0)E -@9 +,9 +,-)/:;*99 F9(:-0)9 -8,;C7/)0E +,- -02-M:; @;02;, :-)-,;E I- @*-A- ,;C 0*9F;/) :-P..9?9/*) ),/*9E I C-*/ 0-+,EF/*9E (/); -2/M +,9 9J -)*-09)/2<*-@ ;:09;2<*-@ 0@/S/ -*99. -C@-F*-0)<+,-9CI-(0)I; @*-A-:,;)*-A-.-,@9,-I;*9E 9 (/@-*);F; 0-/(9*/*9M +,9 90+-2<C-I;*993B5, C;@/*;@-S*-A-+,/00-I- -A- -8-,7(-I;*9E @;2-A;8;,9)*N@9 *;A,7F;H -S9@9 70),-M0)I;@9+-CI-2E/) -)*-09)< A9(,- -+,/00-IN/0-/(9*/*9E (/);2/M@;K9*::;)/A- -,992/A:-,;CVO@*NJ.

B-INK/*9/ +,-L*-0)9 0-/(9*/*9M, 0-8,;* -*NJA9(,-+,/00-IN@0+-0-8-@ (+-0,;I*/*9H0 @/J;*9L/0:9@9 *;+,/00-I:;@9) -8702-I2/*-)/@, L)- IC;9@*-/ +/,/@/S/*9/ (/);2/M +,9 @/J;*9L/0:-M C;+,/00-I:/ INCNI;/) 9*)/*09I -*-/ +/,/.-,@9,-I;*9/ @9:,-+,-.92E +-I/,J -*-0)/M :-*);:); 9 0,/C @9:,-*/,-I*-0)/M. B- -P)-@7);*A/*?9;2<*N/ (-:,7F*N/) *;+,EF/*9E, ,;00L9);**N/ +- *;)EA;@ *; -0*-I/ IN)/:;H -S/A- 9C ,/K/*9E 3;(-29*; – =E@/ 0--)*-K/ -*9E

!

2 2 2

2) /1 ( / )

/ (

2p_K d d d d

t # "

$ ,

A(/ p_K–I/29L9*; :-*);:)*-A- (;I2/*9E I 0- -+,EF/*99 -) *;)EA;, d–(9;@/), 0-+,EF/*9E,

2

d –*;,7F*NM (9;@/), -JI;)NI;HS/M (/);29 0-/(9*/*9E, +,/INK;H) C;@/,/**N/ -:,7F*N/ *;+,EF/*9E $_t *; I*/K*/M +-I/,J*-0)9 *; -+,/00-I;**-M @/J;*9L/0:9@ 0+-0-8-@ *; I;2 ?929*(,9L/0:-MI)72:9. $/0--)I/)0)I9/@/F(7 P:0+/,9@/*);2<*N@9 9 ,;0LO)*N@9 *;+,EF/ -*9E@9 -8702-I29I;/)0E I -0*-I*-@ 0@E)9/@ @9:,-*/,-I*-0)/M 9 -):2-*/*9E@9 .-,@N 0- -+,EA;/@NJ+-I/,J*-0)/M.

(4)

p p

p_M #1,8 _K &% ,

A(/ %p=20 XB; – 7L9)NI;/) */-8J-(9@-0)< +-INK/*9E(;I2/*9E(2E0);8929C;?99+,-?/0 -0;3B5.

B-02/ A9(,-*;+,/00-I:9 -)@/L;/)0E 7(-I -2/)I-,9)/2<*-/ 7(;2/*9/ @;02; 9C C-*N :-* -);:); 8/C +,9@/*/*9E 0+/?9;2<*NJ @;02--)I- -(ES9J:;*;2-I9C 0-/(9*/*9M(/);2/M, +-I/,J -*-0)9 0-+,EF/*9E :-)-,NJ -8,;8-);*N K29 -.-I;*9/@ (Ra=0,32..1,25 @:@) */C;I909@- -)

IEC:-0)9 +,9@/*E/@NJ @;0/2. R/@-*);F 0- -/(9*/*9M 0 *;)EA-@ A9(,-+,/00-IN@ 0+-0-8-@ */ 7J7(K;/) :;L/0)I- 0-+,EFO**NJ +-I/,J*- -0)/M 9 07S/0)I/**- */ -),;F;/)0E *; +,-L*- -0)9 0-/(9*/*9M +,9 I)-,9L*NJ 90+N);*9EJ *; ;:09;2<*NM 0(I9A P:0+/,9@/*);2<*NJ *;+,/0 -0-I-: [2].

B,9 A9(,-+,/00-I;*99 I C-*/ 0-+,EF/*9E (/);2/M:,-@/ F9(:-0)*-A- ),/*9E @-F/) I-C -*9:;)< 9 :-*);:)*-/ ),/*9/ +,9 */+-0,/(0) -I/**-@ L;0)9L*-@ 0-+,9:-0*-I/*9M +-0;(-L -*NJ +-I/,J*-0)/M. '(*;:- +-EI2/*9/ :-*);:); +,9*/+,/,NI*-M0@;C:/,;8-L9J+-I/,J*-0)/M +,-)/:;HS/M I (/.-,@9,-I;**-@ C;C-,/ 6U @-F/)-8702-I29I;)<)-2<:-A,;*9L*-/),/*9/.

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…2 ,;C;, ; +,9 90+-2<C-I;*99 9* -(70),9;2<*-A- @;02; 9 (9C/2<*-A- – I 1,3…1,5 ,;C; [2].

32789*; +,-*9:*-I/*9E 0(;I29I;/@-M @;0 -2E*-M +,-02-M:9 IA278< *;+,EFO**-M +-0;(:9 C;I909)-) 0)/+/*9+-INK/*9E(;I2/*9E*;A*/ -);*9E A9(,-0,/(N -)*-09)/2<*- :-*);:)*-A-0F;)9E I0-+,EF/*99 9A/-@/),9L/0:9J,;C@/ -,-IA9(,-+,/00-INJ0-/(9*/*9M. '8,;C7HS9M -0E :-2<?/I-M 07F;HS9M0E C;C-,, C;+-2*/**NM @;02-@ @-F/) -)@/L;)<0E *; (29*/ 0,50…0,75 -)+-2*-M(29*N 0-+,EF/*9E+,9)-,?-I-M+- -(;L/6UI0-/(9*/*9/ [3]. $;-0);IK/M0EL;0)9 +-0;(:90*;)EA-@@;02-+,-*9:;/)IC-*7:-* -);:); 0-/(9*O**NJ (/);2/M +- :;*;2;@ @/F(7

I+;(9*;@9 9 IN0)7+;@9 @9:,-+,-.92E 0-+,E -FO**NJ +-I/,J*-0)/M, *- 7F/ */ -:;CNI;/) 07S/0)I/**-A- ,;0:29*9I;HS/A- I29E*9E 9 0@E)9/ @9:,-*/,-I*-0)/M 0@;C;**NJ +-I/,J -*-0)/M87(/)8-2//9*)/*09I*N@. 0-/(9*/*9 -EJ 0 :-*);:)*N@ (;I2/*9/@ ,:=38-40 XB; (9 +,9@/,*- ,;I*N@9 C*;L/*9E@9 (;I2/*9E *; -A*/);*9E p@i) +,9 ,;(9;2<*-@ +-(I-(/ @;02; I

0-+,EF/*9/7I/29L/*9/(29*N+-0;(:9I 2 ,;C; INCNI;/) +-INK/*9/ -:,7F*NJ *;+,EF/*9M I829C9 @/0); II-(; A9(,-0,/(N *; 40%, +,9 -@/,*- *; 0)-2<:- F/ 7@/*<K;/)0E (29*; F9( -:-0)*-A- :-*);:); I 0-+,EF/*9EJ I;2-I 0-I)72:;@9 [2].

39(,-+,/00-I;E )/J*-2-A9E @/J;*-08-,-L -*-A- +,-9CI-(0)I; (*/0@-),E *; 9@/HS9M0E +,;:)9:/ -+N) +,9@/*/*9E A9(,-+,/00-INJ 0-/(9*/*9M I -)/L/0)I/**-M 9 C;,78/F*-M) */ *;K2; K9,-:-A- ,;0+,-0),;*/*9E+,99CA-)-I -2/*99 9 ,/@-*)/ -)I/)0)I/**NJ 7C2-I @;K9* 9C-C;*/(-0);)-L*-M 9C7L/**-0)9 A9(,-,;0+-,; -) IN0-:-A- (;I2/*9E 6U I C-*/ :-*);:)*-A-0F;)9E. Y;I909@-0)9 9C@/*/*9E -)*-09)/2<*- -A- (;I2/*9E F9(:-0)9 +- (29*/ 0-+,EF/*9E A9(,-+,/00-INJ 0-/(9*/*9M, +-27L/**N/ +-(;**N@ P:0+/,9@/*);2<*NJ *;+,/00-I-:, +- -CI-2EH) -?/*9)< +,-)EFO**-0)< P../:)9I*-M C-*N F9(:-0)*-A- :-*);:); @/F(7 0-+,EFO* -*N@9 +-I/,J*-0)E@9 (/);2/M +,9 A9(,-,;0+- -,/, *-K9,-:-/90+-2<C-I;*9/3B5 -A,;*9L/*-9C-C;*/-8J-(9@-0)9(-0);)-L*- +-2*-A- *;7L -*-A- -8-0*-I;*9E J;,;:)/,; ,;0+,/(/2/*9E (;I2/*9E A9(,-0,/(NI 0-/(9*/*9EJ0 A;,;*)9 -,-I;**N@ *;)EA-@ (2E +,-A*-C9,-I;*9E +,- -?/00-I),/*9EI C-*/:-*);:);(/);2/M99J *; -+,EFO**-A- 0-0)-E*9E. ZI*- */(-0);)-L*- 8; -C9,-I;*9E +,-?/00;)-2<:-*; (;**NJP:0+/,9 -@/*);2<*NJ 9002/(-I;*9M +- 08-,:/ 0-+,EF/ -*9M 0 A;,;*)9,-I;**N@ *;)EA-@ +,9 ,;(9;2< -*-M 9 )-,?/I-M +-(;L/ @;02; I C-*7 :-*);:); (/);2/M0-/(9*/*9M.

(5)

-A/-@/),99) 0-/(9*/*9E :;: :-@+-*/*)-I :-@ -+2/:0*-A- +-:;C;)/2E +,-*9:;HS/M 0+-0-8*- -0)9 6U +,9 -07S/0)I2/*99 3B5 08-,:9 -(/@-*);F;?929*(,9L/0:9J0-/(9*/*9M0*;)E -A-@. 5;:9/ :,9)/,99 @-A7) 8N)<*;M(/*NI ,/ -C72<);)/ +,-I/(/*9E 0+/?9;2<*NJ P:0+/,9@/* -);2<*NJ9002/(-I;*9M.

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p _z/p _i) A9(,-0,/(N +- (29*/ :-*);:); (/);2/MP:0+/,9@/*);2<*NJ0-/(9*/*9M.

)-20)-0)/**-@ ?929*(,/ +-( (/M0)I9/@ I*7),/**/A-(;I2/*9E I-C*9:;H) -0*-I*N/ *; -+,EF/*9E: ,;(9;2<*N/, );*A/*?9;2<*N/ 9 -0/ -IN/. /29L9*N(I7J+/,INJ */ 87(7) +-0)-E* -*N@9+-I0/M)-2S9*/-JI;)NI;HS/M(/);29, ; 87(7)9C@/*E)<0EA9+/,8-29L/0:9. Y;I909@-0)9 @/F(7 P)9@9 IC;9@*- +/,+/*(9:72E,*N@9 *; -+,EF/*9E@9 9 INCNI;/@N@9 9@9 (/.-,@; -?9E@9 (;H) 9CI/0)*N/ C;I909@-0)9 3;(-29*; -=E@/. 5;*A/*?9;2<*N/ *;+,EF/*9E +-( (/M0) -I9/@ )-2<:- I*7),/**/A- (;I2/*9E I0/A(; ,;0 -)EA9I;HS9/9 7@/*<K;H)0E+- *;+,;I2/*9H : *;,7F*-M +-I/,J*-0)9. 6;(9;2<*N/ *;+,EF/ -*9E I 0)/*:/ +-2-M ?929*(,9L/0:-M (/);29, *;J-(ES/M0E +-( I*7),/**9@ (;I2/*9/@, I0/ -A(; 0F9@;HS9/. B- ;80-2H)*-@7 C*;L/*9H -*9 7@/*<K;H)0E -) I/29L9*N (;I2/*9E *; I*7),/**/M +-I/,J*-0)9 0)/*:9 (- *72E *; I*/K*/M +-I/,J*-0)9. '0/IN/ *;+,EF/*9E -0 -);H)0E +-0)-E**N@9 ,;0)EA9I;HS9@9 I- I0/J )-L:;J0)/*:9, (-0);)-L*-7(;2O**NJ-))-,?-I (/);29. 4:;C;**N/ -0*-I*N/ *;+,EF/*9E 0-C -(;H) 02-F*N/ 702-I9E *;+,EF/*9M I -JI;)N -I;HS/M (/);29 0-/(9*/*9E 0 *;)EA-@ +,9 A9( -,-,;0+-,/, L)- -+,/(/2E/) +,9829F/**-0)< @;)/@;)9L/0:9J,;0LO)-I.

T*;29)9L/0:-/9002/(-I;*9/,;0+,/(/2/*9E (;I2/*9E @;02;I C;C-,/ @/F(7 (/.-,@9,-I;* -*N@9 (,;0:29*9I;HS9@ (/M0)I9/@ F9(:-0) -*-M+,-02-M:9) +-I/,J*-0)E@9(/);2/M0I-(9) -0E:,/K/*9H:-@+2/:0*-MC;(;L9 - (I9F/*99 F9(:-0)9 I:-2<?/I-@ C;C-,/ @/F(7 (I7@E :- -;:09;2<*- ,;0+-2-F/**N@9 ?929*(,;@9 9 (/ -.-,@;?99 )-20)-0)/**NJ ?929*(,-I -) ,;I*-

-@/,*- ,;0+,/(/2O**-A- (;I2/*9E @/F(79J +- -I/,J*-0)E@9 :-*);:);. "2/(7/) 7L9)NI;)< 02-F*-0)< @;)/@;)9L/0:-A- -+90;*9E +;,;@/) -,-I A9(,-0,/(N (6U), J;,;:)/,9C7HS9J @/J; -*9C@A9(,-,;0+-,;I0-+,EF/*99+,9)-,?-I-@ +-(I-(/ @;02; ((;I2/*9/ *;A*/);*9E ,;8-L/M F9(:-0)9 p@i; (;I2/*9/ @;02; (2E 0-C(;*9E

@9:,-C;C-,; @/F(7 +-I/,J*-0)E@9 (/);2/M p@z

I:-*);:)/, I/29L9*;C;C-,; $; 7(/2<*-/ (;I2/ -*9/ I C-*/ 0-+,EF/*9E +,9 A9(,-+,/00-I;*99; IEC:-0)< +,9@/*E/@-M 6U 9 I/29L9*; +-(;L9, :-*);:)*-/(;I2/*9/9+,.). "7LO)-@7+-@E*7 -)NJ .;:)-,-I +,E@-/ ,/K/*9/ :-*);:)*- -A9(,-(9*;@9L/0:-M C;(;L9 +,9I-(9) : I/0<@; 02-F*-M090)/@/9*)/A,;2<*NJ7,;I*/*9M.

(>B?DJF?9A<=: K=;C?BC:>>?9?L H:M<?D?K== C;I909@-0)9 -) I;F*-0)9 I-+,-0-I, 0IE -C;**NJ 0 9CA-)-I2/*9/@ 9 ,/@-*)-@ 87:0-INJ 7C2-I :-2O0*NJ +;, I;A-*-I, -0*-I*-/ I*9@; -*9/I(;**-M ,;8-)/7(/2/*--?/*:/+,-L*-0)9 0-/(9*/*9M +- .;:)9L/0:-@7 *;)EA7 I*7),/* -*/A- :-2<?; +-(K9+*9:; *; K/M:/ -09 :-2O0 -*-M +;,N. -),;02/I-M *;7L*- -9002/(-I;)/2<0:-M 2;8-,;)-,99 «55'6#B"» 1/2345-; IN+-2*EH)0E ,;C,;8-):9 +- 02/ -(7HS9@ *;+,;I2/*9E@: IN+-2*/*9/ +,E@-A-:-*),-2E +,-L*-0)9 0-+,EF/*9E +- 7,-I*H $R" -JI;)NI;HS9J (/);2/M 0-/(9*/*9M +,9 9J 08-,:/ 9 +,9 +-2*-M ,/I9C99 87:0-INJ 7C -2-I 8/C (/@-*);F; :-2/? +-(K9+*9:-I0 K//: -0/M +,9 ,/@-*)/:-2O0*NJ +;, I;A-*-I I P:0 -+27;);?99; -07S/0)I2/*9/ @;02-0VO@; :-2/? +-(K9+*9:-I 0 K//: -0/M +,9 INEI2/*99 */ -(-0);)-L*-M +,-L*-0)9 +-0;(:9 0-A2;0*- ),/ -8-I;*9E@)/J*9L/0:-M(-:7@/*);?99 (5$BT).

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

(6)

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

B,9*E) I;,9;*) *;A,7F/*9E 0-/(9*/*9M (;I2/*9/@ @;02;, -8702;I29I;HS9M I-C*9:*- -I/*9/ )-2<:-,;(9;2<*NJ 7+,7A9J (/.-,@;?9M -) ,;0:29*9I;HS/M @;02E*-M +,-02-M:9 @/F -(7+-I/,J*-0)E@99J:-*);:);.

T*;29)9L/0:-/ ,/K/*9/ +- -+,/(/2/*9H -0*-I*NJ C;:-*-@/,*-0)/M A9(,-,;0+-,; +,- -9CI-(92-0< 0 7LO)-@ 02/(7HS9J .;:)-,-I: I/ -29L9*N -)*-09)/2<*-A- *;+-,; ('_K #p_mz/p_K), 0)/+/*9+-INK/*9E(;I2/*9E (0F;)9E) ,;8-L/M F9(:-0)9 ('_i #p_mi/p_K), A2789*N +,-*9?;/@- -0)9 ((#l_z/l₀), :-P..9?9/*); +-(;L9 (,;0:29 -*9I;*9E) I 0-+,EF/*99 ()#p_mz/p_mi). B/,/ -L902/**N/ +;,;@/),N A9(,-,;0+-,; +,/(0);I -2EH)0E :;: +-:;C;)/29 +,-*9:;HS/M 0+-0-8 -*-0)9 6U I A278< 0-+,EF/*9E 0 *;)EA-@ +,9 +-(I-(/ @;02; IN0-:-A- (;I2/*9E 0 )-,?; 0- -/(9*/*9E.

0,/(*/M L;0)9 (+,9 \ = 0,5) :-2<?/I-A-07F;HS/A-0E C;C-,;, C;+-2*/**-A- @;02-@, 0-I+;(;H) :-29L/0)I/**- P:0+/,9@/*);2<*N/ 9 ,;0LO)*N/ C*;L/*9E I/29L9* -)*-09)/2<*-A-(;I2/*9E (:-P..9?9/*); +-(;L9 ]=p _z/p _i) @;02; I C-*/ 0-+,EF/*9E +,9 A9(,-,;0+-,/ I 0-/(9*/*9EJ. W)- +-CI-2E/),/:-@/*(-I;)< 90 -+-2<C-I;)< +,9 ,;0LO);J +,-?/00-I A9(,-+,/0 -0-I;*9E+-27L/**7H [5] 9,,;?9-*;2<*7H C;I9 -09@-0)<

) / (l l₀ l

p

p _z # _i " _Z

(2E -+,/(/2/*9E I/29L9*N (;I2/*9E A9(,-0,/ -(N I0-C(;I;/@-@ :-2<?/I-@ 08-,-L*-@ C;C-,/ I C;I909@-0)9 -) -)*-09)/2<*-M A2789*N ((₀ #l_Z/l₀) +,-*9:*-I/*9E ,;0:29*9I;HS/M @;02E*-M +,-02-M:9 (6U) I 0-/(9*/*9EJ 0 A; -,;*)9,-I;**N@ *;)EA-@. B,/-8,;C7E +-27L/* -*-/IN,;F/*9/ (090+-2<C-I;*9/@.-,@72N(2E

7*9L)-F/*9E 9,,;?9-*;2<*-0)9 I C*;@/*;)/2/ (,-89), *;J-(9@

3 0 0

) 1 ( 1"( "(

# MZ

i p p

" (-0);)-L*N@ (2E +,;:)9L/0:9J ?/2/M +,9829F/*9/@, 0L9);E 7(/2<*N/ (;I2/*9/ ,;I -*-@/,*- ,;0+,/(/2O**N@ +- (29*/ l₀ 0-C(; -I;/@-A- 08-,-L*-A- C;C-,; 9 +,9*9@;E (;I2/ -*9/ 6U *; IJ-(/ I 0-+,EF/*9/

p

#

1

*; -0*- -I;*99 +,9I/(O**-M INK/ )/-,/)9L/0:-M C;I9 -09@-0)9 C;:-*-@/,*-0)9 ,;0+,/(/2/*9E (;I2/ -*9E A9(,-0,/(N, +-27L;/@ IN,;F/*9/ (2E -+ -,/(/2/*9E (;I2/*9E I C-*/ :-*);:); *; ,;0 -0)-E*99 l_Z -)IJ-(*-A-)-,?;+-0;(:9II9(/

25 . 0

) 1 ( x y# " ,

A(/ x#l_Z/l₀ (-)*-09)/2<*;E A2789*; +,-*9: -*-I/*9E ,;0:29*9I;HS/M @;02E*-M +,-02-M -:9). !*)/A,9,-I;*9/@ *;J-(9)0E +2-S;(<, P: -I9I;2/*)*;E +2-S;(9 P+H,N ,;0+,/(/2/*9E /(9*9L*-A- (;I2/*9E I +,/(/2;J -) J=0 (- J=1. ",/(*// 7(/2<*-/ (;I2/*9/ I C-*/ 0-+,E -F/*9E +-( +-0;(:-M 0-0);I9) p_!" #0,8p 9I/ -29L9*; (;I2/*9E *;A*/);*9E -+,/(/2E/)0E

#

mi p

p #1,78 , A(/ p_# – I/29L9*; :-*);:)*-A-(;I2/*9E, -8702;I29I;/@;E I/29L9*-M *;)EA; I 0-/(9*/*99. B,9 702-I99 -8,;C-I;*9E @;02E -*-A- :29*; +-),/8*-M )-2S9*N *; (29*/ */ @/*// 0,9 (29*N -JI;)NI;HS/M (/);29 0-/(9 -*/*9E I/29L9*; 0,/(*/A- 7(/2<*-A- (;I2/*9E (-2F*; 0-0);I2E)< p_!" #1,42p_#. #029 +,9*E)< :-P..9?9/*) -)*-09)/2<*-A- +-INK/*9E (;I -2/*9E '_i # p_mi/p_K , )- +,9(9;@/),/ 0-+,EF/ -*9E 130 @@ (K/M:; -09 :-2O0*-M +;,N) 9 *; -,7F*-@ (9;@/),/ -JI;)NI;HS/M (/);29 158 @@ (:-2<?- +-(K9+*9:;) I (9;+;C-*/ I/29L9* ,/:-@/*(7/@NJ *;)EA-II/29L9*; '_i 0-0);I2E -/) '_i #1,27...1,37 +,907@@;,*-MIN0-)/@9: -,-*/,-I*-0)/M 16 @:@ 9 '_i #1,43...1,60 +,9 7:;C;**-M IN0-)/ 26 @:@. (9;+;C-*/ ,/:- -@/*(7/@NJ I/29L9* *;)EA-I (2E *;+,/00-I:9 -(/@-*);F; 87:0-INJ +-(K9+*9:-I *; K/M:9 -0/M:-2O0*NJ+;,,;0LO)*N/C*;L/*9EI/29L9* (;I2/*9E *;A*/);*9E A9(,-0,/(N 0 )-,?; 0- -+,EF/*9E (-2F*; 0-0);I2E)< -) 28,1 (- 40,8 XB;.

(7)

-*-0)< :-)-,NJ C;S9S/*;+;)/*);@9 6/0+7829 -:9 1/2;,70< *; +-2/C*N/ @-(/29 Y 4805 U, BY 4806 U 9*;9C-8,/)/*9/ BY 7609 "1.

0IEC9 0 )/@, L)- /(9*0)I/**N@:-*),-29 -,7/@N@+;,;@/),-@ +,9 )/+2-I-M*;+,/00-I:/ I*7),/**9J :-2/? 87:0-INJ +-(K9+*9:-I EI -2E/)0E C;@/,E/@NM (- 08-,:9 *;)EA I .-,@9 -,7/@-@ 0-/(9*/*99 (:-0I/**NM :-*),-2< +-+,-L*-0)9 )/+2-I-M *;+,/00-I:9), */-8J-(9@-+,-I/(/*9/ )/J*9L/0:9J @/,-+,9E)9M (2E -8/0+/L/*9E P../:)9I*-A- INJ-(*-A- :-*),- -2E C; +,-?/00-@ 08-,:9. B,-I/(/**NM ;*;29C 9CI/0)*NJ 0+-0-8-I -?/*:9 90J-(*-M +,-L*- -0)9 0-+,EF/*9E (/);2/M 0 A;,;*)9,-I;**N@ *;)EA-@ )9+; «I;2-I)72:;» +-:;C;2 ?/2/0--8 -,;C*-0)< -07S/0)I2/*9E INJ-(*-A- ;:)9I*-A-:-*),-2E +,-L*-0)9 )/+2-I-M +-0;(:9 :-2<?; +-(K9+*9:;*;K/M:7-09 :-2O0*-M+;,N 090 -+-2<C-I;*9/@ ,;0LO)*-- P:0+/,9@/*);2<*-A-@/)-(; [2] (2E70);*-I2/*9E.;:)9L/0:-A-:-* -);:)*-A- (;I2/*9E I C-*/ 0-+,EF/*9E +- (;* -*N@)/*C-@/),99. $;8;C/7:;C;**-A-,;0LO)*- -P:0+/,9@/*);2<*-A- @/)-(; ,;C,;8-);*- +,9 -C*;**-/ 9C-8,/)/*9/@ (+;)/*) 6/0+7829:9 1/ -2;,70< BY 7377 C1) )/J*9L/0:-/ ,/K/*9/ «"+-0-8 :-*),-2E 90J-(*-M +,-L*-0)9 )/+2- -I-M*;+,/00-I:9 :-2<?; +-(K9+*9:;*; K/M:/ -09:-2O0*-M+;,N970),-M0)I-(2E/A--07S/ -0)I2/*9E». #A- ,/;29C;?9E -8/0+/L9I;/) I-C -@-F*-0)< +-INK/*9E 0)/+/*9 *;(OF*-0)9 ,- -29:-INJ87:0-INJ 7C2-I:-2O0*NJ +;, I;A-*-I I P:0+27;);?99 +,9 -07S/0)I2/*99 -?/*:9 +,-L*-0)90-+,EF/*9E$%& '&() *+ )/+2-INJ

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

6;C,;8-);* *-INM P../:)9I*NM 0+-0-8 (9 -;A*-0)9:9 (+;)/*)*; 9C-8,/)/*9/ RU 2329478 C1). +- +,-I/,:/ +,-L*-0)9 0-+,EF/*9E (/); -2/M .+-+/,/L*--+,/00-INJ 0-/(9*/*9M-)I/)0) -I/**NJ 7C2-I :-*0),7:?9M, ,/;29C-I;**NM *; 8;C/ )/*C-@/),9L/0:9J C;@/,-I (*/,;C,7K;H -S9M :-*),-2<) 7,-I*E $R"-JI;)NI;HS/M (/ -);29 ,$%& '&%-.//%0 +-0;(:9 0 *;)EA-@, IN

-CNI;/@-A- I-C(/M0)I9/@ A9(,-,;0+-,; I C-*/ :-*);:); (/);2/M -) IN0-:-A- (;I2/*9E 6U, +-(;I;/@-M 0 )-,?; :-*),-29,7/@-A- 0-/(9*/ -*9E. B,-/:)9,7/)0E )/J*-2-A9L/0:;E -0*;0):; (9;A*-0)9L/0:-A- :-@+2/:0; (2E -07S/0)I2/ -*9E 7+-@E*7)-A- */,;C,7K;HS/A- :-*),-2E +,-L*-0)9 0-/(9*/*9M 0 A;,;*)9,-I;**N@ *; -)EA-@ :-2O0*NJ +;, F/2/C*-(-,-F*-A- +-( -I9F*-A- 0-0);I;. 6;C,;8-);*; @/)-(9:; 7LO); A9(,-(9*;@9L/0:9J 092 -) I-C(/M0)I9E IN0- -:-A- (;I2/*9E IEC:-M */0F9@;/@-M F9(:-0)9 (@9*/,;2<*-A- @;02;) I C-*/ 0-+,EF/*9E (/); -2/M :-*),-29,7/@-A-0-/(9*/*9E +,9-07S/0) -I2/*99A9(,-,;0+-,;.

)@9?;@

N+-2*/**N/ ,;C,;8-):9 -8/0+/L9I;H) I-C@-F*-0)<+-INK/*9E(-0)-I/,*-0)9-?/*-: +,-L*-0)9 0-+,EF/*9E (/);2/M )9+; «I;2– I)72:;» 0 A;,;*)9,-I;**N@ *;)EA-@ +,9 -07 -S/0)I2/*99 ;:)9I*-A- INJ-(*-A- :-*),-2E0- -/(9*/*9M I @/J;*-08-,-L*-@ +,-9CI-(0)I/. */(,/*9/ I +,;:)9:7 9CA-)-I2/*9E 9,/@-*); +-(I9F*-A- 0-0);I; +,/(2-F/**NJ 090)/@ :-*),-2E 0-/(9*/*9M 0 *;)EA-@ +-CI-2E/) -8-0*-I;**- +,9*9@;)< ,/K/*9E - */-8J-(9 -@-0)9(/@-*);F; I*7),/**9J :-2/?,-29:-INJ +-(K9+*9:-I 0 K//: -0/M :-2O0*NJ +;, +,9 *[email protected],@9,-I;*99 9 +,-I/(/*99 +-2*-M ,/ -I9C99 9J 87:0-INJ 7C2-I, 0-:,;)9)< P*/,A/)9 -L/0:9/ 9 ),7(-IN/ C;),;)N, +-IN09)< *;(OF -*-0)< J-(-INJ L;0)/M I;A-*-I 9 8/C-+;0*-0)< (I9F/*9E+-/C(-I.

1!1=!'36T[!>#"&!^"B!"'&

1. "8-,:;:-2O0*NJ +;,A9(,-+,/00-IN@ @/)-(-@ [5/:0)] / T. . _/*E)0:9M 9(,. // 5,. V *;7L .-+,;:). :-*.. «1/C-+;0*-0)< (I9F/*9E +-/C -(-I». – X.: X!!5, 2004. – ". 41-42.

2. 3,/L9S/I, #. ". "-/(9*/*9E 0*;)EA-@ [5/:0)] / #. ". 3,/L9S/I, T. T. !2<EK/*:-.–X.: X;K9 -*-0),-/*9/, 1981. – 247 0.

3. 3/*9L, 1. T. 39(,;I29L/0:9M 0+-0-8(/@-*);F; +-(K9+*9:-I :;L/*9E [5/:0)] / 1. T. 3/*9L, 1. Y. T:8;K/I. – X.: $!!U5, 1960. – 19 0. 4. B9*L7:, =. ". 3/,@/)-2-A9E [5/:0)] / =. ". B9*

-L7:. – X*.: $;7:;9)/J*9:;, 1992. – 216 0. 5. "/*<:-, . !. 5/J*9L/0:-/-8027F9I;*9/ I;A-

-*-I. ',A;*9C;?9E ,/@-*); A,7C-INJ I;A-*-I I (/+- [5/:0)] : 7L/8. +-0-89/ / . !. "/*<:-, !. =. >/,*9*, !. ". 1NL/:. – 3-@/2<: 1/2345, 2002. – 371 0.